Page |1

Matrix of Lesson in Concepts of Sets

(Synchronous Class)

Objectives Topic/s Teacher Activities Student Activity/ies Learning Assessment

Resources Tools
At the end of the Concepts 1. Before the 1. Before the Relevant
lesson, students of Sets meeting meeting reading
should be able to: (asynchronous), (asynchronous), materials on
1. recognized the the teacher students must various
different terms sends students read, familiarize concepts and
and symbols in advance themselves, and symbols on
used in sets, reading understand the sets
and materials to teacher's
2. perform read, familiarize advanced
operations on and understand reading materials
sets the various on various
3. create and concepts and concepts and
present symbols on sets. symbols on sets
solution of (See on page 4: given to them.
mathematical CONCEPTS of
problems. SETS (Reading
Materials for
asynchronous))
(Synchronous class)
2. The teacher 2. The students PowerPoint Students'
presents answer based on slide participation
examples of set the examples presentation in the
and not set. given. discussion.
1. The list of 1. Set Students
students enrolled 2. Set answer the
at QCU. 3. Not Set
2. QCU professors questions
of Math and raised by the
Science teacher.
Department.
3. The four-legged
animals with
feathers.
3. The teacher asks 3. The students PowerPoint Students'
the student to answer as slide participation
specify and follows: presentation in the
differentiate the Roster Method- discussion.
elements are listed in
two ways of Students
a set.
writing sets. Rule Method-elements answer the
are described in questions
words/phrases in a set raised by the
starting with x|x.
teacher.
4. The teacher 4. The students PowerPoint Students'
presents and answer as slide participation
asks the student follows: presentation in the
to determine the 1. Rule method discussion.
2. Roster method
method use in Students
3. Roster method
writing the set answer the

Name: Edward R. Torrefranca

Course: Doctor of Philosophy in Development Education
Semester: Second Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
Professor: Dr. Regidor G. Gaboy
 Page |2

given below. questions

1. A={x/x is raised by the
positive integer teacher.
less than 5}
2. B={1,2,3,4,5,
…}
3. C={a, e, I , o,
u}

Name: Edward R. Torrefranca

Course: Doctor of Philosophy in Development Education
Semester: Second Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
Professor: Dr. Regidor G. Gaboy
 Page |3

Objectives Topic/s Teacher Activities Student Activity/ies Learning Assessment

Resources Tools
5. The teacher 6. The students PowerPoint Students'
presents the answer as slide participation
following sets follows: presentation in the
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, discussion.
g, h, i, j, k, l, Students
m, n, ñ, o, p, answer the
q, r, s, t, u, v, questions
w, x, y, z} raised by the
A = {x|x is the set teacher.
of vowel
letters in
English
alphabet}
B = {x|x is the set
of consonant
letters in
English
alphabet}
C = {e,g,p,c,r,t}
D = {ñ}
E = {e, a, u, i, o}
F = {e, c, p, t, r}
Then asks the
students to
answer these
questions:
1. Is there a presence of 1. Yes PowerPoint Students'
unit set? 2. Set D or D
2. What is the name
slide participation
3. No
of the unit set? 4. No presentation in the
3. Is there an empty 5. Because there is no discussion.
set? common element Students
4. Can we say that set 6. They are disjoint
B and E are joint sets answer the
sets? 7. They are equal set? questions
5. Why set B and E are 8. Because their raised by the
not joints sets? elements are the
6. What do we call set same.
teacher.
B and E if they are 9. Sets A, E, and F.
not joint sets? 10. Because the
7. What do you number of their
observe about set elements are the
A and E? same, they are all
8. Why you say so? have 5 elements.
9. Which among the
sets are equivalent
sets?
10. Why is it they are
equivalent set?

Name: Edward R. Torrefranca

Course: Doctor of Philosophy in Development Education
Semester: Second Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
Professor: Dr. Regidor G. Gaboy
 Page |4

