Espring Manual

Contents
Introduction and Why Choose the

eSpring™ Water Treatment System? -5
Clean Water Comparison Table 6-7
Why Drink Water? 8
How Much Water Do You Need? 9
What Happens Without Water? 9
What Water Does in the Body 10
Water: From Nature to Your Home 11
Eight Reasons to Choose the eSpring 12-13
Water Treatment System
Your eSpring Water Treatment System – Key Elements 14-15
product Information 1-17

eSpring Water Treatment System Features and Benefits 16-17
eSpring Water Treatment System Product Standards 18-19
NSF International Certification 18-19
WQA – The Water Quality Association 19
Alternative Technologies and Comparisons 20-23
Questions and Answers 2-37

Pressed Carbon Block Filter 25
Ultraviolet Lamp 28
Installation and Use 29
Competitive Systems and Treatment Technologies 31
Overall Product 35
performance Claims 38-59

Glossary of Terms 0-1
Contents 3
7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in3 3 10/6/08 4:03:37 PM

eSpring™ Water
Treatment System
Introduction
Welcome to your new eSpring Water Treatment
System. The eSpring brand offers you trusted
quality, brought to you by a world leader in water
treatment. With over 4.6 million water treatment
systems sold in 40 countries worldwide, the
eSpring Water Treatment System is an excellent
choice in water treatment systems.
Introduction

Why Choose the eSpring™ Water Treatment System?
Ultraviolet light destroys more than The eSpring Water Treatment System
99.99% of potential disease-causing provides you with greater convenience
waterborne bacteria and viruses in than bottled water and jug-type filters,
drinking water. because high quality water is delivered
directly from your tap.
The eSpring Water Treatment System
improves water clarity, taste and smell, Easy installation and simple operating
especially that of chlorine. system, with filter changes required
only once a year (or when 5,000 litres
The carbon filter reduces particulates
have been treated, whichever comes
and more than 140 potential health-
first) - an LED display lets you know
affecting contaminants.
when the cartridge needs to be
The eSpring Water Treatment System is replaced.
the result of 20 years of research in
water treatment technology.
The eSpring Water Treatment System is

certified by NSF International under
NSF/ANSI Standards 42, 53 and 55
and has earned the Water Quality
Association Gold Seal for superior
consumer water treatment products.
Why Choose eSpring? 5

Water Comparison Table
eSpring™ Water Treatment System
Clean Water Comparison Table
For more detailed information on alternative water treatment
technologies, see pages 20-23.
Improves
taste, odour and clarity
eSpring
A solid block of activated carbon effectively removes more than 140 potential health-affecting
waterborne contaminants, while the eSpring UV light system destroys microorganisms.
ò
Bottled
Quality may vary between brands because treatment methods differ. ò
Pitcher Type/Pour-Through Filter
Most reduce only a small number of organic contaminants. Pitcher filters treat limited water
volumes. Frequent filter change required.
ò
Reverse Osmosis
Slow and inefficient; 80-90% of water in flow wasted. High pressure required. May remove
desirable minerals.
ò
Water Comparison Table

reduCeS reduCeS BenefITS
microorganisms particles, organic contaminants, Retains beneficial minerals,
chlorine by-products, any volume on-demand
inorganic contaminants monitoring system
ò ª ò
? ? ?
ö ª ª
ö ª ö
Key
ò ö ª ?
Effective on all Not effective Effective on some Unknown
Water Comparison Table 7

Why Drink Water?
We all know water is essential to life, but most of us are not
aware of the crucial role water plays in virtually every organ
and function of our bodies. Water does more than sustain life.
Good water can actually improve our health, fitness and even
our appearance.
How Drinking Water Can Improve Your

