ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Subject: Broadband communication &systems

Experiment No: 01

Title: NUMERICAL APERTURE OF FIBER

Class:B.E. Year: 2015-16 Semester: II

Roll No.: Name:

Date of performance: Date of Submission: Signature:

Aim: To estimate the numerical aperture of given fiber.

Apparatus: IR LED source, fiber cable of 1-meter and paper scale.
Theory: In the ray theory there is a relationship between the acceptance angle and the
refractive indices of the three media involved, namely the core, cladding and air.
The numerical aperture defines the light gathering capacity of the fiber and the
angles at which light is reflected from plastic or glass walls. The smaller the NA values,
higher the cable bandwidth, lower the power losses and smaller the cable. The acceptance
cone is reflected to the NA which defines the light gathering capacity of the fiber .cables
with Na values of 0.1 to 0.2 are usually high frequency cables used for long runs. Short
run cables are used having Na values of 0.3 to 0.5 ,the larger rated NA cables have
greater dispersion and cause distortion of pulses and other signal being transmitted with
cable dispersion, pulse edges start to slope and the pulse frequency must be lowered to
present pulse from overlapping.
Each fiber has an NA rating which is generally between 0.1 to 0.6.this rating
corresponds to the light energy into the cable between value cone angles of 90˚ and 330◦
as indicated fibers having broader bandwidth and lower attenuation typically exhibit
smaller NA values. One manufacturer cable, the ESKA model SA-4001 has Na of 0.5,
the cable is suitable for short runs and for applications requiring low frequency.
FOR LED:
Procedure:

Observation and Result:

NA=sin (2tan-1(D/2L))
D=D2-D1

Sr. No. Distance Max Half D1(mm) D2(mm) NA

Reading Reading
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
 8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Result:

Conclusion:
 ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Broadband communication &systems

Experiment No: 02

Title: DATA COMMUNICATION VIA DIGITAL OPTICAL LINK

Class:B.E. Year: 2015-16 Semester: II

Roll No.: Name:

Date of performance: Date of Submission: Signature:

Aim: To plot the electrical and optical characteristics of different light sources.
Apparatus: Trainer kit, Power meter
Theory: For this experiment, we have provided built in variable voltage power
supply, digital multimeter, digital ammeter. The specification sheet for laser
is also provided. By varying pot voltage across LASER diode is varied.
Voltage and current are displayed on the digital voltmeter and ammeter. IC
7107 is used for digital voltmeter and ammeter.
Procedure:
For LASER diode:
Observation Table

For LASER DIODE

Vak(V) Ia(mA)

For LED:
Procedure:
Observation Table

No. Voltage Across Transmitter Current in mA

For Optical Receiver

Observation Table
No. Transmitter current Transmitter current Transmitter current
5mA 10mA 15mA
Volt Current Volt Current Volt Current

Conclusion:
 ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Broadband communication &systems

Experiment No: 03

Title: To measure the attenuation of given MMSI and SMSI fibers. Also study the
effect of length and effect of bending on attenuation.

Class:B.E. Year: 2015-16 Semester: II

Roll No.: Name:

Date of performance: Date of Submission: Signature:

Aim: To measure the attenuation of given MMSI and SMSI fibers. Also study the effect of
length and effect of bending on attenuation.

Apparatus: Optical trainer kit, optical fiber of length 1 meter, millimeter, CRO, CRO probes,
etc.

Theory:
Attenuation Losses:
Attenuation of light as it propagates along the fiber is an important consideration in the design of
an optical communication system, since it plays a major role in determining the maximum
transmission distance between the transmitter and a receiver or an in-line amplifier. The basic
attenuation mechanisms in a fiber are absorption scattering and radiative losses of the optical
energy. Absorption is related to the fiber material, whereas scattering is associated both with the
fiber material and with the structural imperfections in the optical waveguide. Attenuation owing
to radiative effects originates from the perturbations (both microscopic and macroscopic) of the
fiber geometry.

Bending Losses:
Radiative losses occur whenever an optical fiber undergoes a bend of finite radius of curvature.
Fibers can be subject to two types of bends: (a) macroscopic bends having radii that are large
compared with the fiber diameter, for example, such as those that occur when a fiber cable turns
the corner , and (b) random microscopic bends of the fiber axis that can arise when the fibers are
incorporated into cables.

