SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NATION BUILDING

NATION BUILDING

 a process of constructing , structuring a national identity using the power of state. It is a

normative concept that means different things to different people. Development is required in
every individual to every nation in all aspects and for development to happen, science and
technology go hand in hand.
 The role that science and technology has played in improving the life conditions across the globe
is vivid, but the benefit has been harvested maximum by all countries.
 Science and technology has made a lot easier.

MODERNIZATION

 In every aspects of life is the greatest example of the implementation of science and technology
in every nation. With the introduction of modern gadgets in every walk of life, life has become
simple and this is possible only because of implementing science and technology together.
 Without having modern equipment’s in all sectors be it in medicine, infrastructures, aviation,
electricity, information, technology or any other field ,the advancement and benefits that we
face today would not been possible.

Science, Technology and Society

- Is the study of how social, political and cultural values affect science research and technologies
innovations and how these in turn affects society.

The Primary Objectives of Nation Building

1. To make a violent society peaceful.
War and violence inevitably result in the denial of human rights.
Building a culture of human rights is a pre-condition to achieving a state of peace.
Sustainable lasting peace and security can only be attained when all human rights are
fulfilled. Building and maintaining a culture of peace is a shared for human kind.

2. Security
National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the
use of economic power, diplomacy, power projection and political power.
- Food
Food security is a condition related to the availability of food supply. Nations
identified the four pillars of food security as availability, access, utilization and
stability. The United Nations (UN) recognized the Right to Food in the Declaration
 of Human Rights in 1948, and has since noted that it is vital for the enjoyment of
all other rights.
- Shelter
Access to stable, adequate shelter plays a major role in the health and wellbeing
of families , and in particular children, by providing a safe environment, the
security that allows participation in the social, educational, economic, and
community aspects of their lives and the privacy to foster autonomy as an
individual and a family unit.
- Education
Education correlates with nation-build. With education, professionals are
nurtured that will enhance nation-building. Education leads to efficient usage of a
nation’s resources which in turn is very crucial to nation-building because without
efficient usage of a nation’s resources, nation-building will not be successful.
- Basic Services
One of the key features in nation building is to ensure that all citizens –
especially the poor and other vulnerable groups – have access to basic services
like health care, social care, energy and transportation.

3. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STABILITY

- Political Stability and economic development are deeply interconnected.
- The relationship between economic growth and stability refers to the manner in which
the political stability of a nation can lead us to economic growth.
- The common denominator and the most obvious relationship between economic growth
and stability is the fact that a stable environment fosters economic growth.

STS IN THE PHILIPPINES - Science and Technology in the Philippines represents the wide scientific and
technological advances the Philippines has made.

DOST-DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

- Is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the coordination of science
and technology-related projects in the Philippines and to formulate policies and projects in the fields of
science and technology in support of national development.

- FORESTRY - HEALTH
- ENGINEERING - NUCLEAR RESEARCH
- BIOTECHNOLOGY - METAL INDUSTRY
- LIFE SCIENCE - AQUACULTURE
- SCISMOLOGY - AGRICULTURE
- VOLCANOLOGY
- METEOROLOGY
- FOOD AND NUTRITION
Pre-Spanish Period

Long before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, Filipinos had a civilization of their own. This
civilization partly came from Malay settlers and partly from their response to the new environment.
Early Filipinos settlers were already using the certain plants and herbs as medicines. Systems of farming
and animal-raising were also implemented. Many of these customs and traditions, government and way
of life, have come down to the present day, despite the changes brought by westernization and
modernization. They already had an alphabet and number system. Moreover, early Filipinos had also
developed different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime, they already engaged in
farming, shipbuilding, mining, and weaving.
BAYBAYIN OR ALIBATA
- Known as the Unicode as the Tagalog script
-Ancient Philippine Alphabet
-The term “Baybayin” is literally means spelling

SHIP BUILDING

- Filipinos were said to be proficient in building ocean-going vessels

All kind of boats and ships were built, which the Spaniards later call banca, balangay,
lapis, caracoa, virey, vinta and prau

BANAUE RICE TERRACES

- One of the sophisticated products of the Philippine engineering

- The Rice Terraces of the Philippines Cordilleras is an outstanding example of an evolved,
living cultural landscape that can be traced as far back as two millennia ago in the pre-
colonial Philippines.