Objectives Topic/s Teacher Activities Student Activity/ies Learning Assessment

Resources Tools
11. When the 11. FB and CB PowerPoint Students'
difference is 12. {a, u, i, o, c, p, t, r}
slide participation
taken, which two 13. D = {ñ}
sets among the 14. AF means that the presentation in the
given sets will elements in A discussion.
produce the formed an ordered Students
element e or {e}? pair to set F. That is
12. What are the {(a,e), (a,c), (a,p), answer the
elements of (a,t), (a,r), (e,e), questions
EF? (e,c), (e,p), (e,t), (e,r), raised by the
13. What is the (i,e), (i,c), (i,p), (i,t),
complement of (i,r), (o,e), (o,c), (o,p),
teacher.
the set of English (o,t), (o,r), (u,e),
alphabets in the (u,c), (u,p), (u,t),
given? (u,r)}
14. What is meant by
the symbol
AF={(x,y)|x A
and xF}?
6. The teacher 7. The students Google forms Exercises
presents the must answer the link that can created in
students given exercises in be accessed Google
exercises in Google forms. in Google forms
Google forms. classroom posted in
Google
classroom
7. The teacher 8. The students PowerPoint Rubric on
presents the listen and pay slide students'
assignment that attention on the presentation problem
the students explanation of creation and
must create and the teacher about presentation
present in class their assignment.
their sample
problem with
solution
involving
concepts on
sets.
8. The teacher 9. The students give
gives closing response to the
greetings teacher’s closing
greetings.

Name: Edward R. Torrefranca

Course: Doctor of Philosophy in Development Education
Semester: Second Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
Professor: Dr. Regidor G. Gaboy
 Page |5

CONCEPTS of SETS
(Reading Materials for asynchronous)

Set
It is a well-defined collection of objects. A well-defined set means that it is
possible to determine whether an object is belongs to a given set. The objects are
called members or elements of a set. It is denoted by ∈. Also, the symbol a ∉ S is
read as “a is not an element of set S ”.

The following are examples of sets:

A={ BSIT , BSIE , BSEntrep , BSEE , BSA }

B={ x∨x is a basketball team∈PBA }

C={ 5 , 10 ,15 , 20 , … }

D={10 , 20 ,30 , 40 , … .100 }

The objects or elements of set A are BSIT, BSIE, BSEntrep, BSEE and BSA. Set
A has 5 elements. Each course is an element of set A.
In symbols: BSIT , BSIE , BSEntrep , BSEE , BSA ∈ A.

The number of elements of any given set is called cardinality. If the given set A
has 5 elements, then the cardinality of A is 5. In symbols, n(A)=5.
Set B has 12 elements namely BGSM, SMB, ROS, TNT, NLEX, COL, BWE,
MER, PHX, MAG, ALA, GBP. Each PBA team is an element of set B.
In symbols:
BGSM , SMB , ROS , TNT , NLEX , COL , BWE , MER , PHX , MAG , ALA ,GBP ∈ B
Both sets A and B are finite sets since their elements can be counted. A set is said to
be finite if the number of elements are countable.
The numbers multiples of 5 are the elements of set C. These numbers are 5, 10,
15, 20 so on and so forth. Any number multiple of 5 is an element of set C.
In symbols: 5, 10, 15, 20, ...∈C

Name: Edward R. Torrefranca

Course: Doctor of Philosophy in Development Education
Semester: Second Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
Professor: Dr. Regidor G. Gaboy
 Page |6

Set C is an infinite set since the counting of elements is endless. A set is infinite if the
number or counting of elements is endless. The symbol … is called ellipses.
Set D has 10 elements namely 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100. The
elements of set D are the numbers multiples of 10 from 10 to 100. Each multiple of 10
from 10 to 100 is an element of set D. In symbols,
10, 20, 30, 40, ...100 ∈ D
Set D is a finite set.
Notice that both sets C and D has the symbol of ellipses but classified as infinite
and finite set, respectively. Set C does not have last element making the set infinite
while set D has last element.
A set which has only one element is called unit-set (or singleton), while a set
with no element is called null or empty set. An empty set is denoted by  or { }.
In mathematics, there are lots of sets of numbers. Below are some of the sets of
numbers.
N=set of counting∨natural numbers={1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , … }
W =set of whole numbers={0 ,1 , 2 ,3 , … }
Z−¿=set of negative integers={… ,−3 ,−2 ,−1 }¿
Z=set of integers={… ,−3 ,−2,−1 ,0 , 1 ,2 , 3 , … }
Z' =set of non−integers={−1.25 , 0.5 ,−0. 3́ , 0.1 25
´ , π , φ , √2 , … }
a
Q=set of rational numbers={ ∨b≠ 0∧a , b ∈ Z }
b
Q' =set of irrational numbers={−π ,−φ ,−3 √ 2 ,−e , π , φ , √ 2, e ,… }

R=set of real numbers

´ , π , φ , √2 , … }
¿ {… ,−3 ,−2 ,−1 ,0 , 1 ,2 , 3 , 1.25 ,0.5 , 0. 3́ , 0.1 25

Ways of Describing a Set

1. The tabular or roster form is a method of describing a set where the elements are
separated by commas and enclosed by braces. It is also known as Set-Roster
Notation.