Health and Well-being
Water Facts*
1 Water increases the number of calories 5 Frequent water intake prevents
you burn during regular daily activities. dehydration.
2 Proper hydration improves your 6 Water may help you lose weight and
concentration and reaction time. improve your appearance.
3 Water helps maintain blood volume, 7 Studies indicate that water may help
which maintains your energy. reduce fat deposits.
4 Water helps rid the body of 8 Water helps hydrate the skin, leaving it
excess sodium, which can cause smoother, softer, more supple and more
fluid retention. wrinkle-free.
*A
variety of sources was used for this data, including the Centre for Disease Control, the Water Quality Association, the American Cancer
Society, the American Dietetic Association, the American Heart Association (USA) and The World Health Organisation (WHO).
Water Facts

Water:
How much Water do You need?*
Your body needs water even if you do not feel thirsty.
• While individual needs depend on • Beverages with caffeine - coffee, tea

many factors, as a general guideline, and fizzy drinks - actually dehydrate the
the average person should drink body, robbing the organs by using more
between 1.5 and 2.5 litres of water water to process than they provide.
every day. (Check out our Water
• Alcoholic beverages also cause
Intake Calculator on our website at
dehydration.
www.espring.com to find out more
about how much water you should • Juices and sports drinks quench the
drink, based on your exercise habits body’s thirst, but they may also provide
and your current weight.) unwanted calories.
What happens without water?*

We can go for weeks at a time without food, but we will die
in a matter of days without water - even faster in warm climates,
where perspiration causes us to lose water quickly.
Going without water has disastrous results:
• A 1% deficit in the body’s water creates thirst.
• A 5% deficit causes a slight fever.
• A 10% deficit and the tongue swells, kidneys start

to fail and the muscles go into spasms. Walking
becomes impossible.
• At or before 20% loss, skin cracks, organs grind to

a halt and death occurs.
* A variety of sources was used for this data, including the Centre for Disease Control,
the Water Quality Association, the American Cancer Society, the American Dietetic
Association, the American Heart Association (USA) and The World Health Organisation (WHO).
How much Water do You need? 9

What Water Does in the Body*
Water is the single most important nutrient the body takes in;
every cell, tissue and organ needs water to function properly:
• Water transports essential water-soluble vitamins and nutrients

(such as protein, minerals, vitamins B and C) that cells, tissues
and organs need to function properly.
• Water moistens our eyes, mouth and nasal passages,

helping organs perform properly and keeping us
physically comfortable.
• Water helps regulate body temperature, keeping the body

cool when it is hot and insulating it when outside conditions
are cold.
• Water allows the body’s cells to retain their structure and

carries oxygen to the cells.
• Water cushions the organs and acts as a shock absorber to

minimise stress and damage to organs.
• Water provides optimum lubrication for joints.
• Water flushes kidneys to rid the body of toxic substances.
• Water carries solid waste from the body.
• Water balances electrolytes (minerals such as potassium,

sodium and chloride) that help regulate body temperature and
control blood pressure.
• Water is a valuable source of trace minerals, such as

manganese, magnesium, cobalt and copper.
*A
variety of sources was used for this data, including the Centre for Disease Control, the Water Quality Association, the American Cancer
Society, the American Dietetic Association, the American Heart Association (USA) and The World Health Organisation (WHO).
10 What Water Does in the Body

Water:
From Nature to Your Home
Having what we believe to be fresh In the water treatment process, chlorine is
running water in the home is something usually added to water in order to destroy
that most of us take for granted. potentially harmful bacteria. Even here,
However, by understanding the journey where we believe our water to be at its
water takes before getting to your cleanest, chlorine can react with naturally
home, you will know why the eSpring™ occurring organic matter and form harmful
Water Treatment System is essential in ion by-products, such as TTHMs.
delivering good, clean water to you and
In the final stages of the water’s journey
your family.
to your home, old distribution pipes can
Water primarily comes from two sources, also pose a threat. As water passes
surface water such as lakes, streams and through various materials, such as lead
rivers and ground water – wells and pipes and lead solder joints within the
aquifers. From its origin right through to home, all can contaminate the water
your tap at home, water is susceptible to before running out of your tap.
collecting various water contaminants.
All of these contaminants and many more
Run-off from landfills and wastewater are effectively reduced with the eSpring
from industrial plants pose one of the Water Treatment System. By using the
biggest threats in and around the primary eSpring Water Treatment System, you can
water source. Mercury, VOCs, radon and rest assured that you have one of the
other potentially harmful contaminants all cleanest sources of water available in
go unnoticed by the human eye. your home.
From Nature to Your Home 11

