1997 

UBC VOLUME 2           
(SEISMIC ZONE)
1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE APPENDIX CHAPTER 16
APPENDIX CHAPTER 16

Division III—SEISMIC ZONE TABULATION

NOTE: This division has been revised in its entirety.

SECTION 1653 — FOR AREAS OUTSIDE THE UNITED

STATES
Location Seismic Zone Location Seismic Zone
AFRICA Mali
Algeria Bamako 0
Alger 3 Mauritania
Oran 3 Nouakchott 0
Angola Mauritius
Luanda 0 Port Louis 0
Benin Morocco
Cotonou 0 Casablanca 2A
Botswana Port Lyautcy 1
Gaborone 0 Rabat 2A
Burundi Tangier 3
Bujumbura 3 Mozambique
Cameroon Maputo 2A
Douala 0 Niger
Yaounde 0 Niamey 0
Cape Verde Nigeria
Praia 0 Ibadan 0
Central African Republic Kaduna 0
Bangui 0 Lagos 0
Chad Republic of Rwanda
Ndjamena 0 Kigali 3
Congo Senegal
Brazzaville 0 Dakar 0
Djibouti 3 Seychelles
Egypt Victoria 0
Alexandria 2A Sierra Leone
Cairo 2A Freetown 0
Port Said 2A Somalia
Equatorial Guinea Mogadishu 0
Malabo 0 South Africa
Ethiopia Cape Town 3
Addis Ababa 3 Durban 2A
Asmara 3 Johannesburg 2A
Gabon Natal 1
Libreville 0 Pretoria 2A
Gambia Swaziland
Banjul 0 Mbabane 2A
Ghana Tanzania
Accra 3 Dar es Salaam 2A
Guinea Zanzibar 2A
Bissau 1 Togo
Conakry 0 Lome 1
Ivory Coast Tunisia
Abidjan 0 Tunis 3
Kenya Uganda
Nairobi 2A Kampala 2A
Lesotho Upper Volta
Maseru 2A Ougadougou 0
Liberia Zaire
Monrovia 1 Bukavu 3
Libya Kinshasa 0
Tripoli 2A Lubumbashi 2A
Wheelus AFB 2A Zambia
Malagasy Republic Lukasa 2A
Tananarive 0 Zimbabwe
Malawi Harare (Salisbury) 3
Blantyre 3 ASIA
Lilongwe 3 Afghanistan
Zomba 3 Kabul 4
2–401
APPENDIX CHAPTER 16 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
APPENDIX CHAPTER 16

Location Seismic Zone Location Seismic Zone

Bahrain Laos
Manama 0 Vientiane 1
Bangladesh Lebanon
Dacca 3 Beirut 3
Brunei Malaysia
Bandar Seri Begawan 1 Kuala Lumpur 1
Burma Nepal
Mandalay 3 Kathmandu 4
Rangoon 3 Oman
China Muscat 2A
Beijing 4 Pakistan
Chengdu 3 Islamabad 4
Guangzhou 2A Karachi 4
Nanjing 2A Lahore 2A
Qingdao 3 Peshawar 4
Shanghai 2A Qatar
Shengyang 4 Doha 0
Taiwan Saudi Arabia
All 4 Al Batin 1
Tihwa 4 Dharan 1
Wuhan 2A Jiddah 2A
Xianggang 2A Khamis Mushayf 1
Cyprus Riyadh 0
Nicosia 3 Singapore
India All 1
Bombay 3 South Yemen
Calcutta 2A Aden City 3
Madras 1 Sri Lanka
New Delhi 3 Colombo 0
Indonesia Syria
Bandung 4 Aleppo 3
Jakarta 4 Damascus 3
Medan 3 Thailand
Surabaya 4 Bangkok 1
Iran Chiang Mai 2A
Isfahan 3 Songkhla 0
Shiraz 3 Udorn 1
Tabriz 4 Turkey
Tehran 4 Adana 2A
Ankara 2A
Iraq
Ismir 4
Baghdad 3
Istanbul 4
Basra 1
Karamursel 3
Israel United Arab Emirates
Haifa 3 Abu Dhabi 0
Jerusalem 3 Dubai 0
Tel Aviv 3
Viet Nam
Japan Ho Chi Minh (Saigon) 0
Fukuoka 3 Yemen Aran Republic
Itazuke AFB 3 Sanaa 3
Misawa AFB 3
Naha, Okinawa 4 ATLANTIC OCEAN AREA
Osaka/Kobe 4 Azores
Sapporo 3 All 2A
Tokyo 4 Bermuda
Wakkami 3 All 1
Yokohama 4 CARIBBEAN SEA
Yokota 4 Bahama Islands
Jordan All 1
Amman 3 Cuba
Korea All 2A
Kimhae 1 Dominican Republic
Kwangju 1 Santo Domingo 3
Pusan 1 French West Indies
Seoul 0 Martinique 3
Kuwait Grenada
Kuwait 1 Saint Georges 3
2–402
1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE APPENDIX CHAPTER 16
APPENDIX CHAPTER 16

Location Seismic Zone Location Seismic Zone

Haiti Paris 0
Port au Prince 3 Strasbourg 2A
Jamaica Germany, Federal Republic
Kingston 3 Berlin 0
Leeward Islands Bonn 2A
All 3 Bremen 0
Trinidad & Tobago Dusseldorf 1
All 3 Frankfurt 2A
Hamburg 0
CENTRAL AMERICA Munich 1
Belize Stuttgart 2A
Belmopan 2A Vaihigen 2A
Canal Zone Greece
All 2A Athens 3
Costa Rica Kavalla 4
San Jose 3 Makri 4
El Salvador Rhodes 3
San Salvador 4 Sauda Bay 4
Guatemala Thessaloniki 4
Guatemala 4 Hungary
Honduras Budapest 2A
Tegucigalpa 3 Iceland
Mexico Keflavick 3
Ciudad Juarez 2A Reykjavik 4
Guadalajara 3 Ireland
Hermosillo 3 Dublin 0
Matamoros 0 Italy
Mazatlan 2A Aviano AFB 3
Merida 0 Brindisi 0
Mexico City 3 Florence 3
Monterrey 0 Genoa 3
Nuevo Laredo 0 Milan 2A
Tijuana 3 Naples 3
Nicaragua Palermo 3
Managua 4 Rome 2A
Panama Sicily 3
Colon 3 Trieste 3
Galeta 2B Turin 2A
Panama 3 Luxembourg
Luxembourg 1
EUROPE
Malta
Albania Valleta 2A
Tirana 3
Netherlands
Austria All 0
Salzburg 2A Norway
Vienna 2A Oslo 2A
Belgium Poland
Antwerp 1 Krakow 2A
Brussels 2A Poznan 1
Bosnia-Herzegovina Warszawa 1
Belgrade 2A Portugal
Bulgaria Lisbon 4
Sofia 3 Opporto 3
Croatia Romania
Zagreb 3 Bucharest 3
Czechoslovakia Russia
Bratislava 2A Moscow 0
Prague 1 St. Petersburg 0
Denmark Spain
Copenhagen 1 Barcelona 2A
Finland Bilbao 2A
Helsinki 1 Madrid 0
France Rota 2A
Bordeaux 2A Seville 2A
Lyon 1 Sweden
Marseille 3 Goteborg 2A
Nice 3 Stockholm 1
2–403
APPENDIX CHAPTER 16 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
APPENDIX CHAPTER 16

Location Seismic Zone Location Seismic Zone

Switzerland Peru
Bern 2A Lima 4
Geneva 1 Piura 4
Zurich 2A Uruguay
Ukraine Montevideo 0
Kiev 0 Venezuela
United Kingdom Caracas 4
Belfast 0 Maracaibo 2A
Edinburgh 1 PACIFIC OCEAN AREA
Edzell 1 Australia
Glasgow/Renfrew 1 Brisbane 1
Hamilton 1 Canberra 1
Liverpool 1 Melbourne 1
London 2A Perth 1
Londonderry 1 Sydney 1
Thurso 1 Caroline Islands
NORTH AMERICA Koror, Palau Is. 2A
Greenland Ponape 0
All 1 Fiji
Suva 3
Canada
Argentia NAS 2A Johnson Island
Calgary, Alb 1 All 1
Churchill, Man 0 Mariana Islands
Cold Lake, Alb 1 Guam 3
Edmonton, Alb 1 Saipan 3
E. Harmon AFB 2A Tinian 3
Fort Williams, Ont 0 Marshall Islands
Frobisher N.W. Ter. 0 All 1
Goose Airport 1 New Zealand
Halifax 1 Auckland 3
Montreal, Quebec 3 Wellington 4
Ottawa, Ont 2A Papau New Guinea
St. John’s Nfd 3 Port Moresby 3
Toronto, Ont 1 Phillipine Islands
Vancouver 3 Baguio 3
Winnepeg, Man 1 Cebu 4
SOUTH AMERICA Manila 4
Argentina Samoa
Buenos Aires 0 All 3
Wake Island
Bolivia
All 0
La Paz 3
Santa Cruz 1 The above compilation is a partial listing of seismic zones for
Brazil cities and countries outside of the United States. It has been pro-
Belem 0 vided in this code primarily as a source of information, and may
Belo Horizonte 0 not, in all cases, reflect local ordinances or current scientific in-
Brasilia 0 formation.
Manaus 0
Porto Allegre 0 When an authority having jurisdiction requires seismic design
Recife 0 forces that are higher than would be indicated by the above zones,
Rio de Janeiro 0 the local requirements shall govern. When an authority having ju-
Salvador 0 risdiction requires seismic design forces that are lower than
Sao Paulo 1 would be indicated by the above zones, and these forces have
Chile been developed with consideration of regional tectonics and up-
Santiago 4 to-date geologic and seismologic information, the local require-
Valparaiso 4 ments may be used.
Colombia When no local seismic design requirements exist, properly de-
Bogota 3 termined information on site-specific ground motions may be
Ecuador used to justify a lower seismic zone. Such site-specific ground
Guayaquil 3 motions shall have been developed with proper consideration of
Quito 4 regional tectonics and local geologic and seismologic informa-
Paraguay tion, and shall have no more than a 10 percent chance of being ex-
Asuncion 0 ceeded in a 50-year period.