Procedure:
BENDING LOSS:
Procedure:

Observation and Result:

For Attenuation Loss:
Vin=2Vp-p

Sr. No. Length of fiber(meter) Voltage output(mV)

1 1meter
2 2 meter
3 3 meter
4 5 meter

1. Loss1-2=20 log(V1/V2)dB
This is the loss when fiber length is extending from 1-meter to 2-meter.
2. Loss2-3=20 log(V2/V3)dB
This is the loss when fiber length is extending from 2-meter to 3-meter.
3. Loss1-3=20 log(V1/V3)dB
This is the loss when fiber length is extending from 1-meter to 3-meter.
4. Loss1-5=20 log(V1/V5)dB
This is the loss when fiber length is extending from 1-meter to 5-meter.
Avg. loss per 1 meter of fiber cable length i.e.
Avg. loss = {[ Loss 1-2+ Loss2-3+ Loss1-3+ Loss1-5]/4} in db/meter.
Avg. loss=__________dB/meter
For bending loss:

Conclusion:
The attenuation plastic fiber is __________dB/meter.
The bending loss for optical fiber is ___________.
 ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Broadband communication &systems

Experiment No: 04

Title: NUMERICAL APERTURE OF FIBER

Class:B.E. Year: 2015-16 Semester: II

Roll No.: Name:

Date of performance: Date of Submission: Signature:

AIM: To design, build and test a simple fiber optic link for transmission of digital signal.

APPARATUS: Optical digital link kit, 1 meter fiber optical cable, CRO, frequency generator,
CRO probes etc.

THEORY:
In this kit, we have used digital fiber link. At optical transmitter we have used TIL38 and
switching transistor 2N236A.When input to transistor is high there is no light output and when
input is low light is emitted. This light is coupled to optical receiver through 1 meter length,
secondary coated plastic fiber. At receiver we have used TIL 81 phototransistor amplifier and
again a switching transistor .When light falls on the optical receiver input to switching transistor
is high and so final output of link is low and no light falls input to switching transistor is low and
so final output is high. In this way, we get same output at receiver, which we have given to
transmitter.

PROCEDURE:
CONCLUSION:
 ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Broadband communication &systems

Experiment No: 06

Title: To establish a direct communication link between Uplink transmitter

and Downlink receiver using tone signal.
Class:B.E. Year: 2015-16 Semester: II

Roll No.: Name:

Date of performance: Date of Submission: Signature:

AIM: To establish a direct communication link between Uplink transmitter and Downlink
receiver using tone signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Uplink Transmitter, Downlink Receiver, dish antennas and

connecting cables.

THEORY: To radiate or receive elect romagnetic waves an antenna is required. Antenna is

system of elevated conductors which couples or matches the transmitter or receiver to free space.
A transmitting antenna connecting to a transmitter by transmission line, forces electromagnetic
waves in to free space which travel in space with velocity of light.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Fig 6.1 communication link between transmitter and receiver

PROCEDURE:-
 1. Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains.
2. Switch on the transmitter by mains switch and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by up –down switch. The frequency can be
changed from 1200 -1250-1300 MHz.
4. The transmitter on –off switch will switch on –off the transmission.
5. Connect X1 antenna to uplink transmitter with BNC –BNC cable.
6. Set the o/p gain of uplink transmitter to maximum.
7. Place downlink receiver at a distance of 5-7 m.
8. Connect the downlink receiver to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
9. The downlink receiver frequency can be changed from 1100 -1150 -1200 MHz.
10. The downlink receiver also has tuning pot entiometer, which can be used to tune any
frequency from 950- 1500 MHz.
11. Keep the tuning POT fully anticlockwise.
12. The downlink receiver on –off switch will switch on –off the receiver.
13. Attach R2 antenna to the downlink receiver with BNC –BNC cables.
14. Align both the transmitter and receiver antenna in line.
15. Keep the uplink transmitter frequency to 1200 MHz.
16. Keep the downlink receiver frequency to 1200 MHz.
17. Now connect Tone out signal to tone input of the uplink transmitter by patch cord.
18. Keep downlink receiver voice switch in the on position and you will be able to hear tone in
the speaker of receiver.
19. This is a test link for direct communication between transmitter and receiver.
20. Connect any other audio signal to the Audio2 of uplink transmitter and you will hear the
music in the speaker of downlink receiver.

RESULT:

A clear music indicates that the microwave link has been successfully set up between Uplink
transmitter and Downlink receiver.

DISCUSSION:

Direct Communication link is established without using satellite as a transponder.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connection should be tight.

2. Switch off power supply after performing the experiment.
 ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Broadband communication &systems

Experiment No: 07

Title: To setup an Active satellite link and demonstrate link fails operation.