Eight Reasons
to Choose the eSpring ™
1 leaner, clearer,
C
better-tasting water
2 Better water quality
Many systems improve the way water
3

Proven
performance
The most obvious benefit of the looks and tastes. But very few also reduce NSF International is a not-for-profit
eSpring Water Treatment System is the potentially harmful contaminants and even organisation recognised worldwide
dramatic improvement in water taste, fewer effectively eliminate waterborne as the leading independent testing and
odour and clarity. It’s something that is bacteria and viruses. The eSpring Water certification authority on water treatment
immediately noticeable, easy to Treatment System does both. It effectively systems. NSF International has tested and
understand and appreciate. removes more than 140 different potential certified the eSpring Water Treatment
health-effecting contaminants - and System for the reduction of more
destroys more than 99.99% of potential contaminants than any other UV/
disease-causing waterborne bacteria and carbon-based system it has certified.
viruses in drinking water. This is based upon current NSF listings
which are global in scope.
Please refer to pages 18 and 39 for further information on
NSF International.
12 Eight Reasons to Choose the eSpring Water Treatment System

Greater convenience
Unlike bottled water or jug-type filters, the
eSpring Water Treatment System can
provide all the daily drinking and cooking
needs an average family requires – on
demand, directly from the tap.
unique, advanced
technology
5 Backed by years
of research
7 Less maintenance
Some filters and treatment systems
The eSpring™ Water Treatment System The eSpring Water Treatment System is require filter changes every month, if not
was the first system to combine a US the result of 20 years of research in water more frequently. However, the eSpring
patented combination of carbon block and treatment technology. It was designed and Water Treatment System can provide
UV lamp technologies, coupled with developed by our engineers and enough water for a family of six for a
advanced electronic monitoring. The scientists, who have more than 270 water full year – a total of 5,000 litres (1,320
carbon filter/cartridge reduces particulates treatment patents worldwide, granted gallons) – before a cartridge replacement
and more than 140 contaminants; UV light or pending. is needed.
destroys more than 99.99% of waterborne
microorganisms and the electronic
monitoring system monitors the system’s
performance and lets users know when it
8 Greater value
Although the eSpring Water Treatment
is time for maintenance. It is the System provides excellent performance
combination of these technologies that and convenience, its cost of treatment is
makes our system so unique. actually less than many other systems.
eight reasons to Choose the eSpring Water Treatment System 13

eSpring Technologies
Your eSpring™ Water Treatment System – Key elements
Patented combination of technologies.
Carbon filter Technology Activation increases the Good nutrients pass through
Inside the eSpring Water Treatment carbon surface While most health-affecting contaminants
System is an activated pressed carbon- We ‘activate’ the carbon through a special are carbon-based, many beneficial
block filter. This US patented multi-stage heat process that creates thousands of minerals like calcium, magnesium and
carbon block effectively removes: pores. This increases the surface area tooth decay-fighting fluoride are not. That
• chlorine taste and smell available to attract contaminants. The means they do not form a bond with the
carbon is then pressed together to create carbon filter; they simply pass through it
• particulates, improving clarity
a fixed carbon block. This increased and remain in the water.
• more than 140 possible health-effecting surface area increases the ability of our
contaminants, including lead, mercury, filter to attract and ‘trap’ carbon-based
VOCs and the petrol additive, MTBE. contaminants as water passes through the
How it works block. Various other organic contaminants
Carbon filtration has long been the also tend to adhere to the porous surface,
technology of choice for home water so the carbon block filter acts as a magnet
treatment systems, but our US patented for contaminants. No other point of use
eSpring carbon filter does much more. system is documented to reduce more
Most health-related contaminants, potential health-effecting contaminants.
pesticides and their by-products, VOCs,
Our patented carbon block filter:
THMs, contain carbon molecules and
carbon molecules tend to bond together. • Traps particulates smaller than the
So contaminants in tap water will tend to diameter of a human hair.
bond with the carbon block filter. • Will treat up to 5,000 litres of water in
one year - enough for the average
family of six.
• 14 US patents apply to the eSpring
Water Treatment System.
1 eSpring Technologies

