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International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: Click For Updates
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: Click For Updates
To cite this article: Yahya Khosravi, Hassan Asilian-Mahabadi, Ebrahim Hajizadeh, Narmin Hassanzadeh-
Rangi, Hamid Bastani & Amir H. Behzadan (2014) Factors Influencing Unsafe Behaviors and Accidents on
Construction Sites: A Review, International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 20:1, 3-17, DOI:
10.1080/10803548.2014.11077023
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International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (JOSE) 2014, Vol. 20, No. 1, 3–17
Narmin Hassanzadeh-Rangi
Occupational Health Research Center (OHRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hamid Bastani
Health, Safety and Environment Management, MAPNA Group Co., Tehran, Iran
Amir H. Behzadan
Objective. Construction is a hazardous occupation due to the unique nature of activities involved and the
repetitiveness of several field behaviors. The aim of this methodological and theoretical review is to explore
the empirical factors influencing unsafe behaviors and accidents on construction sites. Methods. In this work,
results and findings from 56 related previous studies were investigated. These studies were categorized based
on their design, type, methods of data collection, analytical methods, variables, and key findings. A qualitative
content analysis procedure was used to extract variables, themes, and factors. In addition, all studies were
reviewed to determine the quality rating and to evaluate the strength of provided evidence. Results. The con-
tent analysis identified 8 main categories: (a) society, (b) organization, (c) project management, (d) supervi-
sion, (e) contractor, (f) site condition, (g) work group, and (h) individual characteristics. The review high-
lighted the importance of more distal factors, e.g., society and organization, and project management, that
may contribute to reducing the likelihood of unsafe behaviors and accidents through the promotion of site
condition and individual features (as proximal factors). Conclusion. Further research is necessary to provide
a better understanding of the links between unsafe behavior theories and empirical findings, challenge theo-
retical assumptions, develop new applied theories, and make stronger recommendations.
This study was financially supported by the Iran’s MAPNA Group under contract RD-THD-91-02. The authors gratefully
acknowledge the support from the MAPNA Group. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this paper
are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the MAPNA Group.
Correspondence should be sent to Hassan Asilian-Mahabadi, Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat
Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Email: asilia_h@modares.ac.ir.
3
4 Y. KHOSRAVI ET AL.
Several attempts have been made to investigate ProQuest 6, PsycINFO 7, PsycARTICLES 8, Social
factors influencing safety performance on con- Sciences Full Text 9, ASCE library 10, Construc-
struction sites. Safety on construction sites is tion and Building Abstracts (CBA) 11, Interna-
impacted by many factors. Although much tional Civil Engineering Abstracts 12, Taylor &
research has been carried out on this area to intro- Francis Online 13, Wiley Online Library 14, and
duce different causes and contributory factors, Annual Reviews 15. To identify relevant previous
Teo, Ling, and Chong point out that previous studies, the research keywords were selected to
studies did not provide a holistic framework that be (“unsafe behavior” OR “unsafe behaviour”)
may help project managers handle the various AND (accident OR incident) AND (construction
policy, process, personnel, and incentive aspects OR building). In addition, we manually searched
that may affect construction safety [6]. This reference lists of all articles. After removing the
study, therefore, aims to fill this gap by extracting duplicates using EndNote software, the total
a framework to help identify effective interven- numbers of studies identified were 341.
tions on construction sites. At present, there is lit- The titles and abstracts were then reviewed by
tle research on the key causes and contributory each author and those identified as relevant to the
factors of unsafe behaviors and accidents on con- review were selected to be retrieved and reviewed
struction sites. The aim of this study is to (a) in full. Studies were selected based on the follow-
explore the empirical factors influencing unsafe ing inclusion criteria: (a) the study was empirical
behaviors and accidents on construction sites, (b) with a substantive focus on identifying factors that
perform content analysis of previous studies to influence the unsafe behaviors and accidents, (b)
categorize such influencing factors, and (c) the participants were construction employees and
review the quality of previous studies to evaluate unsafe behaviors and accidents were work-related,
the strength of evidence provided in each study. (c) the study was published between January 1999
1
http://endnote.com/
2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
3
http://thomsonreuters.com/web-of-science/
4
http://www.ebscohost.com/nursing/products/cinahl-databases/cinahl-complete
5
http://www.csa.com/factsheets/health-safety-set-c.php
6
http://www.proquest.com
7
http://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/psycinfo/
8
http://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/psycarticles/
9
http://www.ebscohost.com/academic/social-sciences-full-text
10
http://ascelibrary.org/
11
http://www.cbaweb.co.uk/
12
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/products/abstracts/icea/index.htm
13
http://www.tandfonline.com/
14
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
15
http://www.annualreviews.org/
and May 2012, (d) the study was available online, association with unsafe behaviors and accidents.
