Unit 2

Chapter 3
Dot Product and Matrix Multiplication

In this section we will study the application of matrix multiplication. Unlike matrix
addition, matrix multiplication has some properties that distinguish it from multiplication
of real numbers.

Definitions:

The dot or inner product of the vectors

As

Shows the product between the row vector and the column vector , where
and .

Example-01

The dot product of is

Example-02

Let . If a.b = -4. find x.

Here,

But, a.b = -4 = 4x + 8.

Matrix Multiplication:

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Definition:
If in an matrix and is a matrix, then the product of A
and B denoted AB, is the matrix .

Where

We should note that the product of A and B is defined only when the number of rows of
B is exactly the same as the number of columns of A,
ie- A B = AB

Example-3

Let and

Then,

=
Here, and and their product .

Let us look at the product BA.

B A = BA

=
We can see that though AB and BA .
Example-04

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Let, A= and

Then the product .

And if AB = C = , then
row of A column of B.
=
= 4.

Thus,
Example- 05

Let, and

If, , find x and y.

= =

Since,

Shows that y = 6 and x = -2.

We have seen in example 3 the products AB and BA and have understood the difference
of the products taken between two matrices is not same as the product of two real
numbers.

Example-6

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Let us take the matrices A and B in Example 4, where , and

What is the order of the product BA?

Now, B A = BA matrix of order

Again if and then

A B = C is possible while

B A is not possible.

Properties of Matrix Multiplication:

If A is an matrix and B is an matrix then,

a. BA may not be defined; this will take place if .

b. If BA is defined, which means that m = n, then BA is while A is ;
thus if , AB and BA are of different sizes.
c. If AB and BA are both of the same size, they may be equal or unequal.

Example-07:

Pesticides are sprayed on plants to eliminate harmful insects. However, some of the
pesticide is absorbed by the plant. The pesticides are absorbed by herbivores when they
eat the plants that have been sprayed. To determine the amount of pesticide absorbed by a
Herbivore, we proceed as follows. Suppose that we have three pesticides and four plants.

Let denote the amount of pesticides (in milligrams) that has been absorbed by
plant. This information can be represented by the matrix.

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Now, suppose that we have three harbivores, and let denote the number of plants of
type that a harbivore of type; eats per month. This information can be represented by
the martix.

Then,

Now, in matrix the entry is

The amount 179 mg of pesticide 2 is absorbed by the herbivore 1.

So, the entry of AB gives the amount of pesticide of type that animal has
absorbed.

If we now take a data of p carnivores (such as man) who eat the harbivores, we can repeat
the analyses to find out how much of each pesticide has been absorbed by each carnivore.

Further properties of matrix multiplication:

If A, B, and C are of appropriate sizes, then

a. A(BC) = (AB)C.
b. A(B+C) = AB + AC.
c. (A+B)C = AC + BC.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Example-08

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Let then .

Example-09

Let,

So,

Now,

We must notice that here is not possible

and is possible and is

No. # 02

Exercies 03

01. Compute a.b for the following:

a.

b.

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c.

d.

02. Let , if a ⋅ b = , find x.

03. Let . If , find x and y.

For 4. and 5. let

04. If possible compute:

a. AB, b. BA, c. CB + D, d. AB + DF, e. BA + FD.

05. If possible compute:

a. A(BD), b. (AB)D, c. A(C + E), d. AC + AE. e. (D + F)A.

06. If , compute and .

07. Let, show that

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 08. If that show that AB = AC.

09. If , show that

10. If if possible compute:

11. Let, , find

12. Determine a constant K such that

Where, . Is there more than one value of K that could be used?

Answers of Matrix-4
1. (a) (b) (c) (d)

2. x=

3. x = 6/5 , y = 12/5

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4. (a) (b)

(c) Not possible (d)

(e) Not possible

5. (a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

6. DI2 = I2D =

7. AB = BA = So, AB BA

8. AB = AC = So, AB AC

9. A2 = I2 = So, A2 = I2

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10. (a) (AB)T = (b) BTAT =

(c) ATBT = (d) BBT =

(e) BTB =

11. (a) (b)

12. 12. K= 1/

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