Ultraviolet light technology Water always flows cold The eSpring electronic monitoring system
is another of the advanced features that
Ultraviolet (UV) light technology takes the Turning on the tap activates a sensor that
differentiates the system from others:
eSpring™ Water Treatment System to the turns the bulb on instantly. Because the
next level of in-home water treatments by bulb is not on all the time, it does not It alerts you if there is any problem, if the
doing what carbon alone cannot do: it waste energy or heat the standing water, UV bulb stops working, for example.
destroys microorganisms. so water always flows cold. It tells you when to replace the cartridge,
How it works so you always know your water is
System is durable
The eSpring Water Treatment’s UV bulb, receiving the full benefit of the eSpring
Eliminating hard-wired electrical Water Treatment System.
located in the centre of the cartridge,
connections makes replacing the cartridge
delivers up to 80 millijoules/cm2 (units of It is convenient because it keeps track of
simple and protects the system, making
measure) of UV light - enough to destroy these things on its own. It gives you both
for durable operation.
more than 99.99% of bacteria and viruses an audio and visual indication when it is
that may be in drinking water. Smart chip technology time for a replacement, so you do not
have to remember to do it yourself. The
Wireless connections ‘Smart chips’ in the eSpring monitor keep
track of the UV lamp and filter life and an monitor resets automatically when a new
Another eSpring technology first - and cartridge is installed. It is so advanced, it
LED display lets you know when the
another US patented feature - is the automatically ‘reads’ the life of any
cartridge needs to be replaced.
wireless (inductive electronic) coupling cartridge inserted, whether that cartridge
used between the UV lamp and the unit. is new, half-used, or completely used.
This completely isolates the UV bulb from
the power source, the way some mobile
telephones are separate from their chargers.
Monitor Technology
eSpring Technologies 15

Product Information
eSpring™ Water Treatment System Features
and Benefits
With its unique carbon block filtration and UV technology, the eSpring
Water Treatment System offers a combination of features and benefits
no other point of use system can fully match.
Feature Benefits
US patented multi-stage activated pressed Effectively removes more than 140 potential health-affecting contaminants, including
carbon block filter lead and mercury (more than any other carbon-based system) and reduces particulates
as small as 0.2 microns. Improves water taste, odour and clarity.
Ultraviolet lamp Destroys more than 99.99% of potential disease-causing waterborne bacteria and
viruses to further improve water quality and safety
Certified by NSF International under NSF/ Independent, third party confirmation from one of the world’s leading experts on water
ANSI Standards 42, 53 and 55 treatment; provides the highest level of credibility for eSpring Water Treatment System
performance claims to enhance peace of mind.
Smaller, more compact unit with Takes up less space for greater convenience; stylish appearance increases
contemporary design product appeal.
Carbon/UV filter lasts for 5,000 litres or one Great convenience with fewer cartridge changes; greater value with lower overall
year, whichever comes first cartridge change costs and lower cost per litre.
Electronic smart chip in carbon/UV filter Tracks both time and litres used, to provide consumers with accurate indication of
cartridge. remaining filter life and peace of mind; system automatically resets itself after filter
replacement.
Inductive electronic coupling eliminates Reliable operation; eliminating protruding electrical connection makes the cartridge
hard-wire connections between UV lamp durable and easy to install or remove.
and unit (US patented feature).
‘Instant on’ UV lamp with electronic ballast Eliminates hot water discharge after unit has been unused for long periods.
16 eSpring Features and Benefits