(e) the study was published in a refereed journal, These variables were further condensed accord-
and (f) the study was written in English. In total, 56 ing to some common themes, which were later
studies were included in the final review to deter- grouped under eight categories (or factors).
mine variables that influence unsafe behaviors and Additionally, studies were reviewed to deter-
accidents on construction sites (Figure 1). mine the quality rating based on the analysis
approach, i.e., qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
2.2. Data Extraction and Analysis analysis [9]. General criteria used for quality rat-
ing of the qualitative and quantitative methodolo-
We categorized all selected studies based on gies were a clear research question and aims; an
study design, study type, methods of data collec- appropriate empirical research approach; a clear
tion, analytical methods, variables, and key find- description of appropriate sampling, data collec-
ings. We populated a structured data extraction tion, and data analysis procedures; a clear
form using data retrieved from each study. Then, description of the study context; research find-
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each study was reviewed and evaluated with ings; value of the research; ethical issues; and
regard to the trustworthiness of the extracted data. reflexivity. We used three different checklists for
We used a qualitative content analysis procedure rating selected studies based on whether they had
provided by the Weft QDA software [7]. Content a qualitative, qualitative, or mixed methodology
analysis is defined as a systematic, replicable [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. We applied cumulative rat-
technique for compressing many words of text ings of good (up to 50% score), fair (50%–75%
into fewer content categories based on explicit score), or poor (75%–100% score) to each indi-
rules of coding [8]. Variables that were tested as vidual study [10]. Quality rating appraisal helped us
cause or contributory factor of unsafe behaviors evaluate the strength of evidence provided by each
and accidents were analyzed based on whether study. Furthermore, we evaluated the direction and
they had a positive, negative, or evidence-based
screening extracting
studies (n = 341) variables (n = 94) quality rating
significance of any association found among the 94 variables were tested to determine their associa-
contributory factors and unsafe behaviors and tion with unsafe behaviors and accidents on con-
accidents. struction sites.
Therefore, we evaluated strength of evidence as These variables were grouped into 50 themes and
follows: eight contributory factors, namely, society, organi-
zation, project management, supervision, contrac-
· high evidence: three or more good studies
tor, site condition, work group, and individual char-
reported a certain influence;
acteristics. Figure 2 summarizes the groupings of
· moderate evidence: two good studies and three
the themes into contributory factors in the form of a
or more fair studies reported a certain
conceptual model. Table 1 summarizes associations
influence;
between the contributory factors and unsafe behav-
· low evidence: one good study, one or two fair
iors and accidents as well as the directions of these
studies, and three or more poor studies
associations. Furthermore, Figure 3 shows the
reported a certain influence.
strength of evidence of factors influencing unsafe
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individual project
society organization work group site condition contractor supervision
factors management
national policy and group norm hazardous attitude and effective safety
size
culture plan and attitude operation perception enforcement leadership
competition
Figure 2. New conceptual framework for factors influencing unsafe behaviors and accidents on
construction sites.
TABLE 1. Association Between Contributory Factors and Unsafe Behaviors and Accidents
Contributory Factors Studies (Citation No.) Associations
Individual characteristics
age and experience [17], [20], [36], [46], [47], [48] 0/–/&/&/&/–
drug abuse [22], [49] &/+
unintended acts [27], [50], [51] 0/0/&
intended acts [6], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55] &/0/0/0/0/+/0
competency and ability [18], [26], [38], [50], [51] 0/0/–/0/&
attitude and motivation [6], [18], [20], [26], [28], [30], [38], [48], [50], [54], [55], 0/0/–/0/0/–/–/–/0/–/0/–/–
[56], [57]
psychological distress [17], [24], [30], [32], [49], [57] 0/+/+/+/+/+
Site condition
hazardous operation [15], [17], [19], [50], [55] 0/0/+/0/0
unsafe condition [2], [15], [24], [38], [50], [51], [53], [55], [58], [59], [60] 0/0/+/0/+/&/0/0/0/0/0
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TABLE 1. (continued)
society
individual
organization
Factors
unsafe
behavior project
work group
and management
accident
contractor
3.1.1. Individual characteristics estimated error. Another problem is that the site
condition like the individual features, can be cat-
Quality rating of previous studies showed that
egorized as a proximal factor rather than a distal
one of the most important factors influencing
one [15]. Therefore, one question that needs to be
unsafe behaviors and accidents was individual
addressed is what factors are behind the unsafe
characteristics (Figure 3). Different studies intro-
conditions of a construction site.