2–404
TES‐P‐119.19 REV.01           
(SEISMIC ZONE)
TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-119.19, Rev. 01

7.1.4. Seismic Load

The lateral seismic load shall be computed as per 01-TMSS-01 and

parameters based on KACST's seismic zone category on various regions of
Saudi Arabia. However, in the event that the structure location is located in
Zone 0, the applicable seismic zone shall be Zone 1 category. Moreover,
Importance factor of 1.25 shall be adopted in calculating seismic load.

7.1.5 Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure

In the design of substation basement wall and vertical structures below grade,
provision shall be made for the lateral pressure of adjacent soil. In addition,
allowances shall be made for possible surcharge from fixed or moving loads.
When a portion or whole of the adjacent soil is below a free water surface,
computations shall be based on weight of soil diminished by buoyancy, plus
hydrostatic pressure.

7.1.6 Load Factor and Combination of Loads

Substation structure shall be designed for the worst combination of dead,

imposed and equipment loads with temperature, wind, seismic, and other
effects. The load factor and load combinations to be considered as basis of
design shall conform to the applicable codes of ASCE, ACI, IBC and UBC.

7.2 Substation Building

7.2.1 Foundations

Foundation types for Substation building structures and outdoor equipments

shall be base on the recommendations of the soil investigation agency and as
per good engineering practice and requirements.

7.2.2 Cable Basement/Cable Entry room

Cable basement/Cable Entry Room shall be provided at all Substations

without regard to water table. Basement interior concrete surfaces shall be
coated with two (2) coats of cementitious elastomeric impermeable
membrane after thirty-five (35) days of concrete placement. The second coat
shall be applied within the time interval (between successive coating
application), specified by the manufacturer. Total wet film thickness shall not
be less than 1mm (minimum). Drainage sump shall also be provided.

a. Cable basements shall be provided with drainage sump pits measuring

900mm length x 900mm width x 750mm height. The sump shall be
formed with reinforced concrete at the lowest part of the basement
and shall be covered with an effectively grounded galvanized steel
grating. A collecting channel of minimum 75mm wide x 75mm deep
shall be formed all around the edges of the basement floor at its
junction with the basement walls allowing any water penetrating the
TESP11919R01/ECP Date of Approval: January 21, 2013 PAGE NO. 21 OF 44
1997 UBC VOLUME 2           
(SEISMIC ZONE FACTORS)
CHAP. 16, DIV. IV
1630.1.2
1630.3.2
and strength of elements, which are significant to the distribution
of forces, and shall represent the spatial distribution of the mass
and stiffness of the structure. In addition, the model shall comply
with the following:
1. Stiffness properties of reinforced concrete and masonry ele-
ments shall consider the effects of cracked sections.
2. For steel moment frame systems, the contribution of panel
zone deformations to overall story drift shall be included.
1630.1.3 PD effects. The resulting member forces and moments
and the story drifts induced by PD effects shall be considered in
the evaluation of overall structural frame stability and shall be
evaluated using the forces producing the displacements of DS . PD
need not be considered when the ratio of secondary moment to pri-
mary moment does not exceed 0.10; the ratio may be evaluated for
any story as the product of the total dead, floor live and snow load,
as required in Section 1612, above the story times the seismic drift
in that story divided by the product of the seismic shear in that
story times the height of that story. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4, PD
need not be considered when the story drift ratio does not exceed
0.02/R.
1630.2 Static Force Procedure.
1630.2.1 Design base shear. The total design base shear in a
given direction shall be determined from the following formula:
Cv I
V + W (30-4)
R T
The total design base shear need not exceed the following:
2.5 C a I (30-5)
V + W
R 1, 2A and 2B. In Seismic Zone 4, the Near-Source Factor, Na , need
The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:
V + 0.11 C a I W (30-6)
In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also
not be less than the following:
0.8 ZN v I
V + W (30-7)
R R
1630.2.2 Structure period. The value of T shall be determined
from one of the following methods:
1. Method A: For all buildings, the value T may be approxi-
mated from the following formula:
T + C t (h n) 3ń4 (30-8)
WHERE:
Ct = 0.035 (0.0853) for steel moment-resisting frames.
Ct = 0.030 (0.0731) for reinforced concrete moment-resist-
ing frames and eccentrically braced frames.
Ct = 0.020 (0.0488) for all other buildings.
Alternatively, the value of Ct for structures with concrete or ma-
sonry shear walls may be taken as 0.1/ ǸA c (For SI: 0.0743ń ǸA c
for Ac in m2).
The value of Ac shall be determined from the following for-
mula:
A c + SA e ƪ0.2 ) (D eńh n) 2ƫ (30-9)
The value of De /hn used in Formula (30-9) shall not exceed 0.9.
2–14
1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
2. Method B: The fundamental period T may be calculated us-
ing the structural properties and deformational characteristics of
the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis. The
analysis shall be in accordance with the requirements of Section
1630.1.2. The value of T from Method B shall not exceed a value
30 percent greater than the value of T obtained from Method A in
Seismic Zone 4, and 40 percent in Seismic Zones 1, 2 and 3.
The fundamental period T may be computed by using the fol-
lowing formula:
T + 2p Ǹǒȍ Ǔ ǒ ȍ Ǔ
n
i+1
wi di 2 B g
n
i+1
fi di (30-10)
The values of fi represent any lateral force distributed approxi-
mately in accordance with the principles of Formulas (30-13),
(30-14) and (30-15) or any other rational distribution. The elastic
deflections, δi , shall be calculated using the applied lateral
forces, fi .
1630.2.3 Simplified design base shear.
1630.2.3.1 General. Structures conforming to the requirements
of Section 1629.8.2 may be designed using this procedure.
1630.2.3.2 Base shear. The total design base shear in a given
direction shall be determined from the following formula:
3.0 C a
V + W (30-11)
R
where the value of Ca shall be based on Table 16-Q for the soil pro-
file type. When the soil properties are not known in sufficient
detail to determine the soil profile type, Type SD shall be used in
Seismic Zones 3 and 4, and Type SE shall be used in Seismic Zones
not be greater than 1.3 if none of the following structural irregular-
ities are present: Type 1, 4 or 5 of Table 16-L, or Type 1 or 4 of
Table 16-M.
1630.2.3.3 Vertical distribution. The forces at each level shall
be calculated using the following formula:
3.0 C a
Fx + wi (30-12)
where the value of Ca shall be determined in Section 1630.2.3.2.
1630.2.3.4 Applicability. Sections 1630.1.2, 1630.1.3, 1630.2.1,
1630.2.2, 1630.5, 1630.9, 1630.10 and 1631 shall not apply when
using the simplified procedure.
EXCEPTION: For buildings with relatively flexible structural
systems, the building official may require consideration of PD effects
and drift in accordance with Sections 1630.1.3, 1630.9 and 1630.10. Ds
shall be prepared using design seismic forces from Section 1630.2.3.2.
Where used, DM shall be taken equal to 0.01 times the story
height of all stories. In Section 1633.2.9, Formula (33-1) shall read
3.0 C a
Fpx = w px and need not exceed 1.0 Ca wpx , but shall not be
R
less than 0.5 Ca wpx. R and Wo shall be taken from Table 16-N.
1630.3 Determination of Seismic Factors.
1630.3.1 Determination of Wo . For specific elements of the
structure, as specifically identified in this code, the minimum
design strength shall be the product of the seismic force over-
strength factor Wo and the design seismic forces set forth in Sec-
tion 1630. For both Allowable Stress Design and Strength Design,
the Seismic Force Overstrength Factor, Wo , shall be taken from
Table 16-N.
1630.3.2 Determination of R. The notation R shall be taken from
Table 16-N.
TABLE 16-I 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
TABLE 16-K

TABLE 16-I—SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR Z

ZONE 1 2A 2B 3 4

Z 0.075 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40

NOTE: The zone shall be determined from the seismic zone map in Figure 16-2.