feature Benefits
Light emitting diode (LED) display panel Uses easy-to-understand icons/graphics
to display remaining filter life and system
status
Unit can be installed on the countertop or Installation flexibility allows the unit to be
under counter* placed in the most convenient location
Self-contained electronics module Allows consumers to easily replace if

necessary via call to Technical Hotline
Easy to install* No special tools needed
Tubing can be adjusted to desired length Tubing can be cut to match need of
installation
Compact diverter valve Compact unit easily attaches to most taps
Comprehensive product warranty Warranty provides peace of mind
Unit shipped pre-assembled Allows shipment of unit with carbon/UV

filter already in place; reduces package
size and packaging materials
Exclusive patented product 14 US patents apply to the eSpring™

* Depending on kitchen setting and type of attachment kit utilised, professional installation may be necessary.
For more detailed information on eSpring Water Treatment System performance claims, see pages 38-59.
eSpring features and Benefits 17

product Standards
product Standards
nSf International The eSpring Water Treatment System was the first system on the
Certification market to meet three major nSf/AnSI water quality standards.
There are many water filtration systems What does it mean when a system is NSF International certified?
on the market today and, naturally,
To become an NSF-certified unit, a water treatment system is tested for more than
almost all claim to do a good job. But
its ability to trap contaminants. It must also fully meet five sets of criteria:
how does a consumer know which of
these claims are valid? 1 Certified contaminant reduction claims must be proven through testing performed
by NSF International at its laboratories. The eSpring Water Treatment System has
Is there a single recognised set of
done this.
standards for treatment systems that
allows consumers to compare the 2 The system must not add anything harmful to the water and must pass rigorous
performance of one system to another? extraction testing for water contact materials. The eSpring Water Treatment System
Yes, there is - the standards required for passed it.
NSF International certification. (For further 3 The system must be structurally sound and be designed to meet plumbing
information about NSF International, requirements such as pressure fluctuations. The eSpring Water Treatment System
please refer to page 40, or visit their meets or exceeds those requirements.
website at www.nsf.org.)
Advertising, literature and labelling must not contain any false or misleading
statements. All eSpring communication materials are verifiable and supportable.
5 Materials and manufacturing process must be consistent and subject to annual

review. The eSpring materials and process meet these requirements.
18 product Standards

How often are products Standard 53 - Health Effects: tests water treatment products. It awards the
systems for their ability to reduce a wide Gold Seal only to those systems that have
retested by NSF range of drinking water contaminants, met or exceeded industry standards. The
International? including lead, asbestos, VOCs and eSpring Water Treatment System has been
Certified products are subject to a five disinfectant by-products. Standard 53 awarded the Gold Seal.
year retest programme. is much more difficult to meet than
Gold Seal requirements:
Standard 42.
Why are the NSF/ANSI Product performance testing measures
Standard 55B - Ultraviolet contaminant reduction capabilities over
standards pertinent to Microbiological Water Treatment: the life of the water treatment product.
the eSpring™ Water Standard 55 applies to systems that use
Structural integrity testing measures
Treatment System? ultraviolet light for microbial control. Very
durability under pressurisation beyond the
NSF/ANSI standards provide the most few systems meet Standard 55B.
usual demands of home water systems
comprehensive and stringent standards
WQA and simulates 10 years normal use.
for judging the performance of point of
use water systems anywhere in the WQA - The Water Quality Association is Materials safety assurance confirms
world.* The eSpring Water Treatment a not-for-profit international trade nothing harmful will be added to the water.
System was the first in-home water association representing the water
system certified by NSF International to treatment industry, which provides
meet three major water quality standards: quality water for specific uses in
residential, commercial, industrial and
Standard 42 - Aesthetic Effects: tests
institutional establishments.
systems for their ability to reduce drinking
water contaminants that affect the taste, They developed the Gold Seal programme
odour and clarity of drinking water. to help consumers choose high quality
*P
lease note: there are many parts and sections within the NSF/ANSI standards. For a complete listing
and comparison with other systems, or to learn more, please visit the very informative NSF International
website, www.nsf.org. It covers a wide range of topics concerning public safety.
Product Standards 19