Class:B.E. Year: 2015-16 Semester: II

Roll No.: Name:

Date of performance: Date of Submission: Signature:

AIM: To setup an Active satellite link and demonstrate link fails operation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Uplink Transmitter, Downlink Receiver, dish antennas,

Transponder and connecting cables.

THEORY: The Uplink transmitter sends signals at an uplink frequency, which is higher than
downlink frequency to avoid the interference. The quality of signal is much improved with active
Satellite especially when distances between transmitter and Receivers are considerable.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig 7.1 satellite link between transmitter and receiver

PROCEDURE:
1 Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains.
2 Switch on the transmitter by mains switch and frequency display will come on.
3 The transmitting frequency can be selected by up –down switch. The frequency can be changed
from 1200 -1250-1300 MHz.
4. The transmitter on –off switch will switch on –off the transmission. Connect X1 antenna to
uplink transmitter with BNC –BNC cable.
5. Set the o/p gain of uplink transmitter to maximum. Place downlink receiver at a distance of 5
7m.
6. Connect the downlink receiver to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
7. The downlink receiver frequency can be changed from 1100 -1150 -1200 MHz.
8. The downlink receiver also has tuning potentiometer, which can be used to tune any frequency
from 950- 1500 MHz.
9. Keep the tuning POT fully anticlockwise.
10. The downlink receiver on –off switch will switch on –off the receiver.
11. Attach R2 antenna to the downlink receiver with BNC –BNC cables.
12. Align both the transmitter and receiver antenna in line.
13. Place a satellite transponder between transmitter and receiver at a distance of 5-7 m.
14. Connect the satellite transponder to the AC mains and switch it on by mains Switch.
15. The receiver side of satellite Transponder has an on –off switch, which will switch off the
receiver of the satellite. Similarly on –off switch on transmitter side will switch off
transmitter of satellite.
16. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 1300 MHz and transponder receiver frequency also to
1300MHz.
17. Keep downlink frequency of Transponder to 1100MHz.
18. Keep the downlink receiver to 1100MHz.
19. Now connect a tone output to tone input of the uplink transmitter by patch cord.
20. Keep downlink receiver voice switch in the on position and you will be able to hear tone in
the speaker of receiver.
21.This is a test link for Active satellite communication.
22. Connect any other audio signal to the Audio 2 of uplink transmitter and you will hear the
music in the speaker of downlink receiver.

RESULT:
The above set up shows that a successful satellite communication link has been set up between
transmitter and receiver.

DISCUSSION:
Hence successful transmission is established using satellite as a transponder.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connection should be tight.
2. Switch off power supply after performing the experiment.
 ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Broadband communication &systems

Experiment No: 08

Title: To establish an AUDIO-VIDEO satellite link between Transmitter

and Receiver
Class:B.E. Year: 2015-16 Semester: II

Roll No.: Name:

Date of performance: Date of Submission: Signature:

AIM: To establish an AUDIO-VIDEO satellite link between Transmitter and Receiver.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Uplink Transmitter, Downlink Receiver, dish antennas,

Transponder, monitor and connecting cables.

THEORY: The Uplink transmitter sends signals at an uplink frequency, which is higher than
downlink frequency to avoid the interference. The quality of signal is much improved with active
satellite specially when distances between transmitter and receiver are considerable.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig 8.1 AUDIO-VIDEO satellite link between Transmitter and Receiver

PROCEDURE:
 1. Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains.
2. Switch on the transmitter by mains switch and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by up –down switch. The frequency can be
changed from 1200 -1250-1300 MHz.
4. The transmitter on –off switch will switch on –off the transmission.
5. Connect X1 antenna to uplink transmitter with BNC –BNC cable.
6. Set the o/p gain of uplink transmitter to maximum.
7. Place downlink receiver at a distance of 5-7 m.
8. Connect the downlink receiver to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
9. The downlink receiver frequency can be changed from 1100 -1150 -1200 MHz.
10. The downlink receiver also has tuning potentiometer, which can be used to tune any
frequency from 950- 1500 MHz.
11. Keep the tuning POT fully anticlockwise.
12. The downlink receiver on –off switch will switch on –off the receiver.
13. Attach R2 antenna to the downlink receiver with BNC –BNC cables.
14. Align both the transmitter and receiver antenna in line.
15. Place a satellite transponder between transmitter and receiver at a distance of 5-7 m.
16. Connect the satellite transponder to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
17. The receiver side of satellite Transponder has an on –off switch, which will switch off
the receiver of the satellite. Similarly on –off switch on transmitter side will switch off
transmitter of satellite.
18. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 1300 MHz and transponder receiver frequency
also to 1300MHz.
19. Keep downlink frequency of Transponder to 1100MHz.
20. Keep the downlink receiver to 1100MHz.
21. Connect the Audio/Video signal at the input socket provided on the Uplink Transmitter,
Video at video input and audio at audio 1 input.
22. Connect TV monitor to the Audio/Video o/p of downlink receiver. Set TV in AV mode.
23. The TV monitor will display video and audio signal that you have connected to uplink
transmitter input.