TABLE 16-J—SOIL PROFILE TYPES

AVERAGE SOIL PROPERTIES FOR TOP 100 FEET (30 480 mm) OF SOIL PROFILE
SOIL PROFILE SOIL PROFILE NAME/GENERIC Shear Wave Velocity, v s Standard Penetration Test, N [or NCH for Undrained Shear Strength, s u psf
TYPE DESCRIPTION feet/second (m/s) cohesionless soil layers] (blows/foot) (kPa)
SA Hard Rock > 5,000
(1,500)
— —
SB Rock 2,500 to 5,000
(760 to 1,500)
SC Very Dense Soil and Soft Rock 1,200 to 2,500 > 50 > 2,000
(360 to 760) (100)
SD Stiff Soil Profile 600 to 1,200 15 to 50 1,000 to 2,000
(180 to 360) (50 to 100)
SE 1 Soft Soil Profile < 600 < 15 < 1,000
(180) (50)
SF Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation. See Section 1629.3.1.
1Soil Profile Type S
E also includes any soil profile with more than 10 feet (3048 mm) of soft clay defined as a soil with a plasticity index, PI > 20, wmc w 40 percent
and s u < 500 psf (24 kPa). The Plasticity Index, PI, and the moisture content, wmc , shall be determined in accordance with approved national standards.

TABLE 16-K—OCCUPANCY CATEGORY

SEISMIC SEISMIC WIND
IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE1 IMPORTANCE
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURE FACTOR, I FACTOR, Ip FACTOR, Iw
1. Essential Group I, Division 1 Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment 1.25 1.50 1.15
facilities2 areas
Fire and police stations
Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft
Structures and shelters in emergency-preparedness centers
Aviation control towers
Structures and equipment in government communication centers and other
facilities required for emergency response
Standby power-generating equipment for Category 1 facilities
Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting water or other
fire-suppression material or equipment required for the protection of Category
1, 2 or 3 structures
2. Hazardous Group H, Divisions 1, 2, 6 and 7 Occupancies and structures therein housing or 1.25 1.50 1.15
facilities supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances
Nonbuilding structures housing, supporting or containing quantities of toxic or
explosive substances that, if contained within a building, would cause that
building to be classified as a Group H, Division 1, 2 or 7 Occupancy
3. Special Group A, Divisions 1, 2 and 2.1 Occupancies 1.00 1.00 1.00
occupancy Buildings housing Group E, Divisions 1 and 3 Occupancies with a capacity
structures3 greater than 300 students
Buildings housing Group B Occupancies used for college or adult education
with a capacity greater than 500 students
Group I, Divisions 1 and 2 Occupancies with 50 or more resident incapacitated
patients, but not included in Category 1
Group I, Division 3 Occupancies
All structures with an occupancy greater than 5,000 persons
Structures and equipment in power-generating stations, and other public utility
facilities not included in Category 1 or Category 2 above, and required for
continued operation
4. Standard All structures housing occupancies or having functions not listed in Category 1.00 1.00 1.00
occupancy 1, 2 or 3 and Group U Occupancy towers
structures3
5. Miscellaneous Group U Occupancies except for towers 1.00 1.00 1.00
structures
1The limitation of I for panel connections in Section 1633.2.4 shall be 1.0 for the entire connector.
p
2Structural observation requirements are given in Section 1702.
3For anchorage of machinery and equipment required for life-safety systems, the value of I shall be taken as 1.5.
p

2–30
TABLE 16-N 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
TABLE 16-N

TABLE 16-N—STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS1

HEIGHT LIMIT FOR
SEISMIC ZONES 3
AND 4 (feet)

BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM2 LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM DESCRIPTION R
o
304.8 for mm

1. Bearing wall system 1. Light-framed walls with shear panels
a. Wood structural panel walls for structures three stories or less 5.5 2.8 65
b. All other light-framed walls 4.5 2.8 65
2. Shear walls
a. Concrete 4.5 2.8 160
b. Masonry 4.5 2.8 160
3. Light steel-framed bearing walls with tension-only bracing 2.8 2.2 65
4. Braced frames where bracing carries gravity load
a. Steel 4.4 2.2 160
b. Concrete3 2.8 2.2 —
c. Heavy timber 2.8 2.2 65
2. Building frame system 1. Steel eccentrically braced frame (EBF) 7.0 2.8 240
2. Light-framed walls with shear panels
a. Wood structural panel walls for structures three stories or less 6.5 2.8 65
b. All other light-framed walls 5.0 2.8 65
3. Shear walls
a. Concrete 5.5 2.8 240
b. Masonry 5.5 2.8 160
4. Ordinary braced frames
a. Steel 5.6 2.2 160
b. Concrete3 5.6 2.2 —
c. Heavy timber 5.6 2.2 65
5. Special concentrically braced frames
a. Steel 6.4 2.2 240
3. Moment-resisting frame 1. Special moment-resisting frame (SMRF)
system a. Steel 8.5 2.8 N.L.
b. Concrete4 8.5 2.8 N.L.
2. Masonry moment-resisting wall frame (MMRWF) 6.5 2.8 160
3. Concrete intermediate moment-resisting frame (IMRF)5 5.5 2.8 —
4. Ordinary moment-resisting frame (OMRF)
a. Steel6 4.5 2.8 160
b. Concrete7 3.5 2.8 —
5. Special truss moment frames of steel (STMF) 6.5 2.8 240
4. Dual systems 1. Shear walls
a. Concrete with SMRF 8.5 2.8 N.L.
b. Concrete with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 160
c. Concrete with concrete IMRF5 6.5 2.8 160
d. Masonry with SMRF 5.5 2.8 160
e. Masonry with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 160
f. Masonry with concrete IMRF3 4.2 2.8 —
g. Masonry with masonry MMRWF 6.0 2.8 160
2. Steel EBF
a. With steel SMRF 8.5 2.8 N.L.
b. With steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 160
3. Ordinary braced frames
a. Steel with steel SMRF 6.5 2.8 N.L.
b. Steel with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 160
c. Concrete with concrete SMRF3 6.5 2.8 —
d. Concrete with concrete IMRF3 4.2 2.8 —
4. Special concentrically braced frames
a. Steel with steel SMRF 7.5 2.8 N.L.
b. Steel with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 160
5. Cantilevered column building 1. Cantilevered column elements 2.2 2.0 357
systems
6. Shear wall-frame interaction 1. Concrete8 5.5 2.8 160
systems
7. Undefined systems See Sections 1629.6.7 and 1629.9.2 — — —
N.L.—no limit
1See Section 1630.4 for combination of structural systems.
2Basic structural systems are defined in Section 1629.6.
3Prohibited in Seismic Zones 3 and 4.
4Includes precast concrete conforming to Section 1921.2.7.
5Prohibited in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, except as permitted in Section 1634.2.
6Ordinary moment-resisting frames in Seismic Zone 1 meeting the requirements of Section 2211.6 may use a R value of 8.
7 Total height of the building including cantilevered columns.
8Prohibited in Seismic Zones 2A, 2B, 3 and 4. See Section 1633.2.7.

2–32
TABLE 16-O 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
TABLE 16-Q

FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 16-O—(Continued)

12Seismic restraints may be omitted from electrical raceways, such as cable trays, conduit and bus ducts, if all the following conditions are satisfied:
12.1 Lateral motion of the raceway will not cause damaging impact with other systems.
12.2 Lateral motion of the raceway does not cause loss of system vertical support.
12.3 Rod-hung supports of less than 12 inches (305 mm) in length have top connections that cannot develop moments.
12.4 Support members cantilevered up from the floor are checked for stability.
13Piping, ducts and electrical raceways, which must be functional following an earthquake, spanning between different buildings or structural systems shall be
sufficiently flexible to withstand relative motion of support points assuming out-of-phase motions.
14Vibration isolators supporting equipment shall be designed for lateral loads or restrained from displacing laterally by other means. Restraint shall also be provided,
which limits vertical displacement, such that lateral restraints do not become disengaged. ap and Rp for equipment supported on vibration isolators shall be taken
as 2.5 and 1.5, respectively, except that if the isolation mounting frame is supported by shallow or expansion anchors, the design forces for the anchors calculated
by Formula (32-1), (32-2) or (32-3) shall be additionally multiplied by a factor of 2.0.
15Equipment anchorage shall not be designed such that lateral loads are resisted by gravity friction (e.g., friction clips).
16Expansion anchors, which are required to resist seismic loads in tension, shall not be used where operational vibrating loads are present.
17Movement of components within electrical cabinets, rack- and skid-mounted equipment and portions of skid-mounted electromechanical equipment that may
cause damage to other components by displacing, shall be restricted by attachment to anchored equipment or support frames.
18Batteries on racks shall be restrained against movement in all directions due to earthquake forces.
19Seismic restraints may include straps, chains, bolts, barriers or other mechanisms that prevent sliding, falling and breach of containment of flammable and toxic
materials. Friction forces may not be used to resist lateral loads in these restraints unless positive uplift restraint is provided which ensures that the friction forces
act continuously.