Alternative Technologies
Alternative Technologies and Comparisons
This section compares the eSpring™ pressed carbon block/UV light technology
with other technologies on the market.
Method Description Advantages Disadvantages
eSpring Pressed Carbon Water is forced through Effectively removes more than Higher initial cost than many
Block/UV Filter Cartridge. pressed activated carbon 140 potential health-affecting alternatives. However, long
filter. Water is then exposed contaminants, including many life and low maintenance
to ultraviolet light, which pesticides, industrial chemicals, costs reduce overall cost of
destroys many waterborne organic and inorganic treated water.
micro-organisms. compounds and particulates in
sizes down to 0.2 microns. UV
light inactivates more than
99.99% of potential disease-
causing waterborne bacteria
and viruses. Carbon/UV
cartridge lasts up to one year or
5,000 litres, whichever comes
first. Supplies treated water on
demand directly from your
tap at 3.4 lpm.
Boiling Water is boiled for 20 minutes Destroys bacteria, viruses and Does not reduce particulates,
to kill potentially hazardous cysts if water is boiled for a or many inorganic or organic
waterborne microorganisms. minimum of 20 minutes compounds. Will not improve
water taste, colour or odour.
Is very inconvenient and
time-consuming.
20 Alternative Technologies

Bottled Water Can be produced from spring Perceived to be higher quality May be of unknown quality.
water, mineral water, tap water, in terms of taste, odour, Expensive and inconvenient.
distilled water. clarity, microbiological and
chemical contamination.
Ceramic Filters Water is forced through Reduces large particulates. Requires periodic cleaning and
ceramic media; the small pores Ceramic filter is reusable after disinfection. Does not reduce
in the media prevent large cleaning. Reduces bacteria organics and/or inorganics,
particles from passing through. over short term. contaminants or viruses.
Pitcher-Type/Pour-Through Granulated activated carbon Improves taste and clarity. Filter life is limited - usually
Filters and/or resin reduces Resin may reduce hardness one month or less. Jug filters
contaminants as water passes if present. treat limited water volumes
through filter. and are slow to process.
Limited performance claims for
organic/inorganic contaminants.
Can be expensive to maintain.
Alternative Technologies 21

Alternative Technologies
Alternative Technologies and Comparisons
Reverse Osmosis Water pressure pushes water Reduces inorganic compounds. Reduces minerals. Slow. Can
through a thin membrane. Can be designed to reduce be wasteful of water. Not
Contaminants are rejected by organic compounds. considered an effective barrier
the membrane. against bacteria and viruses.
Over time, membrane can
become fouled and
performance can decline.
Silver Treatment Silver is mixed with carbon Marginally effective against With allowable levels of silver,
to maintain the advantages certain bacteria. it does not effectively control
of carbon filtration and to growth of non-pathogenic
control bacteria. (non-harmful) bacteria. Adds
silver to water. Not effective
against viruses.
Granular Activated Carbon Loosely packed carbon Reduces chlorine. Reduces May ‘channel’, reducing
adsorbs contaminants many organic compounds. effectiveness. Does not reduce
from water as water passes Leaves minerals. inorganic compounds, bacteria
over granules. or viruses.
22 Alternative Technologies

Pressed Carbon Block Water pressure forces water Reduces chlorine, THMs and Not effective for reduction of
through a solid block of many organic compounds. most inorganic compounds,
activated carbon. Leaves minerals. Efficient; no bacteria, or viruses.
Contaminants are reduced ‘channeling’. Offers depth
through physical screening filtration of particulates as small
adsorption, or hydrogen as 0.2 microns.
bonding as water passes
through the block.
Ultraviolet Light Water is guided past intense Can effectively destroy bacteria Not effective against chemical
UV rays. and viruses. contaminants.
Ion Exchange Water is passed through bed Effectively reduces nitrates, Tends to make water corrosive.
with resin. Ions are exchanged sulfates and arsenic. Competing ions reduce
while counter ion is released capacity. Requires regeneration
(usually chloride). with brine solution.
Alternative Technologies 23