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
 SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
(1521 – 1898)
-Spanish Colonialism began with the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi’s expedition on
February 13,1565, from Mexico.
- He established the first permanent settlement in Cebu.
- In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi concluded treaties of friendship with the native chiefs/datus.
- Spain’s primary aim and intention in the Philippines was to spread their religion the Roman
Catholicism.

 The discovery of the Philippines by Magellan was 1521

- It is Ferdinand Magellan who arrived expedition searching for the Spice Islands in 1521 and
claimed it as a colony for the Spanish Empire.
 - He set up friendly relations with some of the local chieftains and converted some of the
Roman Catholicism
- Magellan never completed the journey by himself; He was then killed in an encounter with
natives in the Philippines.
- The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in the
archipelago. The Spanish introduce a formal education, and founded scientific institution.
Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the
University of Santo Tomas.
-During the early years of Spanish colonization, education was mostly religion-oriented and
controlled by the Roman Catholic Church.

Education in Spanish Era

 Education was “religion centered”

 Education for the elite only
 Spanish is compulsory
 Boys and girls school are separated

 AMERICAN PERIOD
-They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science
-Science was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine and pharmacy.
-They established public educational system
-They improved the engineering works and the health conditions of the people
-They established modern research university such as the University of the Philippines,
Philippine Normal University etc.
-They created more public hospital such as Philippine General Hospital

Highlights of Development of Science and Technology in Nation Building during the

Presidency of the following:

Ferdinand E. Marcos ( 10th President)

- He recognized that technology was the leading factor in economic development, and channeled
additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and science education
- He added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB (National Science Development
Board)
- The NSDB also established the Philippine Textile Research Institute
- The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of the NSDB explored the uses of atomic energy for
economic development
- In 1972, he created the National Grains Authority

- He established the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research

- He established the PAGASA under the Department of National Defense
 - Under his term, NSDB was changed to NSTA (National Science and Technology Authority)

Corazon C. Aquino (1ST PRESIDENT IN THE 5TH REPUBLIC)

- The National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) was replaced by the Department
of Science and Technology (DOST) -giving science and technology a representation in the
cabinet
- The Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first
Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP). The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to
achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000

Fidel V. Ramos (12TH PRESIDENT)

- also known as the Ramos Administration spanned for six years from June 30, 1992
to June 30, 1998. At the time of his assumption into power, Fidel Ramos was the
third oldest person following Sergio Osmeña to become President of the
Philippines at the age of 64
- The first few years of his administration (1992–1995) were characterized by
economic boom, technological development, political stability and efficient
delivery of basic needs to the people.
- During his time, he advocated party platforms as outline and agenda for
governance.
- As in his case, he was the first Christian Democrat to be elected in the country,
being the founder of Lakas-CMD (Christian-Muslim Democrats Party).
- He was one of the most influential leaders and the unofficial spokesman of liberal
democracy in Asia.
- Known as Asian Tiger

JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA (13th President)

- The Presidency of Joseph Estrada, also known as the Estrada Administration in the Philippines
spanned for 31 months from June 30, 1998 to January 20, 2001.
- Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749) – designed to protect and preserve
the environment and ensure the sustainable development of its natural resources.
- Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) – Outlaws computer hacking and
provides opportunities for new businesses emerging from the Internet-driven New Economy.

GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO (14th President)

- The Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, also known as the Arroyo Administration,
spanned nine years from January 20, 2001 to June 30, 2010.
- Her term was dubbed as the Golden Age of Science and Technology
- Numerous laws and projects that concern both the environment and Science to push
technology as a tool to increase the country’s economic level and help increase the productivity
from the Science, Technology and innovations (STI) and help benefit the poor people.
- Coined term Filipinnovation

Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino III (15th President)

Conferred four new national scientists:

 Gavino C. Trono- seaweed species

 Angel C. Alcala- marine biology research
 Ramon C. Barba- induction of flowering of mango
 Edgardo D. Gomez- national conservation program for coral reefs
 Improve the Weather forecasting system of PAG-ASA (Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration)

RODRIGO DUTERTE (16th President)

-Diwata-2 (Philippine Microsatellite)
-RA 11305 (Balik Scientist Program)
-Installed 271 new weather stations

Science and Technology Agenda in the Philippine Government

-By 2020, the Philippines shall have developed a wide range of globally competitive products
and services which have high technology content.
-DOST launched the Harmonized National Research and Development Agenda 2017-2022.
-Enhanced Science and Technology Awareness and Support among leaders
-Highly developed culture of innovation
-World class universities in Science and Technology
-Additional internationally recognized Filipino scientist

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?