TABLE 16-P—R AND
o FACTORS FOR NONBUILDING STRUCTURES

STRUCTURE TYPE R
o
1. Vessels, including tanks and pressurized spheres, on braced or unbraced legs. 2.2 2.0
2. Cast-in-place concrete silos and chimneys having walls continuous to the foundations. 3.6 2.0
3. Distributed mass cantilever structures such as stacks, chimneys, silos and skirt-supported vertical vessels. 2.9 2.0
4. Trussed towers (freestanding or guyed), guyed stacks and chimneys. 2.9 2.0
5. Cantilevered column-type structures. 2.2 2.0
6. Cooling towers. 3.6 2.0
7. Bins and hoppers on braced or unbraced legs. 2.9 2.0
8. Storage racks. 3.6 2.0
9. Signs and billboards. 3.6 2.0
10. Amusement structures and monuments. 2.2 2.0
11. All other self-supporting structures not otherwise covered. 2.9 2.0

TABLE 16-Q—SEISMIC COEFFICIENT Ca

SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR, Z
SOIL PROFILE TYPE Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.2 Z = 0.3 Z = 0.4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Na
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Na
SC 0.09 0.18 0.24 0.33 0.40Na
SD 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.36 0.44Na
SE 0.19 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.36Na
SF See Footnote 1
1Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients for Soil Profile Type S .
F

2–34
1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 16-R
TABLE 16-U

TABLE 16-R—SEISMIC COEFFICIENT Cv

SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR, Z
SOIL PROFILE TYPE Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.2 Z = 0.3 Z = 0.4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Nv
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Nv
SC 0.13 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.56Nv
SD 0.18 0.32 0.40 0.54 0.64Nv
SE 0.26 0.50 0.64 0.84 0.96Nv
SF See Footnote 1
1Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients for Soil Profile Type S .
F

TABLE 16-S—NEAR-SOURCE FACTOR Na 1

CLOSEST DISTANCE TO KNOWN SEISMIC SOURCE2,3
SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE v 2 km 5 km w 10 km
A 1.5 1.2 1.0
B 1.3 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0
1The Near-Source Factor may be based on the linear interpolation of values for distances other than those shown in the table.
2The location and type of seismic sources to be used for design shall be established based on approved geotechnical data (e.g., most recent mapping of active faults by
the United States Geological Survey or the California Division of Mines and Geology).
3The closest distance to seismic source shall be taken as the minimum distance between the site and the area described by the vertical projection of the source on the
surface (i.e., surface projection of fault plane). The surface projection need not include portions of the source at depths of 10 km or greater. The largest value of the
Near-Source Factor considering all sources shall be used for design.

TABLE 16-T—NEAR-SOURCE FACTOR Nv 1

CLOSEST DISTANCE TO KNOWN SEISMIC SOURCE2,3
SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE v 2 km 5 km 10 km w 15 km
A 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.0
B 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1The Near-Source Factor may be based on the linear interpolation of values for distances other than those shown in the table.
2The location and type of seismic sources to be used for design shall be established based on approved geotechnical data (e.g., most recent mapping of active faults by
the United States Geological Survey or the California Division of Mines and Geology).
3The closest distance to seismic source shall be taken as the minimum distance between the site and the area described by the vertical projection of the source on the
surface (i.e., surface projection of fault plane). The surface projection need not include portions of the source at depths of 10 km or greater. The largest value of the
Near-Source Factor considering all sources shall be used for design.

TABLE 16-U—SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE1

SEISMIC SOURCE DEFINITION2
SEISMIC
SOURCE TYPE SEISMIC SOURCE DESCRIPTION Maximum Moment Magnitude, M Slip Rate, SR (mm/year)
A Faults that are capable of producing large magnitude events and that M w 7.0 SR w 5
have a high rate of seismic activity
B All faults other than Types A and C M w 7.0 SR t 5
M t 7.0 SR u 2
M w 6.5 SR t 2
C Faults that are not capable of producing large magnitude earthquakes M < 6.5 SR v 2
and that have a relatively low rate of seismic activity
1Subduction sources shall be evaluated on a site-specific basis.
2Both maximum moment magnitude and slip rate conditions must be satisfied concurrently when determining the seismic source type.

2–35
ASCE/SEI 7‐10                  
(WIND LOAD)
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL

Table 1.5-1 Risk Category of Buildings and Other Structures for Flood, Wind, Snow, Earthquake,
and Ice Loads

Use or Occupancy of Buildings and Structures Risk Category

Buildings and other structures that represent a low risk to human life in the event of failure I

All buildings and other structures except those listed in Risk Categories I, III, and IV II

Buildings and other structures, the failure of which could pose a substantial risk to human life. III
Buildings and other structures, not included in Risk Category IV, with potential to cause a substantial
economic impact and/or mass disruption of day-to-day civilian life in the event of failure.
Buildings and other structures not included in Risk Category IV (including, but not limited to, facilities that
manufacture, process, handle, store, use, or dispose of such substances as hazardous fuels, hazardous
chemicals, hazardous waste, or explosives) containing toxic or explosive substances where their quantity
exceeds a threshold quantity established by the authority having jurisdiction and is sufficient to pose a threat
to the public if released.

Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities. IV

Buildings and other structures, the failure of which could pose a substantial hazard to the community.
Buildings and other structures (including, but not limited to, facilities that manufacture, process, handle, store,
use, or dispose of such substances as hazardous fuels, hazardous chemicals, or hazardous waste) containing
sufficient quantities of highly toxic substances where the quantity exceeds a threshold quantity established by
the authority having jurisdiction to be dangerous to the public if released and is sufficient to pose a threat to
the public if released.a
Buildings and other structures required to maintain the functionality of other Risk Category IV structures.
a
Buildings and other structures containing toxic, highly toxic, or explosive substances shall be eligible for classification to a lower Risk Category
if it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the authority having jurisdiction by a hazard assessment as described in Section 1.5.2 that a
release of the substances is commensurate with the risk associated with that Risk Category.

exceed the member design strength (also called “load R Rain load.
and resistance factor design”). S Snow load.
TEMPORARY FACILITIES: Buildings or
other structures that are to be in service for a limited
time and have a limited exposure period for environ- 1.3 BASIC REQUIREMENTS
mental loadings.
TOXIC SUBSTANCE: As defined in 29 CFR 1.3.1 Strength and Stiffness
1910.1200 Appendix A with Amendments as of Buildings and other structures, and all parts
February 1, 2000. thereof, shall be designed and constructed with
adequate strength and stiffness to provide structural
1.1.2 Symbols and Notations stability, protect nonstructural components and
systems from unacceptable damage, and meet the
Fx A minimum design lateral force applied to level
serviceability requirements of Section 1.3.2.
x of the structure and used for purposes of
Acceptable strength shall be demonstrated using
evaluating structural integrity in accordance with
one or more of the following procedures:
Section 1.4.2.
Wx The portion of the total dead load of the struc- a. the Strength Procedures of Section 1.3.1.1,
ture, D, located or assigned to Level x. b. the Allowable Stress Procedures of Section 1.3.1.2,
D Dead load. or
L Live load. c. subject to the approval of the authority
Lr Roof live load. having jurisdiction for individual projects,
N Notional load used to evaluate conformance with the Performance-Based Procedures of Section
minimum structural integrity criteria. 1.3.1.3.

2
 Chapter 29
WIND LOADS ON OTHER STRUCTURES AND
BUILDING APPURTENANCES—MWFRS
29.1 SCOPE
29.1.1 Structure Types
This chapter applies to the determination of wind
loads on building appurtenances (such as rooftop
structures and rooftop equipment) and other structures
of all heights (such as solid freestanding walls and
freestanding solid signs, chimneys, tanks, open signs,
lattice frameworks, and trussed towers) using the
Directional Procedure.
The steps required for the determination of wind
loads on building appurtenances and other structures
are shown in Table 29.1-1.
User Note: Use Chapter 29 to determine wind pressures
on the MWFRS of solid freestanding walls, freestanding
solid signs, chimneys, tanks, open signs, lattice frame-
works and trussed towers. Wind loads on rooftop
structures and equipment may be determined from the
provisions of this chapter. The wind pressures are
calculated using specific equations based upon the
Directional Procedure.
29.1.2 Conditions
A structure whose design wind loads are deter-
mined in accordance with this section shall comply
with all of the following conditions:
1. The structure is a regular-shaped structure as
defined in Section 26.2.
2. The structure does not have response characteris-
tics making it subject to across-wind loading,
vortex shedding, or instability due to galloping or
flutter; or it does not have a site location for which
channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of
upwind obstructions warrant special consideration.
29.1.3 Limitations
The provisions of this chapter take into consider-
ation the load magnification effect caused by gusts in
resonance with along-wind vibrations of flexible
structures. Structures not meeting the requirements of
Section 29.1.2, or having unusual shapes or response
characteristics, shall be designed using recognized
literature documenting such wind load effects or shall
use the Wind Tunnel Procedure specified in Chapter 31.
29.1.4 Shielding
There shall be no reductions in velocity pressure
due to apparent shielding afforded by buildings and
other structures or terrain features.
29.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
29.2.1 Wind Load Parameters Specified in
Chapter 26
The following wind load parameters shall be
determined in accordance with Chapter 26:
– Basic Wind Speed V (Section 26.5)
– Wind directionality Factor Kd (Section 26.6)
– Exposure category (Section 26.7)
– Topographic factor Kzt (Section 26.8)
– Enclosure classification (Section 26.10)
29.3 VELOCITY PRESSURE
29.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
Based on the exposure category determined in
Section 26.7.3, a velocity pressure exposure coeffi-
cient Kz or Kh, as applicable, shall be determined from
Table 29.3-1.
For a site located in a transition zone between
exposure categories that is near to a change in ground
surface roughness, intermediate values of Kz or Kh,
between those shown in Table 29.3-1, are permitted,
provided that they are determined by a rational
analysis method defined in the recognized literature.
29.3.2 Velocity Pressure
Velocity pressure, qz, evaluated at height z shall
be calculated by the following equation:
qz = 0.00256 KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2) (29.3-1)
2 2
[In SI: qz = 0.613 KzKztKdV (N/m ); V in m/s]
where
Kd = wind directionality factor defined in Section 26.6
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient defined in
Section 29.3.1
Kzt = topographic factor defined in Section 26.8.2
V = basic wind speed from Section 26.5
307
TES‐P‐119.19 REV.01           
(WIND SPEED)
TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-119.19, Rev. 01

7.1.2. Live Loads

The minimum live load values used for structural calculation shall be as
follows:

a. Roof

Not Access : 1.0 kN/m²

Access : 1.5 kN/m²

b. Floor (live load) : 4.8 kN/m²

* Live load at Control & Communication Room shall also be

considered as follows:

Concentrated Load - 5000 N (minimum)

Distributed Load - 7500 N/m2 (minimum, including floor,

Equipment, maintenances and forklift
live loads)

* Live Load at GIS Room shall be considered as follows:

Distributed Load - 12000N/m2 (minimum, including

floor, Equipment, maintenances and
forklift live loads)

* Live Load at Switchgear Room shall be considered as follows:

Distributed Load - 7500N/m2 (minimum, including floor,

Equipment, maintenances and
forklift live loads)

c. Equipment load : To be obtained from the Equipment

Manufacturer

Equipment load shall be treated as live load and floor shall be designed for
the heaviest intensity of equipment load or live load, whichever is higher.
Impact load factor due to dynamic and operating loads shall be per
ASCE/SEI 7.