RESULT:

The monitor display shows that a successful audio and video link has been establish between
Transmitter
and Receiver through satellite.

DISCUSSION:
 The quality of signal is much improved with active satellite specially when distances between
transmitter and receiver are considerable.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connection should be tight.

2. Switch off power supply after performing the experiment.
 ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Broadband communication &systems

Experiment No: 09

Title: To communicate VOICE-signal through satellite link.

Class:B.E. Year: 2015-16 Semester: II

Roll No.: Name:

Date of performance: Date of Submission: Signature:

AIM: To communicate VOICE-signal through satellite link.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Uplink Transmitter, Downlink Receiver, dish

antennas, Transponder, mike, and connecting cables.

BRIEF THEORY: - The Uplink transmitter sends signals at an uplink frequency,

which is higher than downlink frequency to avoid the interference. The quality of signal
is much improved with active satellite specially when distances between transmitter and
receiver are considerable.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Fig 9.1 To communicate VOICE-signal through satellite link.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains.
2. Switch on the transmitter by mains switch and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by up –down switch. The frequency
can be changed from 1200 -1250-1300 MHz.
4. The transmitter on –off switch will switch on –off the transmission.
5. Connect X1 antenna to uplink transmitter with BNC –BNC cable.
 6. Set the o/p gain of uplink transmitter to maximum.
7. Place downlink receiver at a distance of 5-7 m.
8. Connect the downlink receiver to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
9. The downlink receiver frequency can be changed from 1100 -1150 -1200 MHz.
10. The downlink receiver also has tuning potentiometer, which can be used to tune
any frequency from 950- 1500 MHz.
11. Keep the tuning POT fully anticlockwise.
12. The downlink receiver on –off switch will switch on –off the receiver.
13. Attach R2 antenna to the downlink receiver with BNC –BNC cables.
14. Align both the transmitter and receiver antenna in line.
15. Place a satellite transponder between transmitter and receiver at a distance of 5-7m.
16. Connect the satellite transponder to the AC mains and switch it on by mains
switch.
17. The receiver side of satellite Transponder has an on –off switch, which will
switch off the receiver of the satellite. Similarly on –off switch on transmitter side
will switch off transmitter of satellite.
18. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 1300 MHz and transponder receiver
frequency also to 1300MHz.
19. Keep downlink frequency of Transponder to 1100MHz.
20. Keep the downlink receiver to 1100MHz.
21. Connect mike i/p at the socket marked MIC on the uplink transmitter.
22. Connect the voice link of uplink transmitter and downlink receiver.
23. Speak in the mike and you will hear the same sound in the speaker of receiver.

RESULT: -The above shows a successful established of voice link between transmitter
and receiver.

DISCUSSION: - The Uplink transmitter sends signals at an uplink frequency, which

is higher than downlink frequency to avoid the interference
.
PRECAUTIONS: -
1. Connection should be tight.
2. Switch off power supply after performing the experiment.
 ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Broadband communication &systems

Experiment No: 10

Title : To transmit and receive three separate signals (Audio, Video, Tone)
simultaneously through satellite link.

Class:B.E. Year: 2015-16 Semester: II

Roll No.: Name:

Date of performance: Date of Submission: Signature:

AIM: - To transmit and receive three separate signals (Audio, Video, Tone)
simultaneously through satellite link.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Uplink Transmitter, Downlink Receiver, dish

antennas, Transponder, VCD Player, Monitor and connecting cables.