JOSE GOLDEMBERG
- a physical science professor at the University of Saō Paulo, Brazil.
- he has held Brazil's top government posts in science and education, the environment, and the
state education and has written many technical papers and books on nuclear physics, energy
and the environment.

After the Second War, a small technical elite arose in developing countries such as India,
Pakistan, Brazil, and Iraq who have been educated as scientists in the industrialize world. They
thought that pushing manhattan project-type enterprises in development of thei countries.

What scientists and national leaders alike failed to understand was that development does not
necessarily coincide with the possession of nuclear weapons or the capability to launch
satellites. Rather, it requires modern agriculture, industrial systems, and education. The
technical elite natively believed that spin-offs from their nuclear energy or space programs
would somehow convert their countries to 20th-century industrialized states. Instead, there
were heavy and economic and political costs.
- This scenario means that in developing countries should not expect to follow the research
model that led to the scientific enterprise of the United States, and elsewhere. Rather, it is
a need to adapt and develop technologies appropriate to the local circumstances, help
strengthen education, and expand our roles as advisers in both government industry

1. Help adapt technology to local circumstances. 

   Even when technologies are imported from abroad, research is necessary to make them work.
Rather than insisting on developing indigenous technologies, when abundant and well-proven
technologies exist, scientist can help choose the right ones, given the local environment and
available raw materials, and learn how to use them. 

2. Incorporate new science into education. 

     Development requires a well-trained work force; therefore, high-quality education must be
put in place early in development. The teaching of modern science in engineering or medical
schools cannot be restricted to the same old classical textbooks but has to be done by active
scientists who read the current literature and are capable of conveying the latest advances to
their students. This approach worked well in the 19th century during the Meiji restoration,
which brought Japan into the modern world. 

3. Be involve in government.
  -Science and scientists are an important element in choices and decisions made by
governments and can make a difference.     
- It also helped to mediate a conflict in Brazil between multinational enterprises that had
computer technology and wanted free access to local markets and local entrepreneurs who
wished to preserve the markets for theme selves in the 1980's the local entrepreneurs
convinced the government to establish high import barriers, virtually isolating the region and
condemning it to use obsolete technology. I helped resolve this issue by convincing foreign
companies and local enterprises to set up joint ventures in which the technology came from
abroad but the manufacturing was local. 
Scientific research is motivated not only by curiosity or love for science, but also by fashions
and the perception that some areas of research are more rewarding than others. The current
emphasis given to costly therapeutics for the treatment AIDS is counterproductive in
developing countries, where a vaccine against the disease is the only real hope.
 In conclusion, my experience has shown that the transition of a country from developing to
developing to develop is a complex process that requires facing up to the established interest in
society. The impetus for this has to come not only from scientists but from other sectors of
society as well. In a world where globalization and competitiveness are the rule, progress
requires that developing countries find areas in which they are significantly better than their
competitors because of a better trained world force, favorable natural resources, or scientific
and technological capabilities. Science and scientists can play an important role in determining
those choices and implementing development strategies.

When Humanity and Technology Cross

TECHNOLOGY
-From Greek words “Technē” and “Logos” which mean ART and WORD - Taking the two words
together, technology means a discourse on arts. By (Buchanan, 2010)
- Technology was first appeared in 17 th century where the concept was only used to talk about
the ARTS or APPLIED ARTS.
- Each person in the society is directly and indirectly affected by technology.
-Technology is already an inevitable part of the society.

BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY:
 People were able to achieve great inventions.
 It makes life so much easier and more convenient than ever before.
  Technology these days enjoys such fame and glory because of many different benefits it
brings to mankind.
 Technology offers different leisure activities.
 Almost all activities that human performs already require assistance of some kind of
technological advancement.
 In general, technology keeps on progressing due to not only the changing times and
environment but also to the ever-progressing mind of mankind.

Different problems arise when either the technological device available is misused or if in the
first place it was invented to produce bad results.