duced different variables. Seven themes were
extracted from content analysis, i.e., attitude and
motivation, age and experience, drug abuse, unin- 3.1.3. Work group
tended acts, intended acts, competency and abil- Three themes, i.e., group norm and attitude,
ity, and psychological distress. Among all the group interaction, and team work, were extracted.
investigated individual characteristics, safety atti- The literature indicated that these factors had low
tude and motivation, and age and experience evidence of an uncertain association with unsafe
showed moderate evidence of positive associa- behaviors and accidents. Group norms are the
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tion with unsafe behaviors and accidents. There accepted attitudes about various things amongst a
are many studies that identified inappropriate group of people. If positive attitudes towards
action (e.g., unsafe acts, improper use or no use at safety can be built and embedded within a group,
all of the provided personal protection equipment safety can then be managed successfully. There-
[PPE], and taking shortcuts) as the immediate fore, this is a basis of good safety culture [18].
cause of construction accidents. For example, However, much of previous research has been
Suraji, Duff, and Peckitt identified inappropriate descriptive in nature. Future study on this topic is,
operative action as a proximal factor rather than a therefore, recommended.
distal factor [15]. The proximal factors, e.g.,
shortcoming in workmanship, may be the out-
3.1.4. Contractor
come of a violation rather than a cause [16].
Therefore, there is a clear relationship between Six themes, i.e., contractor size, interaction,
individual characteristics and other distal factors incentives, competency, subcontractor climate,
influencing unsafe behavior and accident on con- and subcontractor rate, had moderate evidence of
struction sites. association with unsafe behaviors and accidents
(Figure 3). Among all such themes, contractor
size had significant negative association with
3.1.2. Site condition
accidents. According to Sa, Seo, and Choi, fall
Most construction activities take place in rapidly accidents have a negative association with com-
changing environments and under evolving site pany size [19]. In addition, Kaskutas, Dale,
conditions. Therefore, as Figure 2 suggests, this Lipscomb, et al. found that unsafe behaviors were
category covers an extended range of themes negatively associated with employer size [20].
including hazardous operation, unsafe condition, On the other hand, large companies use pools
equipment, weather, welfare services, and con- of subcontractors and there is a tendency for con-
struction stage. Themes such as unsafe condition, tract tenders to be based on price, with little mar-
hazardous operation, unsafe equipment, and bad gin for occupational health and safety invest-
weather had moderate evidence of positive asso- ments [21]. Normally, subcontractors are respon-
ciation with unsafe behaviors and accidents. Con- sible for their own work volume. Nevertheless,
struction-related tasks are often risky due to fac- when a safety lapse occurs in their work, the acci-
tors such as outdoor operations, work at heights, dent is immediately charged to the primary con-
complicated site plants, and equipment operations tractor [17]. The focus of many studies involving
coupled with workers’ attitudes and behaviors the construction industry has been on general
towards safety [17]. Most studies in this field contractors [22]. Therefore, the role of subcon-
have focused only on accident records as data tractors on unsafe behaviors and accidents on
source and, as such, are likely subject to under construction sites should be better understood.