7.1.3. Wind Load

The design wind loads for the building as a whole or for individual
components and cladding thereof shall be in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7,
with a basic wind speed of 150 km/h and exposure “C” category. Moreover,
Importance factor of 1.15 shall be adopted in calculating wind load.

TESP11919R01/ECP Date of Approval: January 21, 2013 PAGE NO. 20 OF 44

ASCE/SEI 7‐10                 
(WIND LOAD FACTORS)

Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas,
wooded areas, or other terrain with numerous closely
spaced obstructions having the size of single-family
dwellings or larger.
Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered
obstructions having heights generally less than 30 ft
(9.1 m). This category includes flat open country and
grasslands.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas
and water surfaces. This category includes smooth
mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.
26.7.3 Exposure Categories
Exposure B: For buildings with a mean roof
height of less than or equal to 30 ft (9.1 m), Exposure
B shall apply where the ground surface roughness, as
defined by Surface Roughness B, prevails in the
upwind direction for a distance greater than 1,500 ft
(457 m). For buildings with a mean roof height greater
than 30 ft (9.1 m), Exposure B shall apply where
Surface Roughness B prevails in the upwind direction
for a distance greater than 2,600 ft (792 m) or 20 times
the height of the building, whichever is greater.
Exposure C: Exposure C shall apply for all cases
where Exposures B or D do not apply.
Exposure D: Exposure D shall apply where the
ground surface roughness, as defined by Surface
Roughness D, prevails in the upwind direction for a
distance greater than 5,000 ft (1,524 m) or 20 times
the building height, whichever is greater. Exposure D
shall also apply where the ground surface roughness
immediately upwind of the site is B or C, and the site
is within a distance of 600 ft (183 m) or 20 times the
building height, whichever is greater, from an Expo-
sure D condition as defined in the previous sentence.
For a site located in the transition zone between
exposure categories, the category resulting in the
largest wind forces shall be used.
EXCEPTION: An intermediate exposure between
the preceding categories is permitted in a transition
zone provided that it is determined by a rational
analysis method defined in the recognized literature.
26.7.4 Exposure Requirements.
26.7.4.1 Directional Procedure (Chapter 27)
For each wind direction considered, wind loads
for the design of the MWFRS of enclosed and
partially enclosed buildings using the Directional
Procedure of Chapter 27 shall be based on the
exposures as defined in Section 26.7.3. Wind loads for
the design of open buildings with monoslope, pitched,
or troughed free roofs shall be based on the expo-
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
sures, as defined in Section 26.7.3, resulting in the
highest wind loads for any wind direction at the site.
26.7.4.2 Envelope Procedure (Chapter 28)
Wind loads for the design of the MWFRS for all
low-rise buildings designed using the Envelope
Procedure of Chapter 28 shall be based on the
exposure category resulting in the highest wind loads
for any wind direction at the site.
26.7.4.3 Directional Procedure for Building
Appurtenances and Other Structures (Chapter 29)
Wind loads for the design of building appurte-
nances (such as rooftop structures and equipment) and
other structures (such as solid freestanding walls and
freestanding signs, chimneys, tanks, open signs, lattice
frameworks, and trussed towers) as specified in
Chapter 29 shall be based on the appropriate exposure
for each wind direction considered.
26.7.4.4 Components and Cladding (Chapter 30)
Design wind pressures for components and
cladding shall be based on the exposure category
resulting in the highest wind loads for any wind
direction at the site.
26.8 TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS
26.8.1 Wind Speed-Up over Hills, Ridges,
and Escarpments
Wind speed-up effects at isolated hills, ridges,
and escarpments constituting abrupt changes in the
general topography, located in any exposure category,
shall be included in the design when buildings and
other site conditions and locations of structures meet
all of the following conditions:
1. The hill, ridge, or escarpment is isolated and
unobstructed upwind by other similar topographic
features of comparable height for 100 times the
height of the topographic feature (100H) or 2 mi
(3.22 km), whichever is less. This distance shall be
measured horizontally from the point at which the
height H of the hill, ridge, or escarpment is
determined.
2. The hill, ridge, or escarpment protrudes above the
height of upwind terrain features within a 2-mi
(3.22-km) radius in any quadrant by a factor of two
or more.
3. The structure is located as shown in Fig. 26.8-1 in
the upper one-half of a hill or ridge or near the
crest of an escarpment.
251
CHAPTER 26 WIND LOADS: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

4. H/Lh ≥ 0.2. The summations are over the height of the building
5. H is greater than or equal to 15 ft (4.5 m) for where
Exposure C and D and 60 ft (18 m) for Exposure B.
hi is the height above grade of level i
Li is the building length at level i parallel to the wind
26.8.2 Topographic Factor
direction
The wind speed-up effect shall be included in the
calculation of design wind loads by using the factor
26.9.3 Approximate Natural Frequency
Kzt:
The approximate lower-bound natural frequency
Kzt = (1 + K1K2K3)2 (26.8-1) (na), in Hertz, of concrete or structural steel buildings
meeting the conditions of Section 26.9.2.1, is permit-
where K1, K2, and K3 are given in Fig. 26.8-1.
ted to be determined from one of the following
If site conditions and locations of structures do
equations:
not meet all the conditions specified in Section 26.8.1
For structural steel moment-resisting-frame
then Kzt = 1.0.
buildings:
na = 22.2/h0.8 (26.9-2)
26.9 GUST-EFFECTS
For concrete moment-resisting frame buildings:
26.9.1 Gust-Effect Factor: The gust-effect factor for na = 43.5/h0.9 (26.9-3)
a rigid building or other structure is permitted to be
For structural steel and concrete buildings with
taken as 0.85.
other lateral-force-resisting systems:
26.9.2 Frequency Determination na = 75/h (26.9-4)
To determine whether a building or structure is
For concrete or masonry shear wall buildings, it
rigid or flexible as defined in Section 26.2, the
is also permitted to use
fundamental natural frequency, n1, shall be established
using the structural properties and deformational na = 385(Cw)0.5/h (26.9-5)
characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly
where
substantiated analysis. Low-Rise Buildings, as defined
2
in 26.2, are permitted to be considered rigid. 100 n ⎛ h ⎞ Ai
Cw = ∑ ⎜ ⎟
AB i =1 ⎝ hi ⎠ ⎡ ⎛ hi ⎞ ⎤
2

26.9.2.1 Limitations for Approximate ⎢1 + 0.83 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥

⎣ ⎝ Di ⎠ ⎦
Natural Frequency
As an alternative to performing an analysis to where
determine n1, the approximate building natural
h = mean roof height (ft)
frequency, na, shall be permitted to be calculated in
n = number of shear walls in the building effective
accordance with Section 26.9.3 for structural steel,
in resisting lateral forces in the direction under
concrete, or masonry buildings meeting the following
consideration
requirements:
AB = base area of the structure (ft2)
1. The building height is less than or equal to 300 ft Ai = horizontal cross-section area of shear wall “i” (ft2)
(91 m), and Di = length of shear wall “i” (ft)
2. The building height is less than 4 times its effective hi = height of shear wall “i” (ft)
length, Leff.
26.9.4 Rigid Buildings or Other Structures
The effective length, Leff, in the direction under For rigid buildings or other structures as defined
consideration shall be determined from the following in Section 26.2, the gust-effect factor shall be taken as
equation: 0.85 or calculated by the formula:
n ⎛ 1 + 1.7 gQ I z Q ⎞
G = 0.925 ⎜
∑h L
i =1
i i
⎝ 1 + 1.7 gv I z ⎠
⎟ (26.9-6)
Leff = n
(26.9-1) 1/ 6
I z = c ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
33
∑h
i =1
i
⎝ z ⎠
(26.9-7)

254
CHAPTER 29 WIND LOADS ON OTHER STRUCTURES AND BUILDING APPURTENANCES—MWFRS

Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kh and Kz

Table 29.3-1

Height above Exposure

ground level, z
B C D
ft (m)
0-15 (0-4.6) 0.57 0.85 1.03
20 (6.1) 0.62 0.90 1.08
25 (7.6) 0.66 0.94 1.12
30 (9.1) 0.70 0.98 1.16
40 (12.2) 0.76 1.04 1.22
50 (15.2) 0.81 1.09 1.27
60 (18) 0.85 1.13 1.31
70 (21.3) 0.89 1.17 1.34
80 (24.4) 0.93 1.21 1.38
90 (27.4) 0.96 1.24 1.40
100 (30.5) 0.99 1.26 1.43
120 (36.6) 1.04 1.31 1.48
140 (42.7) 1.09 1.36 1.52
160 (48.8) 1.13 1.39 1.55
180 (54.9) 1.17 1.43 1.58
200 (61.0) 1.20 1.46 1.61
250 (76.2) 1.28 1.53 1.68
300 (91.4) 1.35 1.59 1.73
350 (106.7) 1.41 1.64 1.78
400 (121.9) 1.47 1.69 1.82
450 (137.2) 1.52 1.73 1.86
500 (152.4) 1.56 1.77 1.89

Notes:
1. The velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz may be determined from the following
formula:
For 15 ft. ≤ z ≤ zg For z < 15 ft.
2/α
Kz = 2.01 (z/zg) Kz = 2.01 (15/zg)2/α
2. α and zg are tabulated in Table 26.9.1.
3. Linear interpolation for intermediate values of height z is acceptable.
4. Exposure categories are defined in Section 26.7.

