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Classification of Engineering Services
Classification of Engineering Services
Classification of Engineering Services
Services provided by Civil Engineers can be g rouped into seven broad categories:
Consultations, Design Services for Engineering support
research, construction projects services
investigations, and Construction services Academic Services
reports Special services for Services as employee
construction projects
The types of infrastructure under the domain of civil engineering, pursuant to RA 544, as amended include:
Streets, bridges, highways and railroads
Airport and hangars
Port works, canals, river and shore improvements, light houses and dry docks
Buildings
Fixed structure for irrigation, flood protection, drainage, water supply and sewerage works
Tunnels
1. CONSULTATIONS, RESEARCH, INVESTIGATIONS AND REPORTS
These services deal primarily with collecting, interpreting, and reporting information, together with
formulating conclusions and making recommendations. Typical services in this category are:
Civil engineering services are required for e ach phases of a construction project.
• 6 Standard Phases of a Construction Project and the Engineering Services needed for each are:
a. Study and Report Phase
Analysis of the client’s conceptual design, conceptual opinions of probable construction cost.
b. Preliminary Design Phase
Preparations of final design criteria, preliminary drawings, outline specifications, and preliminary
opinions of probable construction cost.
c. Final Design Phase
Preparation of design calculations, construction drawings, specifications, estimated construction cost,
and other contract documents.
d. Bidding or Negotiating Phase
Assistance to the client with the biding or negotiating process for construction of the project.
e. Construction Phase
Advice and consultation on matters related to his services.
f. Operation Phase
Assistance to the client in start-up and o peration of the project, including periodic inspections.
This phase involves determination of project scope and economic and technical evaluation of feasible
alternatives. This includes the ff.:
a. Reviewing available data and consulting with the client to clarify and define the client’s requirements for
the project.
b. Advising the client as to the necessity of providing or obtaining from other additional data or services and
assisting the client in obtaining such data and services. These additional services may include photogrammetry,
reconnaissance surveys, property surveys, topographic surveys, geotechnical investigations and consultations,
seismicity studies, compilation of hydrological data, traffic studies, materials engineering, assembly of zoning, deed
and other restrictive land use information, and environmental assessments and impact statements.
c. Identifying and analyzing requirements of governmental authorities having jurisdiction to approve the
design of the project and participating in consultations with such authorities.
d. Providing analysis of the clients needs, planning surveys, comparative evaluations of prospective sites and
solutions.
e. Providing a general economic analysis of the client’s requirements applicable to various alternatives.
f. Preparing a report and presenting alternative solutions available to the client with the Civil Engineer’s
findings and recommendations. The report may contain schematic layouts, sketches, conceptual design criteria with
appropriate exhibits to indicate clearly the considerations involve and the Civil Engineers conceptual opinion of
probable costs for the project.
This phase involves the establishment of the general size and scope of the project and its location on the
selected site. The preliminary design includes:
a. Consulting with the client, reviewing preliminary reports, clarifying and defining the project requirements,
reviewing available data, and discussing general scheduling. Conferences may also be required with approving and
regulatory governmental agencies and applicable utilities.
b. Advising the client as to whether additional data or services of the type described under the study and
report phase above are required and assisting the client in obtaining such data and services.
c. Preparing preliminary design documents consisting of final design criteria, preliminary drawings, outline
specifications, and written descriptions of the project.
d. Preparing revised estimates of probable total project costs.
e. Providing periodic status reports.
This phase of project development is usually undertaken only after the client has approved the preliminary
design material. The basic services for the final design phase m ay include:
a. Preparing construction drawings and specifications showing the character and extent of the project based
on the accepted preliminary design documents.
b. Preparing and furnishing to the client a revised estimate of probable total project costs based on the final
drawings and specifications.
c. Furnishing the necessary engineering data and assisting in the application for regulatory permits from local
or national authorities. This is distinguished from and does not include detailed applications and supporting
documents for government grants-in-aid or planning grants that would be furnished as additional services.
d. Preparing basic documents related to construction contracts for review and approval by the client. These
may include contract agreement forms, bid, instructions to bidders, insurance and bonding requirements, and other
contract-related documents.
e. Furnishing to the client specified number of copies of drawings, specifications and other documents.
f. Providing final design and construction services for design-build contracts. The engineer generally serves as
a subcontractor to a general contractor during the initial planning and design phases. Services provided by the
engineer may extend through the construction phase, as appropriate.
g. Providing periodic status reports.
a. Assisting the client in advertising for and obtaining bids or negotiating proposals for each separate prime
construction contract, maintaining a record prospective bidders to whom bidding documents have been issued,
attending pre-bid conferences, and receiving and processing deposits for bidding documents.
b. Issuing addenda as appropriate to interpret, clarify, expand or mend the bidding documents.
c. Assisting the client in determining the qualifications and acceptability of prospective contractors,
subcontractors and materials suppliers.
d. Consulting with and advising the client as to the acceptability of alternative materials and equipment
proposed by the prospective constructors when substitution prior to the award of contracts is allowed by the bidding
documents.
e. Attending the bid opening, preparing bid tabulation sheets and providing assistance to the client in
evaluating bids or proposals and in assembling and awarding contracts for construction, materials, equipment and
services.