38], local worker and cultural and language prob- this review identified many studies that were con-
lems [17], social support [33], race or ethnicity ducted to explore the factors influencing con-
[19]. Ng, Cheng, and Skitmore maintained that in struction safety, through covering over 94 differ-
a market-driven society, it is common for con- ent variables or conceptual subthemes. During
struction stakeholders especially those at the our preliminary research, we identified a major
lower end of the supply chain to concentrate conceptual ambiguity and, therefore, the need for
exclusively on completing projects to the required greater direction at theoretical issues [40, 41].
quality standard with the minimum time and cost. Therefore, this review highlighted a number of
Therefore, safety is regarded as a secondary con- conceptual issues associated with the factors
cern [29]. Goldenhar, Williams, and Swanson influencing safety performance in the construc-
identified insufficient social support as an occu- tion industry, not only to reduce conceptual ambi-
pational stress [33]. Suraji et al. mentioned two guity but also to provide better understanding of
reasons for the influence of society on the con- the links between theory and empirical findings,
struction safety. First, workers themselves can be leading to the emergence of an integrated concep-
directly influenced by external factors, e.g., pres- tual model.
sures from the social, economic, or political cli- In addition, this study used meta-analysis to
mate or environmental conditions. As a result, examine the relationships among contributory
these factors can distract them from their work, factors and unsafe behaviors and accidents.
potentially leading to accidents. Second, the cli- Results indicated that the organization had high
ent is under a number of distal factors, e.g., eco- evidence of association with unsafe behaviors
nomic, social, and political pressures, during the and accidents, closely followed by project man-
conceptual development of a project. The client agement, site condition, and individual character-
response will provide many of the constraints, istics. The conceptual model in Figure 3 was used
within which the project management, design to identify the distal factors including social and
participants, and subcontractors have to operate organizational preconditions that reduce the like-
unsafely. This cause-and-effect process has the lihood of unsafe behaviors and accidents through
potential to increase workers’ constraints directly the promotion of working condition and individ-
or indirectly through inappropriate construction ual characteristics (as proximal factors). The
planning or inappropriate construction control organizational preconditions behind the major
procedures, leading to inappropriate site condi- system failures are seen as increasingly important
tions, inappropriate worker actions, or inappro- for risk management [39]. Among these precon-
priate construction operations [15]. ditions, safety culture and climate represent new
approaches for conceptualizing processes of risk
handling and management in social and organiza-
tional contexts [42, 43].
theory and the time had come to move to the next and quantitative approaches continues to be one
phase by testing its relationships with anteced- of much debate and there is a need for a rigorous
ents, moderators, and mediators as well as rela- framework for designing and interpreting mixed
tionships with other established constructs [40]. method research. Using triangulation as a meth-
Practically, this integrated conceptual model odological metaphor can facilitate the integration
can be used to achieve a “safe organization” level of qualitative and quantitative findings, and help
[44] in the construction industry. For example, researchers clarify their theoretical propositions
this conceptual model can be used as a causation and the basis of their results. This can offer a bet-
framework in applied accident investigations ter understanding of the links between theory and
conducted by practitioners. Most existing acci- empirical findings, challenge theoretical assump-
dent investigation techniques stop at a premature tions, and develop new theory [9].
level and fail to identify the root causes of acci-
dents. Furthermore, this makes it possible to
develop a preventative safety approach in which 4. CONCLUSION
the success factors in construction organizations
In conclusion, this review confirmed that the
are used to identify critical failures before an
causes of unsafe behaviors and accidents on con-
unsafe behavior or accident has occurred.
struction sites appeared to be multifactorial, and
were generally related to (a) society, (b) organiza-
3.3. Limitations and Future Directions tion, (c) project management, (d) supervision, (e)
Accident prevention begins with having a clear contractor, (f) site condition, (g) work group, and
understanding of factors that play key roles in (h) individual characteristics. Results of the
their causation [45]. Despite extensive research in review supported the importance of the distal fac-
this area, the key factors that may contribute to tors, e.g., the society, organization, and project
unsafe behaviors and accidents should be better management, which may contribute to reducing
and deeper understood. However, no systematic the likelihood of unsafe behaviors and accidents
attempt has been made to quantify the association beyond the proximal factors, e.g., site condition
among key contributory factors, and unsafe and individual characteristics. The new integrated
behaviors and accidents through the use of multi- conceptual model can be used by researchers and
variate statistical analysis, e.g., structural equa- practitioners to better understand the factors
tion model. Further studies with more focus on influencing safety performance. However, further
unsafe behavior and accident causation are, there- research should be conducted to determine which
fore, recommended. factors consistently cause unsafe behaviors and
This review also showed the lack of longitudi- accidents and to define the influence mechanism
nal and mixed method research with high quality of distal factors on proximal factors.
This review also highlighted the lack of qualita- quantitative research within mixed method
tive and mixed method research with high quality research designs: a methodological review.
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