TECHNOLOGICAL DEVICES
- means any computer, cellular phone, smartphone, digital camera, video camera,
audio recording device, or other electronic device that can be used for creating,
storing, or transmitting information in the form of electronic data.
- These are some of the most popular and most commonly used type of devices
across all age groups.

TELEVISION SETS - remains to be the ultimate medium for advertisement placements.

2 TYPES OF TELEVISON:
Mechanical Television - is a television system that relies on a mechanical scanning device, such
as a rotating disk with holes in it or a rotating mirror drum, to scan the scene and generate the
video signal, and a similar mechanical device at the receiver to display the picture. Electronic
Electronic Television – system captured moving images using a beam of electrons (basically, a
primitive camera).

Roles played by these technological devices:

1. Television
-most used avenue by different advertising companies not just in Philippines but
in the world. It is one of the most trusted and used technological devices.
 Advertisement
 Information dissemination (News)
 Recreational activity and good stress reliever
  Platform for propagandas and advocacies
 Bond with family
2. Mobile phones
-portable all in one device Communication
I. Texting
II. Calling
III. Surf in the internet
IV. Take pictures and photo editor
V. Music player
VI. Calendar
VII. Television

3. Personal Computers and Laptops

-most functions found are also available in mobile phones
I. Surf in the internet
II. Movie player
III. Calendar
IV. Calculator
V. Music player
VI. Camera

However,

 It’s convenient for work (job efficient)

 Wide keyboard and wide screen
 Availability of mouse and touchpad
 It’s convenient for playing (for some games)
 Easier to maneuver
 Wide keyboard and widescreen

ETHICAL DILEMMAS
1. Parents would argue that these devices make their children and unhealthy.
2. People especially children who are not capable yet of rationally deciding for themselves
what is right and wrong are freely exposed to different things on technologies.
  It is being argued that it is not the fault of the technological devices but the agents using
them or the ones making them.
 It is the maker’s responsibility to indicate priorities, values, norms, and principles that
constitutes the grounds for one’s actions and define one’s contributions to the scientific
technological event.
 Instead of asking “What ought not to be?”, ask “What ought to be allowed?”
 It is also important for the people on the scientific world to inform the masses of the
dangers of their contributions to the world of technology.

Robotics and Humanity

ROBOTS-An actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a degree of
autonomy, moving within its environment, to perform intended tasks.
-Autonomy- ability to perform intended tasks based on current state and sensing without
human intervention
SERVICE ROBOTS
-A robot that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial application.
-A robot may be classified according to its intended application as an industrial robot or a
service robot.
PERSONAL SERVICE ROBOTS
-Service robots for personal use
-Used for a noncommercial task, usually by laypersons.
-Examples: domestic servant robot, automated wheelchair, personal mobility robot, pet
exercising robot

Germany was one of the first countries to develop service robots. As part of the German
Federal Ministry of Education and Research's “Service Robotics Innovation Lead Initiative”
-It is sponsored a collaborative project called DESIRE which was launched on October 1, 2005.
Desire has the following individual objectives (DESIRE,2009)
-To achieve a technological edge toward attaining key functions and components that are
suited for everyday use.
- To create a reference architecture for mobile manipulation
-To promote the convergence of technologies through integration into a common technology
platform.
- To conduct pre-competition research and development activities for new products and
technology transfer in start- up enterprises in the field of service robotics.

 The earliest conception of robots can be traced around3000 B.C from Egyptians.
 George Devol is an American inventor known for developing Unimate, the first material
handling robot employed in industrial production work.
 Isaac Asimov - Was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston
University. He formulated the “Three laws of Robotics” back in 1940, when he was
thinking of the ethical consequence of robots. (Stanford,n.d)
1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to
come to harm.
2. A robot must obey orders given it by humans except where such orders would
conflict the first law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such preotetion does not conflict
with the First or Second Law.

Roles played by robotics:

 Ease the workload of mankind

 Make life more efficient and less stressful
 Perform complicated activities
 Pleasure, entertainment in parks or exhibits
 Toys, child-friendly
 Used in movies

Ethical dilemmas faced by robotics

1. Safety
-Who should be held accountable is someone’s safety is compromised by a robot?

- Who should be blamed, the robot, the agent, or the maker/ inventor of the robot?

 If the problem arises when the robot deviates from the laws specified, then the maker or the
inventor of the machine should be blameworthy.

2. Emotional Component
 -It is not completely impossible for robots to develop emotions

-What if the robots become sentiment?

