Hydrogen Cracking

Hydrogen Cracking
[ Home ] [ Up ]

Hydrogen cracking

Hydrogen cracking also known as cold cracking or delayed cracking. The main feature of this type of crack is that
it occurs in ferritic weldable steels, and generally occurs immediately on welding or after a short time after
welding, but usually within 48hrs.

Identification

Visual appearance of Hydrogen Cracking

Hydrogen cracks can be usually have the following characteristics:

● In C-Mn steels, the crack will normally originate in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) but may also extend into
the weld metal (Fig 1).
● Cracks may also occur in the weld bead, normally transverse to the welding direction at an angle of 45° to
the weld surface. They are near straight, follow a jagged path.
● In low alloy steels, the cracks can be transverse to the weld, perpendicular to the surface of the weld, but do
not branch and are planar (Planar Defect).

On breaking open the weld, the surface of the cracks will normally not be oxidised, even if they are surface
breaking, indicating they were formed when the weld was at or near ambient temperature. A slight blue tinge may
be seen from the effects of preheating or welding heat.

Metallography

Cracks, which originate in the HAZ, are usually associated with the coarse grain region, (Fig 1). The cracks can be
intergranular, transgranular or a mixture. Intergranular cracks are more likely to occur in the harder HAZ
structures formed in low alloy and high carbon steels. Transgranular cracking is more often found in C-Mn steel
structures.

http://www.sale-associates.com/newpage2.htm (1 of 5)5/25/2007 9:17:09 AM

Hydrogen Cracking

In fillet welding, cracks in the HAZ are usually

associated with the weld root and parallel to the
weld. In butt welds, the HAZ cracks are normally
oriented parallel to the weld bead. Fig. 1
Hydrogen Crack along the coarse grain
structure in the HAZ (note hardness values).

Possible Causes

There are three factors, which can cause hydrogen cracking:

● Hydrogen generated by the welding process, or by contamination of the weld area (paint?).
● A hard brittle structure, which is susceptible to cracking.
● Residual tensile stresses acting on the welded joint (restraint).

Cracking is caused by the diffusion of hydrogen to the highly stressed, hardened part of the weldment.

In C-Mn steels, because there is a greater risk of forming a brittle microstructure in the HAZ, most of the hydrogen
cracks are likely to be found in the parent metal. Using the correct choice of electrodes, the weld metal will have a
lower carbon content than the parent metal and, hence, a lower carbon equivalent (CE). However, transverse weld
metal cracks can occur especially when welding thick sections.

In low alloy steels, as the weld metal structure is more susceptible than the HAZ, cracking may be found in the
weld bead.

The effects of specific factors on the risk of cracking are::

● Weld metal hydrogen

● Parent material composition

● Parent material thickness

● Stresses acting on the weld

● Heat input

http://www.sale-associates.com/newpage2.htm (2 of 5)5/25/2007 9:17:10 AM

Hydrogen Cracking

Weld metal hydrogen content

One of the principal source of hydrogen is the moisture contained in the flux ie the coating of MMA electrodes,
the flux in cored wires and the flux used in submerged arc welding. Mainly the electrode type determines the
amount of hydrogen generated. Basic electrodes normally generate less hydrogen than rutile and cellulosic
electrodes.

It is important to note that there can be other significant sources of hydrogen eg moisture from the atmosphere or
from the material where processing or service history has left the steel with a significant level of hydrogen.
Hydrogen may also be derived from the surface of the material or the consumable, or from oil and paint etc,.

Sources of hydrogen include:

● Oil, grease and dirt

● Rust
● Paint and coatings
● Cleaning fluids

Parent metal composition

This has a major influence on hardenability and, with high cooling rates, the risk of forming a hard brittle structure
in the HAZ. The hardenability of a material is usually expressed in terms of its carbon content or, when other
elements are taken into account, its carbon equivalent (CE) value.

The higher the CE value, the greater the risk of hydrogen cracking. Generally, steels with a CE value of <0.4 are
not susceptible to HAZ hydrogen cracking as long as low hydrogen welding consumables or processes are used.

Material thickness

Material thickness will influence the cooling rate and therefore the hardness level, microstructure produced in the
HAZ and the level of hydrogen retained in the weld.

The 'combined thickness' of the joint, i.e. the sum of the thicknesses of material meeting at the joint line, will
determine, together with the joint geometry, the cooling rate of the HAZ and its hardness. Consequently, as shown
in Fig. 3, a fillet weld will have a greater risk than a butt weld in the same material thickness.

http://www.sale-associates.com/newpage2.htm (3 of 5)5/25/2007 9:17:10 AM

Hydrogen Cracking

Fig.3
Combined
thickness
measurements
for butt and
fillet joints
(general
guide only)

Stresses which act on the weld

The stresses generated across the welded joint as it contracts will be greatly influenced by external restraint,
material thickness, joint geometry and fit-up. Areas of stress concentration are more likely to initiate a crack at the
toe and root of the weld.

Poor fit-up in fillet welds markedly increases the risk of cracking. The degree of restraint acting on a joint will
generally increase as welding progresses due to the increase in stiffness of the fabrication.

Heat input

The heat input to the material from the welding process, together with the material thickness and preheat
temperature, will determine the thermal cycle and the resulting microstructure and hardness of both the HAZ and
weld metal.

A high heat input will reduce the hardness level.

Heat input per unit length is calculated by multiplying the arc energy by an arc efficiency factor according to the
following formula:

V = arc voltage (V)

A = welding current (A)
S = welding speed (mm/min)
k = thermal efficiency factor

In calculating heat input, the arc efficiency must be taken into consideration. The arc efficiency factors given in BS
EN 1011-1: 1998 for the principal arc welding processes, are:

Submerged arc 1.0

(single wire)
MMA 0.8

http://www.sale-associates.com/newpage2.htm (4 of 5)5/25/2007 9:17:10 AM

Hydrogen Cracking

MIG/MAG and flux cored wire 0.8

TIG and plasma 0.6

In MMA or stick welding, heat input is normally controlled by means of the run-out length from each electrode
which is proportional to the heat input. As the run-out length is the length of weld deposited from one electrode, it
will depend upon the welding technique eg weave width /dwell.

This is the first of a new series of technical papers to be produced for our web site.

[ Home ]

http://www.sale-associates.com/newpage2.htm (5 of 5)5/25/2007 9:17:10 AM