2. The rule form is a method which makes use of the symbol { x|x } which read as “
x such that x at the beginning of the descriptive phrases. It is also known as Set-
Builder Notation.

In the above examples of sets, sets A, C and D are examples of sets written in
tabular or roster form while set B is in rule form.
Name: Edward R. Torrefranca
Course: Doctor of Philosophy in Development Education
Semester: Second Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
Professor: Dr. Regidor G. Gaboy
 Page |7

Kinds of Sets

1. Equal sets. Sets A and B are equal, denoted by A=B, if the two sets have the same
cardinality and have the same elements.

2. Equivalent sets. Sets A and B are equivalent, denoted by A B, if they have the
same number of elements or cardinality.

3. Joint sets. Two sets are said to be joint if they have element in common.

4. Disjoint sets. Two sets are said to be disjoint if they have no element in
common.

5. Universal Set. It is the totality of elements under consideration.

Illustration

Consider the following sets: E={ a , e , i ,o ,u }

F={x∨x are vowels ∈lowercase letter of the Englishalphabet }

G= {5 , 10 , 15 ,20 , 25 } , H={10 ,20 , 30 , 40 , … .100 }

Sets E and F are equal sets, denoted by E=F, since they have the same
cardinality and same elements. Both sets have elements a, e, i, o, u and n(E)=n(F)=5.

Sets E, F and G are equivalent sets since they have the same cardinality.
n(E)=n(F)=n(G)=5.

Sets E and F are joint sets since they have elements in common, that is, the
vowels of the English alphabets. Also, set G is joint to set H. Sets G and H have
elements in common which are 10 and 20.

The pairs of sets E and G, E and H, F and G, and F and H are disjoint sets since
they have no element in common.

The universal set of sets E and F is maybe the set of uppercase letters of the
English alphabet while the universal set of sets G and H is maybe the set of counting
numbers, set of whole numbers, set of integers, set of rational numbers or set of real
numbers.

Subset

Name: Edward R. Torrefranca

Course: Doctor of Philosophy in Development Education
Semester: Second Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
Professor: Dr. Regidor G. Gaboy
 Page |8

Set A is a subset of set B, denoted by A ⊆ B, if only if every element of A is also

an element of B.

Kinds of Subsets

1. Proper subset. Set A is a proper subset of set B, denoted by A ⊂B, if only if every
element of A is in B but there is at least one element of B that is not in A. The
symbol ⊄ denotes that it is not a proper subset. In symbol it is written as “AB
x, xAxB”.
2. Improper subset. There are two improper subset of any given set – the null set and
the set itself.

Illustration

Consider the following sets below. If

L= {5 , 10 , 15 ,20 , 25 , 30 }
M = {5 , 10 ,15 ,20 , 25 }
N= { 10 ,20 , 30 , 40 , … .70 }
O={20 ,30 , 40 ,50 }

then, set M is proper subset of set L, denoted by M ⊂ L, since every element of set M
are found in set L but the element 30 of set L is not in set M. Likewise, set O is a proper
subset of set N, denoted by O ⊂ N since each element of set O are found in set N but
the elements 10, 60 and 70 of set N are not in set O.

The two improper subsets of all sets mentioned above are the null set and the
set itself. So, for sets L, M, N and O, their improper subsets are { } or  and sets L, M,
N and O respectively.

Power Set

The power set of set A, denoted by (A), is a set whose elements are all
subsets of set A. The number of subsets of any given set can be determine using the
formula below.

2k where k isthe number of elements of the given set

Illustration

If A={1 , 2, 3 } then ( A ) ={, { 1 } , {2 } , { 3 } , {1 , 2 } , {1 , 3 } , {2 , 3 } , {1,2,3 }}

Name: Edward R. Torrefranca

Course: Doctor of Philosophy in Development Education
Semester: Second Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
Professor: Dr. Regidor G. Gaboy
 Page |9

Notice that the number of elements of (A) is n((A)) = 8. These 8 elements are the
proper and improper subsets of set A. Using the formula 2k =23=8, which is the number
of subsets of set A.

