MAIN AND NON-CONDENSABLE GASES EJECTORS REPORT

Figure 3: Principle structure of ejector

1. The Mathematical Model:

1.1. Frictional losses inside the ejector:

The coefficient of friction is a very sensitive factor in deciding
the efficiency of mixed flow and subsequently the exit
pressure of the ejector. Since the fluid enters the constant-
area mixing chamber at supersonic velocity with high-
Reynolds number,
a normal shock is formed at the end of the cylindrical
chamber. With the assumption that the inside surface of the
mixing chamber is smooth and the flow is turbulent, the
friction factor is obtained from the following equation:
𝟏
= 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝑹𝒆 √𝒇𝒎 ) − 𝟎. 𝟖 (𝟏)
√𝒇𝒎
Where:
𝒇𝒎 : The friction factor in the mixing chamber.
𝑹𝒆 : The Reynolds number.
1.2. Governing equations:
The following assumptions are made for the analysis:
1. The flow inside the ejector is steady and one
dimensional.
2. The coefficients accounting for losses in the primary
flow nozzle, the secondary fluid passage and the diffuser
are 0.9, 0.9 and 0.9.
3. The heat loss from the ejector is negligible.
4. Normal shock occurs at the end of constant-area
mixing chamber.
5. Velocities at the inlets of primary and secondary fluids
and at the exit of the diffuser are negligible.
By applying the mass, momentum and energy balances
across the respective control volumes, the governing
equations are obtained for the analysis.
For driving fluid through primary convergent–divergent
nozzle, area to mass flow rate at any cross-section is
expressed as:

𝑨 𝒗𝒑
= (𝟐)
̇
𝒎𝒑
√𝟐 𝜼𝒑 (𝒉𝒐𝒑 − 𝒉)𝒊𝒔

Where:
𝒎̇𝒑 : The mass flow rate of the primary fluid.
𝒗𝒑 : The specific volume of the primary fluid.
𝜼𝒑 : The primary flow nozzle efficiency.
𝒉𝒐𝒑 : The total enthalpy of the primary fluid.
𝒉 : The enthalpy of the primary fluid at a certain area.

Primary flow choking occurs at the section (throat) where the

area to mass flow rate at given inlet pressure and
temperature becomes minimum.
THE AREA OF THE THROAT TO MASS FLOW RATE IS
COMPUTED AS
𝑨𝒕 𝒗𝒑
= (𝟑)
𝒎̇𝒑
√𝟐 𝜼𝒑 (𝒉𝒐𝒑 − 𝒉𝒕 )𝒊𝒔

Where:
𝑨𝒕 : The throat area of the primary fluid nozzle.
𝒉𝒕 : The enthalpy of the primary fluid at a certain area.

For secondary flow before mixing, the hypothetical area to

mass flow rate at given inlet pressure and temperature of the
evaporator is found out as
𝑨 𝒗𝒔
= (𝟒)
𝒎̇𝒔 √𝟐 𝜼𝒔 (𝒉𝒐𝒔 − 𝒉)𝒊𝒔

Where:
𝒎̇𝒔 : The mass flow rate of the secondary fluid.
𝒗𝒔 : The specific volume of the secondary fluid.
𝜼𝒔 : The secondary flow nozzle efficiency.
𝒉𝒐𝒔 : The total enthalpy of the secondary fluid.
𝒉 : The enthalpy of the secondary fluid at a certain area.
It is assumed that the primary fluid and the secondary fluid
start mixing at a pressure lower than the secondary fluid
pressure. Velocity of primary fluid leaving the nozzle is

𝑽𝒑𝒆 = √𝟐 𝜼𝒑 (𝒉𝒐𝒑 − 𝒉𝒑𝒆 ) (𝟓)

𝒊𝒔

Where:
𝒉𝒑𝒆 : The enthalpy of the primary fluid at the nozzle exit.
Velocity of the secondary fluid just before meeting primary
fluid is

𝑽𝒔𝒆 = √𝟐 𝜼𝒔 (𝒉𝒐𝒔 − 𝒉𝒔𝒆 )𝒊𝒔 (𝟔)

Where:
𝒉𝒔𝒆 : The enthalpy of the secondary fluid at the section just
before meeting primary fluid.
From mass balance, the mass flow rate of mixed fluid is
determined as
𝒎̇𝒎 = 𝒎̇𝒑 + 𝒎̇𝒔 (𝟕)
By applying momentum balance between inlet section and
section before shock in the cylindrical mixing chamber, the
velocity at the end of mixing is expressed as
(𝒎̇𝒑 𝑽𝒑𝒆 + 𝒎̇𝒔 𝑽𝒔𝒆 ) + ( 𝑷𝒔𝒆 − 𝑷𝒎 ) 𝑨𝒎
𝑽𝒎 = (𝟖)
𝒇 𝒍
𝒎̇𝒎 (𝟏 + 𝒎 𝒎 )
𝟐 𝒅𝒎
Where:
𝑷𝒔𝒆 : The pressure of the mixed fluid at the mixing chamber
inlet.
𝑷𝒎 : The pressure of the mixed fluid at the mixing chamber
exit.
𝑨𝒎 : The area of the mixing chamber (constant area section).
𝒍𝒎 : The length of the mixing chamber.
𝒅𝒎 : The diameter of the mixing chamber.

By mass balance, area of constant-area mixing chamber for

unit mass flow rate of mixed fluid flow is rewritten as
𝑨𝒎 𝒗𝒎
= (𝟗)
𝒎̇𝒎 𝑽𝒎
The normal shock is assumed to occur at the mixing
chamber. Using mass, momentum and energy balances, the
static pressure rise across the shock is given as follows:
𝑽𝒎
𝑷𝒂𝒔 − 𝑷𝒎 = (𝑽𝒎 − 𝑽𝒂𝒔 ) (𝟏𝟎)
𝒗𝒎
Assuming that the pressure after the shock and the pressure
at the diffuser inlet are equal and the mixed stream leaves the
diffuser at negligible velocity, the velocity of the fluid at
diffuser inlet is determined as

𝟐 (𝒉𝒅𝒐 − 𝒉𝒅𝒊 )𝒊𝒔

𝑽𝒅𝒊 =√ (𝟏𝟏)
𝜼𝒅

Where:
𝒉𝒅𝒐 : The enthalpy of the mixed fluid at the diffuser exit.
𝒉𝒅𝒊 : The enthalpy of the mixed fluid at the diffuser inlet.
𝜼𝒅 : The diffuser efficiency.
From the properties of the mixture stream at the diffuser exit,
the diffuser exit pressure can be get, and by checking it with
the design back pressure, if it equals the design exit
pressure, so the assumed pressure at nozzle exit is true and
if not try another value for nozzle exit pressure and repeat the
previous calculations.
For example, in an isentropic flow in a De Laval nozzle, the
critical pressure ratio is given by:

For air, with γ = 1.4, the critical pressure ratio is 0.528 and for
steam (γ = 1.3), 0.546