310
CHAPTER 26 WIND LOADS: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

Table 26.6-1

Structure Type Directionality Factor Kd*

Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85

Arched Roofs 0.85

Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures

Square 0.90
Hexagonal 0.95
Round 0.95

Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid

Freestanding and Attached Signs 0.85

Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85

Trussed Towers
Triangular, square, rectangular 0.85
All other cross sections 0.95

*Directionality Factor Kd has been calibrated with combinations of loads

specified in Chapter 2. This factor shall only be applied when used in
conjunction with load combinations specified in Sections 2.3 and 2.4.

250
CHAPTER 27 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS—MWFRS (DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE)
Table 27.2-1 Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind
Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and
Open Buildings of All Heights
Step 1: Determine risk category of building or other
structure, see Table 1.4-1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the
applicable risk category, see Figure 26.5-1A, B
or C
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
➢ Wind directionality factor, Kd , see Section
26.6 and Table 26.6-1
➢ Exposure category, see Section 26.7
➢ Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 26.8 and
Table 26.8-1
➢ Gust Effect Factor, G, see Section 26.9
➢ Enclosure classification, see Section 26.10
➢ Internal pressure coefficient, (GCpi), see
Section 26.11 and Table 26.11-1
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure
coefficient, Kz or Kh, see Table 27.3-1
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure qz or qh Eq. 27.3-1
Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient, Cp or CN
➢ Fig. 27.4-1 for walls and flat, gable, hip,
monoslope or mansard roofs
➢ Fig. 27.4-2 for domed roofs
➢ Fig. 27.4-3 for arched roofs
➢ Fig. 27.4-4 for monoslope roof, open building
➢ Fig. 27.4-5 for pitched roof, open building
➢ Fig. 27.4-6 for troughed roof, open building
➢ Fig. 27.4-7 for along-ridge/valley wind load
case for monoslope, pitched or troughed roof,
open building
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p, on each building
surface
➢ Eq. 27.4-1 for rigid buildings
➢ Eq. 27.4-2 for flexible buildings
➢ Eq. 27.4-3 for open buildings
27.3.2 Velocity Pressure
Velocity pressure, qz, evaluated at height z shall
be calculated by the following equation:
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2) (27.3-1)
2 2
[In SI: qz = 0.613KzKztKdV (N/m ); V in m/s]
where
Kd = wind directionality factor, see Section 26.6
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient, see
Section 27.3.1
Kzt = topographic factor defined, see Section 26.8.2
V = basic wind speed, see Section 26.5
260
qz = velocity pressure calculated using Eq. 27.3-1 at
height z
qh = velocity pressure calculated using Eq. 27.3-1 at
mean roof height h.
The numerical coefficient 0.00256 (0.613 in SI)
shall be used except where sufficient climatic data are
available to justify the selection of a different value of
this coefficient for a design application.
27.4 WIND LOADS—MAIN WIND
FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM
27.4.1 Enclosed and Partially Enclosed
Rigid Buildings
Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of
buildings of all heights shall be determined by the
following equation:
p = qGCp – qi(GCpi) (lb/ft2) (N/m2) (27.4-1)
where
q = qz for windward walls evaluated at height z
above the ground
q = qh for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs,
evaluated at height h
qi = qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward
walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings and
for negative internal pressure evaluation in
partially enclosed buildings
qi = qz for positive internal pressure evaluation in
partially enclosed buildings where height z is
defined as the level of the highest opening in
the building that could affect the positive
internal pressure. For buildings sited in
wind-borne debris regions, glazing that is not
impact resistant or protected with an impact
resistant covering shall be treated as an
opening in accordance with Section 26.10.3.
For positive internal pressure evaluation,
qi may conservatively be evaluated at height
h(qi = qh)
G = gust-effect factor, see Section 26.9
Cp = external pressure coefficient from Figs.
27.4-1, 27.4-2 and 27.4-3
(GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient from Table
26.11-1
q and qi shall be evaluated using exposure
defined in Section 26.7.3. Pressure shall be applied
simultaneously on windward and leeward walls and
on roof surfaces as defined in Figs. 27.4-1, 27.4-2 and
27.4-3.
CHAPTER 27 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS—MWFRS (DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE)
27.4.2 Enclosed and Partially Enclosed
Flexible Buildings
Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of
flexible buildings shall be determined from the
following equation:
p = qGfCp – qi(GCpi) (lb/ft2) (N/m2) (27.4-2)
where q, qi, Cp, and (GCpi) are as defined in Section
27.4.1 and Gf (gust-effect factor) is determined in
accordance with Section 26.9.5.
27.4.3 Open Buildings with Monoslope, Pitched,
or Troughed Free Roofs
The net design pressure for the MWFRS of open
buildings with monoslope, pitched, or troughed roofs
shall be determined by the following equation:
p = qhGCN (27.4-3)
where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height
h using the exposure as defined in Section 26.7.3
that results in the highest wind loads for any
wind direction at the site
G = gust-effect factor from Section 26.9
CN = net pressure coefficient determined from Figs.
27.4-4 through 27.4-7
Net pressure coefficients, CN, include contribu-
tions from top and bottom surfaces. All load cases
shown for each roof angle shall be investigated.
Plus and minus signs signify pressure acting toward
and away from the top surface of the roof,
respectively.
For free roofs with an angle of plane of roof from
horizontal θ less than or equal to 5° and containing
fascia panels, the fascia panel shall be considered an
inverted parapet. The contribution of loads on the
fascia to the MWFRS loads shall be determined using
Section 27.4.5 with qp equal to qh.
27.4.4 Roof Overhangs
The positive external pressure on the bottom
surface of windward roof overhangs shall be deter-
mined using Cp = 0.8 and combined with the top
surface pressures determined using Fig. 27.4-1.
27.4.5 Parapets
The design wind pressure for the effect of
parapets on MWFRS of rigid or flexible buildings
with flat, gable, or hip roofs shall be determined by
the following equation:
pp = qp(GCpn) (lb/ft2) (27.4-4)
262
where
pp = combined net pressure on the parapet due to
the combination of the net pressures from
the front and back parapet surfaces. Plus
(and minus) signs signify net pressure acting
toward (and away from) the front (exterior)
side of the parapet
qp = velocity pressure evaluated at the top of the
parapet
(GCpn) = combined net pressure coefficient
= +1.5 for windward parapet
= –1.0 for leeward parapet
27.4.6 Design Wind Load Cases
The MWFRS of buildings of all heights, whose
wind loads have been determined under the provisions
of this chapter, shall be designed for the wind load
cases as defined in Fig. 27.4-8.
EXCEPTION: Buildings meeting the require-
ments of Section D1.1 of Appendix D need
only be designed for Case 1 and Case 3 of
Fig. 27.4-8.
The eccentricity e for rigid structures shall be
measured from the geometric center of the building
face and shall be considered for each principal axis
(eX, eY). The eccentricity e for flexible structures shall
be determined from the following equation and shall
be considered for each principal axis (eX, eY):
eQ + 1.7 I z ( gQ QeQ ) + ( gR ReR )
2 2
e= (27.4-5)
1 + 1.7 I z ( gQ Q ) + ( gR R )
2 2
where
eQ = eccentricity e as determined for rigid structures
in Fig. 27.4-8
eR = distance between the elastic shear center and
center of mass of each floor
I_z , gQ, Q, gR, and R shall be as defined in Section 26.9
The sign of the eccentricity e shall be plus or
minus, whichever causes the more severe load effect.
27.4.7 Minimum Design Wind Loads
The wind load to be used in the design of the
MWFRS for an enclosed or partially enclosed
building shall not be less than 16 lb/ft2 (0.77 kN/m2)
multiplied by the wall area of the building and 8 lb/ft2
(0.38 kN/m2) multiplied by the roof area of the
building projected onto a vertical plane normal to the
assumed wind direction. Wall and roof loads shall
be applied simultaneously. The design wind force
for open buildings shall be not less than 16 lb/ft2
(0.77 kN/m2) multiplied by the area Af.
CHAPTER 26 WIND LOADS: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