Basic Operations of Sets

1. Union of sets. The union of sets A and B, denoted by A ∪B is a set containing

elements found in A or B or both.
In symbols, A ∪ B={x ∨x ∈ A∨x ∈ B }

2. Intersection of sets. The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B is a set

containing elements found in both A and B.
In symbols, A ∩ B={ x∨x ∈ A∧x ∈ B }
3. Difference of two sets. The difference of set A to set B, denoted by A−B (read as
A difference B), is a set containing elements found in A but not in B. Conversely, the
difference of set B to set A, denoted by B− A, is a set containing elements found in B
but not in A.
In symbols, A−B={x∨x ∈ A∧x ∉ B } and B− A={x∨x ∈ B∧x ∉ A }

4. Symmetric Difference of two sets. The symmetric difference of sets A and B is

the set that consist of all elements that belong to A or to B, but not both A and B,
denoted by “AB”.
In symbol it written as A B = {x| x  (AB) x(AB)}
=(AB)(AB)’ or (AB)  (AB)

5. Complement of a set. The complement of set A, denoted by A' , with respect to the
universal set ⋃ is a set containing elements found in the universal set but not in set
A.
In symbols, A' ={ x ∈ ⋃∨x ∉ A }

Illustration
Consider the following sets below:

If ⋃={ x∨x is an lowercase letter of the English alphabet }

I ={ a , e ,i , o , u }
J={v , a , s , e }

K={f , l , o , w , e , r }

Name: Edward R. Torrefranca

Course: Doctor of Philosophy in Development Education
Semester: Second Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
Professor: Dr. Regidor G. Gaboy
 P a g e | 10

then, the union of sets I and J, I and K, and J and K are

I ∪ J ={a , e ,i , o , u , s , v }
I ∪ K ={a , e ,i , o , u , f ,l , w , r }

J ∪ K={v , a , s , e , f ,l , o , w , r }.

Conversely, the intersection of sets I and J, I and K, and J and K are

I ∩ J ={a ,e }

I ∩ K ={o , e }
J ∩ K={e }.

Also, the difference of set I to set J, set I to set K, and set J to set K are
I −J={i, o ,u }
I −K ={a , i, o }

J−K ={v , a , s }

while the difference of set J to set I, set K to set I, and set K to set J are

J−I ={v , s }

K−I ={f , l , w , r }

K−J ={f , l, o , w ,r }.

Lastly, the complement of set s I, J and K are

I ' ={x : x is a consonant∈uppercase letter of the English alphabet }

J ' ={b , c , d , f , g , h ,i , j , k ,l , m, n , o , p , q , r , t ,u , w , x , y , z }

K ' = { a ,b ,c , d , g , h , i, j , k , m, n , p , q , s , t ,u , v , x , y , z } .

The Product Set

It is also known as “Cartesian product”. Let A={ a , b } and ¿ { b , c , d } . The set of

distinct ordered pairs

Name: Edward R. Torrefranca

Course: Doctor of Philosophy in Development Education
Semester: Second Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
Professor: Dr. Regidor G. Gaboy
 P a g e | 11

C={ ( a , b ) , ( a , c ) , ( a , d ) , ( b , b ) , ( b , c ) , ( b , d ) }

in which the first component of each pair is an element of A while the second is an
element of B, is called product set C= A × B (in that order) of the given set. Thus if, A
and B are arbitrary sets, we define

A × B= { ( x , y ) : x ∈ A , x ∈ B }

Illustration

If A={ 1, 2 , 3 } and B= {2 , 4,6 }, then

A × B= { ( 1, 2 ) , (1 , 4 ) , ( 1 , 6 ) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 2, 4 ) , ( 2, 6 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 6 ) }

B× A= { ( 2 ,1 ) , ( 2, 2 ) , (2 , 3 ) , ( 4 , 1 ) , ( 4 , 2 ) , ( 4 , 3 ) , ( 6 ,1 ) , ( 6 , 2 ) , ( 6 , 3 ) }

A × A={ ( 1 ,1 ) , ( 1 ,2 ) , ( 1, 3 ) , ( 2 ,1 ) , ( 22 ) , ( 2 ,3 ) , ( 4 ,1 ) , ( 4 ,2 ) , ( 4 , 3 ) }

B× B= {( 2 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 2 , 6 ) , ( 4 , 2 ) , ( 4 , 4 ) , ( 4 , 6 ) , ( 6 , 2 ) , ( 6 , 4 ) , ( 6 ,6 ) }

Name: Edward R. Torrefranca

Course: Doctor of Philosophy in Development Education
Semester: Second Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
Professor: Dr. Regidor G. Gaboy