5. Construction Phase
Services under this phase involve consulting with and advising the client during construction and are usually
those associated with service as the client’s representative. Most Civil Engineers are not willing to assume
the responsibilities associated with construction phase services without providing resident project representative
services at the site. Construction services may include:
a. Reviewing, for compliance with design concepts, shop and erection drawings submitted by the
constructors.
b. Reviewing laboratory, shop, and mill tests reports on materials and equipment.
c. Visiting the project site at appropriate intervals as construction proceeds to observe and report on the
progress and the quality of the executed work.
d. Providing services during construction by a full-tie resident project representative, and by supporting staff
as required, to enable construction to be accomplished in conformance to the construction drawings, specifications,
and other contract documents.
e. Issuing instructions from the client to the contractors, issuing necessary interpretations and clarifications
of contract documents, preparing change orders, requiring special inspections and testing of the work, and making
recommendations as to acceptability of the work.
f. Making recommendations to the client on corrective actions or contractual measures that may be
exercised by the owners.
g. Preparing sketches required to resolve problems due to actual field conditions encountered.
h. Determining amounts of progress payments due, based on degree of completion of the work, and
recommending issuance of such payments by the client.
i. Observing and assisting performance tests and initial operation of the project.
j. Preparing record drawings from information submitted by the contractor.
k. Making a final inspection and reporting on completion of the project, including recommendation
concerning final payments to contractors and released of retained percentage.
6. Operation Phase
At the completion of construction, the Civil Engineer may as a basic service, assist in the start-up of project
operations. The Civil Engineer may be commissioned to prepare a manual for both operation and maintenance
requirements, and may also provide assistance in adjusting and balancing equipment, identifying deficiencies and
assisting in obtaining corrections, and performing inspection prior to the end of the project warranty period. The Civil
Engineer may assist in operator training, setting up job classifications and salaries, organizing the purchase of
supplies, developing charts for recording operational data, and observing and reporting on projec t operation.
3. CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
A registered Civil Engineer may engage in construction contracting after being licensed as a contractor by the
Contractors Accreditation Board. It is considered unethical for a Civil Engineer to allow his license to be used by any
other construction company except his own.
A Civil Engineer may be employed as a construction engineer, resident civil engineer, project engineer,
quality control engineer, cost engineer or engineer inspector in a project. In accordance with Section 23 of RA 544,
only registered civil engineer can take charge or supervise construction or alteration of any building or structure and
any other civil engineering works mentioned in Section 2 of the mentioned Republic Act. The Civil Engineer when
employed is similarly required to comply with the code of ethics of the profession as consulting Civil Engineer.
Special services required during the study, design, construction, and operation phases of a construction
project may include investigations, reports, and activities beyond the scope of the basic services. These services,
many of which are also listed earlier in this section under the category “Consultation, Investigations, and
Reports,”
may relate to the client’s decisions as to the feasibility, scope, and location of the project. The research, compilation
of engineering data, and acquisition property may involve professional specialists in engineering and other fields.
Special services that may be provided by the Civil Engineer or negotiated with other firms or subconsultants
by the Civil Engineer acting on behalf of the client could include:
The professional services discussed above often require engineering support services. The engineering
support services in general civil engineering practice may involve drafting, land and construction surveying, and other
data gathering activities for specialized purposes. Although persons who are not civil engineers sometimes
accomplished some of this task, the procurement of adequate and correct data usually requires professional Civil
Engineering judgment and guidance. Since soundness of any engineering decision is dependent upon the accuracy
and suitability of data obtained in the field and laboratory investigations, these supporting services must be
under the guidance of the Civil Engineer whose dec isions will be based upon those data.
6. ACADEMIC SERVICES
Those services involve full or part time teaching or training of prospective professionals and also
the upgrading of knowledge and skills of fellow professionals. Academic services may include:
7. SERVICES AS EMPLOYEE
This is a condition when a Civil Engineer engages to perform work or fulfill duties regularly for wages or
salary being paid by an employer.
A Civil Engineer may be employed for any position or function in any commercial or institutional
organization. Where he is performing civil engineering functions, he is required to follow the code of ethics for Civil
Engineers and comply with the standards and guidelines of this manual. A licensed Civil Engineers may not allow
his license to be used by the company that employs him without the proper agreement for his professional
services. When the firm he is working for uses his license to sign and seal the plans, specifications and contract
document, the Civil Engineer must charge the professional fee for said services.
A Civil Engineer in part time employment with a firm is considered to be an employee and at the same time
a consultant of the firm.
Topics for the Reaction
Paper: 1. Canons 1, 2 & 3
2. Canons 2, 3 & 4
3. Canons 3, 4 & 5
4. Canons 4, 5 & 6
5. Canons 5, 6 & 7
6. Classification of Engineering Services
7. 6 Standard Phase of Construction Project