4. H/Lh ≥ 0.2. The summations are over the height of the building
5. H is greater than or equal to 15 ft (4.5 m) for where
Exposure C and D and 60 ft (18 m) for Exposure B.
hi is the height above grade of level i
Li is the building length at level i parallel to the wind
26.8.2 Topographic Factor
direction
The wind speed-up effect shall be included in the
calculation of design wind loads by using the factor
26.9.3 Approximate Natural Frequency
Kzt:
The approximate lower-bound natural frequency
Kzt = (1 + K1K2K3)2 (26.8-1) (na), in Hertz, of concrete or structural steel buildings
meeting the conditions of Section 26.9.2.1, is permit-
where K1, K2, and K3 are given in Fig. 26.8-1.
ted to be determined from one of the following
If site conditions and locations of structures do
equations:
not meet all the conditions specified in Section 26.8.1
For structural steel moment-resisting-frame
then Kzt = 1.0.
buildings:
na = 22.2/h0.8 (26.9-2)
26.9 GUST-EFFECTS
For concrete moment-resisting frame buildings:
26.9.1 Gust-Effect Factor: The gust-effect factor for na = 43.5/h0.9 (26.9-3)
a rigid building or other structure is permitted to be
For structural steel and concrete buildings with
taken as 0.85.
other lateral-force-resisting systems:
26.9.2 Frequency Determination na = 75/h (26.9-4)
To determine whether a building or structure is
For concrete or masonry shear wall buildings, it
rigid or flexible as defined in Section 26.2, the
is also permitted to use
fundamental natural frequency, n1, shall be established
using the structural properties and deformational na = 385(Cw)0.5/h (26.9-5)
characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly
where
substantiated analysis. Low-Rise Buildings, as defined
2
in 26.2, are permitted to be considered rigid. 100 n ⎛ h ⎞ Ai
Cw = ∑ ⎜ ⎟
AB i =1 ⎝ hi ⎠ ⎡ ⎛ hi ⎞ ⎤
2

26.9.2.1 Limitations for Approximate ⎢1 + 0.83 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥

⎣ ⎝ Di ⎠ ⎦
Natural Frequency
As an alternative to performing an analysis to where
determine n1, the approximate building natural
h = mean roof height (ft)
frequency, na, shall be permitted to be calculated in
n = number of shear walls in the building effective
accordance with Section 26.9.3 for structural steel,
in resisting lateral forces in the direction under
concrete, or masonry buildings meeting the following
consideration
requirements:
AB = base area of the structure (ft2)
1. The building height is less than or equal to 300 ft Ai = horizontal cross-section area of shear wall “i” (ft2)
(91 m), and Di = length of shear wall “i” (ft)
2. The building height is less than 4 times its effective hi = height of shear wall “i” (ft)
length, Leff.
26.9.4 Rigid Buildings or Other Structures
The effective length, Leff, in the direction under For rigid buildings or other structures as defined
consideration shall be determined from the following in Section 26.2, the gust-effect factor shall be taken as
equation: 0.85 or calculated by the formula:
n ⎛ 1 + 1.7 gQ I z Q ⎞
G = 0.925 ⎜
∑h L
i =1
i i
⎝ 1 + 1.7 gv I z ⎠
⎟ (26.9-6)
Leff = n
(26.9-1) 1/ 6
I z = c ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
33
∑h
i =1
i
⎝ z ⎠
(26.9-7)

254
 MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

Main Wind Force Resisting System – Part 1 All Heights

Figure 27.4-1 External Pressure Coefficients, Cp
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings
Walls & Roofs

θ θ

263
CHAPTER 27 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS—MWFRS (DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE)

Main Wind Force Resisting System – Part 1 All Heights

Figure 27.4-1 (cont.) External Pressure Coefficients, Cp
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings Walls & Roofs
Wall Pressure Coefficients, Cp
Surface L/B Cp Use With
Windward Wall All values 0.8 qz
0-1 -0.5
Leeward Wall 2 -0.3 qh
≥4 -0.2
Side Wall All values -0.7 qh

Roof Pressure Coefficients, Cp, for use with qh

Windward Leeward
Wind Angle, θ (degrees)
Direction Angle, θ (degrees)
h/L 10 15 20 25 30 35 45 ≥60# 10 15 ≥20
-0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.0*
Normal ≤0.25 -0.18 0.0* 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.01 θ -0.3 -0.5 -0.6
to -0.9 -0.7 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.0*
ridge for 0.5 -0.18 -0.18 0.0* 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.01 θ -0.5 -0.5 -0.6
0 ≥ 10° -1.3** -1.0 -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 0.0* -0.7 -0.6 -0.6
≥1.0 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 0.0* 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.01 θ
Horiz distance from *Value is provided for interpolation
windward edge Cp
Normal purposes.
to 0 to h/2 -0.9, -0.18
ridge for ≤ 0.5 h/2 to h -0.9, -0.18 **Value can be reduced linearly with area
θ < 10 h to 2 h -0.5, -0.18 over which it is applicable as follows
and > 2h -0.3, -0.18
Parallel Area (sq ft) Reduction Factor
0 to h/2 -1.3**, -0.18
to ridge ≥ 1.0 ≤ 100 (9.3 sq m) 1.0
for all θ > h/2 -0.7, -0.18 250 (23.2 sq m) 0.9
≥ 1000 (92.9 sq m) 0.8
Notes:
1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
2. Linear interpolation is permitted for values of L/B, h/L and θ other than shown. Interpolation shall only be
carried out between values of the same sign. Where no value of the same sign is given, assume 0.0 for
interpolation purposes.
3. Where two values of Cp are listed, this indicates that the windward roof slope is subjected to either positive
or negative pressures and the roof structure shall be designed for both conditions. Interpolation for
intermediate ratios of h/L in this case shall only be carried out between Cp values of like sign.
4. For monoslope roofs, entire roof surface is either a windward or leeward surface.
5. For flexible buildings use appropriate Gf as determined by Section 26.9.4.
6. Refer to Figure 27.4-2 for domes and Figure 27.4-3 for arched roofs.
7. Notation:
B: Horizontal dimension of building, in feet (meter), measured normal to wind direction.
L: Horizontal dimension of building, in feet (meter), measured parallel to wind direction.
h: Mean roof height in feet (meters), except that eave height shall be used for θ ≤ 10 degrees.
z: Height above ground, in feet (meters).
G: Gust effect factor.
qz,qh: Velocity pressure, in pounds per square foot (N/m2), evaluated at respective height.
θ: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.
8. For mansard roofs, the top horizontal surface and leeward inclined surface shall be treated as leeward
surfaces from the table.
9. Except for MWFRS’s at the roof consisting of moment resisting frames, the total horizontal shear shall not
be less than that determined by neglecting wind forces on roof surfaces.
#For roof slopes greater than 80°, use Cp = 0.8

264
CHAPTER 26 WIND LOADS: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Main Wind Force Resisting System and Components and All Heights
Cladding
Table 26.11-1 Internal Pressure Coefficient, (GCpi)
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Open Buildings
Walls & Roofs

Enclosure Classification (GCpi )

Open Buildings 0.00

+0.55
Partially Enclosed Buildings
-0.55

+0.18
Enclosed Buildings
-0.18

Notes:
1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away
from the internal surfaces, respectively.
2. Values of (GCpi) shall be used with qz or qh as specified.

3. Two cases shall be considered to determine the critical load

requirements for the appropriate condition:
(i) a positive value of (GCpi) applied to all internal surfaces
(ii) a negative value of (GCpi) applied to all internal surfaces

