1- Handwashing is an important means of interrupting the chain
of transmission from one person to another. Infection by which
one of the following bacteria is most likely to be interrupted by handwashing? (A) Borrelia burgdorferi (B) Legionella pneumophila (C) Staphylococcus aureus (D) Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus) (E) Treponema pallidum
2- Vertical transmission is the transmission of organisms from
mother to fetus or newborn child. Infection by which one of the following bacteria is most likely to be transmitted vertically? (A) Chlamydia trachomatis (B) Clostridium tetani (C) Haemophilus influenzae (D) Shigella dysenteriae (E) Streptococcus pneumoniae
3-The cells involved with pyogenic inflammation are mainly neutrophils,
whereas the cells involved with granulomatous inflammation are mainly macrophages and helper T cells. Infection by which one of the following bacteria is most likely to elicit granulomatous inflammation? (A) Escherichia coli (B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (C) Neisseria gonorrhoeae (D) Streptococcus pyogenes (E) Staphylococcus aureus
4-Which one of the following sets of properties of exotoxins and
endotoxins is correctly matched? (A) Exotoxins—polypeptides; endotoxins—lipopolysaccharide (B) Exotoxins—weakly antigenic; endotoxins—highly antigenic (C) Exotoxins—produced only by gram-negative bacteria; endotoxins— produced only by gram-positive bacteria (D) Exotoxins—weakly toxic per microgram; endotoxins—highly toxic per microgram (E) Exotoxins—toxoid vaccines are ineffective; endotoxins—toxoid vaccines are effective
5- Which one of the following sets consists of bacteria both of which
produce exotoxins that increase cyclic AMP within human cells? (A) Vibrio cholerae and Corynebacterium diphtheriae (B) Clostridium perfringens and Streptococcus pyogenes (C) Escherichia coli and Bordetella pertussis (D) Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Staphylococcus aureus (E) Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus epidermidis
6-Which one of the following sets of bacteria produces exotoxins
that act by ADP-ribosylation? (A) Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Escherichia coli (B) Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus (C) Clostridium tetani and Bacillus anthracis (D) Enterococcus faecalis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (E) Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes
7-Which of the following bacteria produce an exotoxin that inhibits
the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction? (A) Bacillus anthracis (B) Bordetella pertussis (C) Clostridium botulinum (D) Corynebacterium diphtheriae (E) Escherichia coli
8- A 25-year-old man with abdominal pain was diagnosed with
acute appendicitis. He then had a sudden rise in temperature to 39C and a sudden fall in blood pressure. Which one of the following is the most likely cause of the fever and hypotension? (A) An exotoxin that ADP-ribosylates elongation factor-2 (B) An exotoxin that stimulates production of large amounts of cyclic AMP (C) An endotoxin that causes release of tumor necrosis factor (D) An endotoxin that binds to class I MHC protein (E) An exoenzyme that cleaves hyaluronic acid
9-Several biotech companies have sponsored clinical trials of a
drug consisting of monoclonal antibody to lipid A. Sepsis caused by which one of the following sets of bacteria is most likely to be improved following administration of this antibody? (A) Bordetella pertussis and Clostridium perfringens (B) Escherichia coli and Neisseria meningitidis (C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus anthracis (D) Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus (E) Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus
10- Regarding endotoxin, which one of the following is the MOST
accurate? (A) Endotoxin is a polypeptide, the toxic portion of which consists of two d-alanines. (B) Endotoxin is produced by both gram-positive cocci as well as gram-negative cocci. (C) Endotoxin acts by binding to class II MHC proteins and the variable portion of the beta chain of the T-cell receptor. (D) Endotoxin causes fever and hypotension by inducing the release of interleukins such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. (E) The antigenicity of endotoxin resides in its fatty acid side chains.