-Should they be granted robot rights?

 It is just right for the robots to be given their own set of rights should they develop their ability
to feel different kinds of emotion.

In the field of robotics there are also what we called:

Partial Autonomy
- Includes active human-robot interaction.

Full Autonomy
- Excludes active human-robot interactions.

WAVES OF TECHNOLOGY

What are Waves?

 “Waves front analysis” – history as a succession waves of change. Where will the “leading edge”
take us?
 Waves as characterized by technology
 Technology as a driving force for social change

1. THE FIRST WAVE: AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

 Domestication – process of taming, cultivating or controlling plants or animals that were
original wild
Ex: by selective breeding
 Farming and irrigation – more productive than hunting

THE FACTOR = MODEL OF EFFICIENCY

 Mass Production ( Standardization)

 Mass Consumption
 Mass Media
 Mass Education
 2. THE SECOND WAVE : THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Biosphere cannot assimilate all wastes
 End of cheap energy
 Disintegrate pressures within the system

 HOW DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHANGE EDUCATION?

- In the West, raised the needs for basic education: literacy and numeracy
- “Over Curriculum” (basic reading, writing, arithmetic, history and others) vs.
(punctuality, obedience, rote, repetitive work)

 HOW DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHANGE FAMILIES?

- Factories needed workers, especially those willing to move place as needed.
- Thus, key functions of the family were delegated to Institution
Example: Education – Schools
Care of elderly – Nursing homes
- Hence, it is the “streamlined” nuclear family

BELIEFS OF THE 2ND WAVE:

1) Nature as a resource to be exploited; man in opposition with nature and dominating it.
2) Humans as pinnacle of evolution; industrialized societies as superior.
3) The Progress Principle: history flows irreversibly towards a better life

3. THE THIRD WAVE: THE INFORMATION/ KNOWLEDGE AGE

How has technology evolved?
How has this affected our relationships with each other and with the environment?
 Massification, standardization (2nd wave)
vs.
Differentiation, customization (3rd wave)
 For products as well as means of work (e.g. flexibility in terms of work
arrangements)
 Value placed on multiple intelligences and competencies (and higher educational
attainment)
THE TRANSITIONS IN THE 3RD WAVE
 “Prosumers” (producers are consumers and vice versa) – “DO – IT – YOURSELFERS
 The third wave brings with it a genuinely new way of life, based on diversified,
renewable energy sources; on methods of production that make most factory assembly
 lines obsolete; on non-nuclear families…on radically changed schools and corporations
of the future.
 The emergent civilization write a new code of behavior for us and carries beyond the
concentration of energy, money and power
SUMMING UP
TECHNOLOGY

SOCIETY
Major force of social change
 Change in personal attitudes and beliefs
 Change in relationships
 A change in social structures
TECHNOLOGICAL AUTONOMY = Well established technology infrastructure (universities, R
and D laboratories) + Trained manpower

THE GOOD LIFE

(Good HABIT or moral value)
The good life is the kind of life that an individual may dream of living.
 A good life is when your outlook is that you have more good days than bad.
 One in which we feel loved
 Has you feeling success
 Allows you to laugh and feel joy
 A good life holds beauty
 Has putting into every week some things you love to do
 Is not getting what you desire, desiring what you get
 ARISTOTLE talks about the ultimate good being.
EUDAIMONIA - a good life, flourishing life, a fulfilled and worthwhile life.

VARIOUS POPULAR CONTENDERS:

 MONEY clearly only means to an end, therefore it can’t be the main good.
 SUCCESS its too dependent on other people and the whims of fortune.
 PLEASURE
There are 2 WAYS :
* even purely bodily pleasures are good in moderation
* there are different kinds of pleasures, the best kind is that deriving from
being involved in some worthwile activity.
 RELATIONSHIPS - very important in a good life.Nobody would choose to live
without friend, even if they had all the other goods. A good life should include
other people.
There are 3 TYPES OF RELATIONSHIP:
The useful
The pleasant
The ones based on mutual admiration
- The first two is incidental while the third is the most solid and the
most important

 REASON AND THE VIRTUES

The main good for a human being is reason, since it is the characteristic human
capacity, the one we don’t share with other animals.

ARISTOTLE divided REASON into:

THEORITICAL concerning the contemplation of unchangeable truths