258
CHAPTER 27 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS—MWFRS (DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE)
27.4.2 Enclosed and Partially Enclosed
Flexible Buildings
Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of
flexible buildings shall be determined from the
following equation:
p = qGfCp – qi(GCpi) (lb/ft2) (N/m2) (27.4-2)
where q, qi, Cp, and (GCpi) are as defined in Section
27.4.1 and Gf (gust-effect factor) is determined in
accordance with Section 26.9.5.
27.4.3 Open Buildings with Monoslope, Pitched,
or Troughed Free Roofs
The net design pressure for the MWFRS of open
buildings with monoslope, pitched, or troughed roofs
shall be determined by the following equation:
p = qhGCN (27.4-3)
where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height
h using the exposure as defined in Section 26.7.3
that results in the highest wind loads for any
wind direction at the site
G = gust-effect factor from Section 26.9
CN = net pressure coefficient determined from Figs.
27.4-4 through 27.4-7
Net pressure coefficients, CN, include contribu-
tions from top and bottom surfaces. All load cases
shown for each roof angle shall be investigated.
Plus and minus signs signify pressure acting toward
and away from the top surface of the roof,
respectively.
For free roofs with an angle of plane of roof from
horizontal θ less than or equal to 5° and containing
fascia panels, the fascia panel shall be considered an
inverted parapet. The contribution of loads on the
fascia to the MWFRS loads shall be determined using
Section 27.4.5 with qp equal to qh.
27.4.4 Roof Overhangs
The positive external pressure on the bottom
surface of windward roof overhangs shall be deter-
mined using Cp = 0.8 and combined with the top
surface pressures determined using Fig. 27.4-1.
27.4.5 Parapets
The design wind pressure for the effect of
parapets on MWFRS of rigid or flexible buildings
with flat, gable, or hip roofs shall be determined by
the following equation:
pp = qp(GCpn) (lb/ft2) (27.4-4)
262
where
pp = combined net pressure on the parapet due to
the combination of the net pressures from
the front and back parapet surfaces. Plus
(and minus) signs signify net pressure acting
toward (and away from) the front (exterior)
side of the parapet
qp = velocity pressure evaluated at the top of the
parapet
(GCpn) = combined net pressure coefficient
= +1.5 for windward parapet
= –1.0 for leeward parapet
27.4.6 Design Wind Load Cases
The MWFRS of buildings of all heights, whose
wind loads have been determined under the provisions
of this chapter, shall be designed for the wind load
cases as defined in Fig. 27.4-8.
EXCEPTION: Buildings meeting the require-
ments of Section D1.1 of Appendix D need
only be designed for Case 1 and Case 3 of
Fig. 27.4-8.
The eccentricity e for rigid structures shall be
measured from the geometric center of the building
face and shall be considered for each principal axis
(eX, eY). The eccentricity e for flexible structures shall
be determined from the following equation and shall
be considered for each principal axis (eX, eY):
eQ + 1.7 I z ( gQ QeQ ) + ( gR ReR )
2 2
e= (27.4-5)
1 + 1.7 I z ( gQ Q ) + ( gR R )
2 2
where
eQ = eccentricity e as determined for rigid structures
in Fig. 27.4-8
eR = distance between the elastic shear center and
center of mass of each floor
I_z , gQ, Q, gR, and R shall be as defined in Section 26.9
The sign of the eccentricity e shall be plus or
minus, whichever causes the more severe load effect.
27.4.7 Minimum Design Wind Loads
The wind load to be used in the design of the
MWFRS for an enclosed or partially enclosed
building shall not be less than 16 lb/ft2 (0.77 kN/m2)
multiplied by the wall area of the building and 8 lb/ft2
(0.38 kN/m2) multiplied by the roof area of the
building projected onto a vertical plane normal to the
assumed wind direction. Wall and roof loads shall
be applied simultaneously. The design wind force
for open buildings shall be not less than 16 lb/ft2
(0.77 kN/m2) multiplied by the area Af.
ASCE/SEI 7‐10                  
( STORY DRIFT)
 MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

12.11.2.2.7 Walls with Pilasters Where pilasters are
present in the wall, the anchorage force at the pilas-
ters shall be calculated considering the additional load
transferred from the wall panels to the pilasters.
However, the minimum anchorage force at a floor or
roof shall not be reduced.
12.12 DRIFT AND DEFORMATION
12.12.1 Story Drift Limit
The design story drift (Δ) as determined in
Sections 12.8.6, 12.9.2, or 16.1, shall not exceed the
allowable story drift (Δa) as obtained from Table
12.12-1 for any story.
12.12.1.1 Moment Frames in Structures Assigned to
Seismic Design Categories D through F
For seismic force-resisting systems comprised
solely of moment frames in structures assigned to
Seismic Design Categories D, E, or F, the design
story drift (Δ) shall not exceed Δa/ρ for any story.
ρ shall be determined in accordance with Section
12.3.4.2.
12.12.2 Diaphragm Deflection
The deflection in the plane of the diaphragm, as
determined by engineering analysis, shall not exceed
the permissible deflection of the attached elements.
Permissible deflection shall be that deflection that will
permit the attached element to maintain its structural
integrity under the individual loading and continue to
support the prescribed loads.
12.12.3 Structural Separation
All portions of the structure shall be designed and
constructed to act as an integral unit in resisting
seismic forces unless separated structurally by a
distance sufficient to avoid damaging contact as set
forth in this section.
Separations shall allow for the maximum inelastic
response displacement (δM). δM shall be determined at
critical locations with consideration for translational
and torsional displacements of the structure including
torsional amplifications, where applicable, using the
following equation:
Cd δmax
δM = (12.12-1)
Ie
Where δmax = maximum elastic displacement at the
critical location.
Adjacent structures on the same property shall be
separated by at least δMT, determined as follows:
δ MT = ( δ M 1 ) + ( δ M 2 )
2 2
(12.12-2)
where δM1 and δM2 are the maximum inelastic response
displacements of the adjacent structures at their
adjacent edges.
Where a structure adjoins a property line not
common to a public way, the structure shall be set
back from the property line by at least the displace-
ment δM of that structure.
EXCEPTION: Smaller separations or property
line setbacks are permitted where justified by rational
analysis based on inelastic response to design ground
motions.

Table 12.12-1 Allowable Story Drift, Δ aa,b

Risk Category

Structure I or II III IV
c
Structures, other than masonry shear wall structures, 4 stories or less above the base as 0.025hsx 0.020hsx 0.015hsx
defined in Section 11.2, with interior walls, partitions, ceilings, and exterior wall systems
that have been designed to accommodate the story drifts.
Masonry cantilever shear wall structuresd 0.010hsx 0.010hsx 0.010hsx
Other masonry shear wall structures 0.007hsx 0.007hsx 0.007hsx
All other structures 0.020hsx 0.015hsx 0.010hsx
a
hsx is the story height below Level x.
b
For seismic force-resisting systems comprised solely of moment frames in Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F, the allowable story drift shall
comply with the requirements of Section 12.12.1.1.
c
There shall be no drift limit for single-story structures with interior walls, partitions, ceilings, and exterior wall systems that have been designed
to accommodate the story drifts. The structure separation requirement of Section 12.12.3 is not waived.
d
Structures in which the basic structural system consists of masonry shear walls designed as vertical elements cantilevered from their base or
foundation support which are so constructed that moment transfer between shear walls (coupling) is negligible.

97
 ACI 318M‐11                   
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 ASCE/SEI 7‐10                  
( SERVICE LOAD COMBINATIONS)
CHAPTER 2 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS
2.3.4. Load Combinations Including Atmospheric
Ice Loads
When a structure is subjected to atmospheric ice
and wind-on-ice loads, the following load combina-
tions shall be considered:
1. 0.5(Lr or S or R) in combination 2 shall be replaced
by 0.2Di + 0.5S.
2. 1.0W + 0.5(Lr or S or R) in combination 4 shall be
replaced by Di + Wi + 0.5S.
3. 1.0W in combination 6 shall be replaced by
Di + Wi.
2.3.5 Load Combinations Including
Self-Straining Loads
Where applicable, the structural effects of load T
shall be considered in combination with other loads.
The load factor on load T shall be established consid-
ering the uncertainty associated with the likely
magnitude of the load, the probability that the
maximum effect of T will occur simultaneously with
other applied loadings, and the potential adverse
consequences if the effect of T is greater than
assumed. The load factor on T shall not have a value
less than 1.0.
2.3.6 Load Combinations for Nonspecified Loads
Where approved by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction, the Responsible Design Professional is
permitted to determine the combined load effect for
strength design using a method that is consistent with
the method on which the load combination require-
ments in Section 2.3.2 are based. Such a method must
be probability-based and must be accompanied by
documentation regarding the analysis and collection
of supporting data that is acceptable to the Authority
Having Jurisdiction.
2.4 COMBINING NOMINAL LOADS USING
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
2.4.1 Basic Combinations
Loads listed herein shall be considered to act in
the following combinations; whichever produces the
most unfavorable effect in the building, foundation, or
structural member being considered. Effects of one or
more loads not acting shall be considered.
1. D 2
2. D+L
3. D + (Lr or S or R)
8
4. D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
5. D + (0.6W or 0.7E)
6a. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
6b. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.7E) + 0.75S
7. 0.6D + 0.6W
8. 0.6D + 0.7E
EXCEPTIONS:
1. In combinations 4 and 6, the companion load S
shall be taken as either the flat roof snow load (pf)
or the sloped roof snow load (ps).
2. For nonbuilding structures, in which the wind load
is determined from force coefficients, Cf, identified
in Figures 29.5-1, 29.5-2 and 29.5-3 and the
projected area contributing wind force to a founda-
tion element exceeds 1,000 square feet on either a
vertical or a horizontal plane, it shall be permitted
to replace W with 0.9W in combination 7 for
design of the foundation, excluding anchorage of
the structure to the foundation.
3. It shall be permitted to replace 0.6D with 0.9D in
combination 8 for the design of Special Reinforced
Masonry Shear Walls, where the walls satisfy the
requirement of Section 14.4.2.
Where fluid loads F are present, they shall be
included in combinations 1 through 6 and 8 with the
same factor as that used for dead load D.
Where load H is present, it shall be included as
follows:
1. where the effect of H adds to the primary variable
load effect, include H with a load factor of 1.0;
2. where the effect of H resists the primary variable
load effect, include H with a load factor of 0.6
where the load is permanent or a load factor of 0
for all other conditions.
The most unfavorable effects from both wind
and earthquake loads shall be considered, where
appropriate, but they need not be assumed to act
simultaneously. Refer to Section 1.4 and 12.4
for the specific definition of the earthquake load
effect E.2
Increases in allowable stress shall not be used
with the loads or load combinations given in this
standard unless it can be demonstrated that such an
increase is justified by structural behavior caused by
rate or duration of load.
The same E from Sections 1.4 and 12.4 is used for both Sections
2.3.2 and 2.4.1. Refer to the Chapter 11 Commentary for the Seismic
Provisions.
 ACI 318M‐05                   
(CONCISE BEAM FACTOED LOADS )
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