THEORY: -
The Uplink transmitter sends signals at an uplink frequency, which is higher than downlink
frequency to avoid the interference. The quality of signal is much improved with active satellite
specially when distances between transmitter and receiver are considerable.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Fig 10.1 To transmit and receive three separate signals (Audio, Video, Tone)
simultaneously through satellite link.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains.
2. Switch on the transmitter by mains switch and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by up –down switch. The frequency can be
changed from 1200 -1250-1300 MHz.
4. The transmitter on –off switch will switch on –off the transmission.
5. Connect X1 antenna to uplink transmitter with BNC –BNC cable.
6. Set the o/p gain of uplink transmitter to maximum.
7. Place downlink receiver at a distance of 5-7 m.
8. Connect the downlink receiver to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
9. The downlink receiver frequency can be changed from 1100 -1150 -1200 MHz.
10. The downlink receiver also has tuning potentiometer, which can be used to tune any
frequency from 950- 1500 MHz.
11. Keep the tuning POT fully anticlockwise.
12. The downlink receiver on –off switch will switch on –off the receiver.
13. Attach R2 antenna to the downlink receiver with BNC –BNC cables.
14. Align both the transmitter and receiver antenna in line.
15. Place a satellite transponder between transmitter and receiver at a distance of 5-7 m.
16. Connect the satellite transponder to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
17. The receiver side of satellite Transponder has an on –off switch, which will switch off
the receiver of the satellite. Similarly on –off switch on transmitter side will switch off
transmitter of satellite.
18. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 1300 MHz and transponder receiver frequency also to
1300MHz.
19. Keep downlink frequency of Transponder to 1100MHz.
20. Keep the downlink receiver to 1100MHz.
21. Connect the AUDIO/VIDEO signal at the i/p socket provided on the uplink transmitter,
Video at video input audio at audio 1 input. And connect tone out signal to Audio 2 input
of the uplink transmitter by patch cord.
22. Connect TV monitor to the Audio/Video o/p of downlink receiver. Set TV in AV mode.
Keep downlink receiver voice switch in the on position.
23. The TV monitor will display video and audio signal that you have connected to uplink
transmitter i/p.and you will be able to hear tone in the speaker of receiver.

RESULT: Three separate signals (Audio, Video, Tone) are successfully received at
downlink receiver through satellite communication link.

DISCUSSION: - Three separate signals can be successfully transmitted using satellite

comm. link.

PRECAUTIONS: -
1. Connection should be tight.
2. Switch off power supply after performing the experiment.
 ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Broadband communication &systems

Experiment No: 10

Title : To transmit and receive PC data through satellite link.

Class:B.E. Year: 2015-16 Semester: II

Roll No.: Name:

Date of performance: Date of Submission: Signature:

AIM: - To transmit and receive PC data through satellite link.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Uplink Transmitter, Downlink Receiver, dish

antennas, Transponder, 2 No. of RS-232 9-pin cables ,2 Male to -1 Female RS -232
cable,2 sets of PC ,Satellite software and connecting cables.

THEORY: - The Uplink transmitter sends signals at an uplink frequency,

which is higher than downlink frequency to avoid the interference. The quality of signal
is much improved with active satellite specially when distances between transmitter and
receiver are considerable.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Fig 11.1 To To transmit and receive PC data through satellite link.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains.

2. Switch on the transmitter by mains switch and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by up –down switch. The frequency can be
changed from 1200 -1250-1300 MHz.
4. The transmitter on –off switch will switch on –off the transmission.
5. Connect X1 antenna to uplink transmitter with BNC –BNC cable.
6. Set the o/p gain of uplink transmitter to maximum.
7. Place downlink receiver at a distance of 5-7 m.
8. Connect the downlink receiver to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
9. The downlink receiver frequency can be changed from 1100 -1150 -1200 MHz.
10. The downlink receiver also has tuning potentiometer, which can be used to tune any
frequency from 950- 1500 MHz.
11. Keep the tuning POT fully anticlockwise.
12. The downlink receiver on –off switch will switch on –off the receiver.
13. Attach R2 antenna to the downlink receiver with BNC –BNC cables.
14. Align both the transmitter and receiver antenna in line.
15. Place a satellite transponder between transmitter and receiver at a distance of 5-7m.
16. Connect the satellite transponder to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
17. The receiver side of satellite Transponder has an on –off switch, which will switch
off the receiver of the satellite. Similarly on –off switch on transmitter side will switch
off transmitter of satellite.
18. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 1300 MHz and transponder receiver frequency
also to 1300MHz.
19. Keep downlink frequency of Transponder to 1100MHz.
20. Keep the downlink receiver to 1100MHz.
21. Connect RS -232 cable from uplink transmitter to one set of PC.
22. Connect RS -232 cable from downlink receiver to one set of PC.
23. Switch on the PC and install sat. Software on both PC and select communication port
COM 1 on both PC.
24. When the link is established, the typed matter on first set up PC will be transmitted to
second set up PC via. Satellite link.
 (If transmitted data is not received correctly then adjust gain POT of satellite
transponder.)

RESULT: PC data transmitted from first setup PC is received in the second setup PC
via. Satellite link.

PRECAUTION: -

1. Connection should be tight.

2. Switch off power supply after performing the experiment.