Questions and Answers
For your convenience, the questions and answers

regarding the eSpring™ Water Treatment System
are categorised by those relating to:
• Pressed Carbon Block Filter
• Ultraviolet Lamp
• Installation and Use
• Competitive Systems and
Treatment Technologies
• Overall Product
2 Questions and Answers

pressed Carbon Block filter • Macropores are large pores that from the limited attraction these
remove larger compounds (atomic materials have to carbon combined
Q. What is activated pressed mass more than 10,000 units). with other water chemistry.
carbon? • Transition pores remove medium- Our company has evaluated the
A. ‘Activated’ means the carbon has sized compounds with atomic eSpring Water Treatment System for
been processed to create pores within mass around 500 units, such as the removal of other inorganic
the carbon itself. This increases the pesticides. materials. But to date, only a few
carbon’s surface area. ‘Pressed’ • Micropores remove small inorganic materials have been
means the carbon has been compounds with atomic mass less certified to meet the strict guidelines
compacted into a porous block, using than 100 units, like THMs. that have been established. We will
special patented technology. When Q. Why does the filter allow not claim removal of any material
water comes in contact with the unless we are certain of its removal
minerals to pass through?
activated carbon, chemicals and capacity at the end of filter life.
A. The carbon in the filter bonds with In general, any broad claims a carbon
particulates are trapped in the pores.
organic, carbon-based compounds. filter marketer makes about inorganic
The walls of these porous channels
Minerals and other inorganic compound removal should be
will also adsorb (see glossary) various
compounds do not have a carbon questioned. We do not know of
organic contaminants.
base. Therefore, a bond usually will any carbon system that is capable
As porosity and surface area increase,
not form with the carbon and the of removing a wide range of inorganic
so does the activated carbon’s ability
minerals will remain in solution in the materials throughout the life of
to filter contaminants.
water and pass through the filter. the filter.
Q. Will the carbon filter
Q. Which inorganic Q. Will the eSpring Water
remove all contaminants?
compounds will the Treatment System remove
A. Activated carbon readily bonds to and
eSpring™ Water Treatment nitrates?
adsorbs many organic carbon-based
System remove?
compounds such as pesticides and A. No. For the reasons stated above,
herbicides. It does not have an A. It is possible for a well-designed the eSpring system cannot
equivalent removal capacity for carbon filter to remove certain remove nitrates.
inorganic compounds such as iron, inorganic contaminants. Our company
lime, nitrates, salt or soluble heavy has documented that its carbon filter
metals like chromium or cadmium. can effectively remove lead, mercury
The carbon used in the eSpring filter and radon. There are complicated
has a special distribution of three reasons why the eSpring cartridge is
pore types: effective at removing lead and other
select inorganic compounds.
But in simplest terms, removal results
Questions and Answers 25

Q. Chlorine does not have a Q. I have heard that some Q. Why does a newly-installed
carbon base, yet the ceramic filters remove filter discharge treated
eSpring™ Water Treatment bacteria. Is this true? water that contains black
System removes it. How is A. Some ceramic filters may remove particles?
this possible? some specific bacteria for a short A. This is normal. Those black particles
A. Chlorine is one of the few exceptions period of time. However, this removal are carbon dust left from the filter
to the carbon-based rule. Chlorine can become unreliable the longer the manufacturing process. Simply allow
reacts with the carbon filter surface filter is used. Whenever a filter the water to flow and the dust will be
and is converted to chloride. This marketer makes a claim like this, ask rinsed away in a few minutes.
reaction eliminates the chlorine and its for documented test results showing Besides, allowing water to initially
offensive taste and smell. To a removal capability at the end of the flow for several minutes will thoroughly
consumer, the elimination of the filter’s rated life. wet the filter and increase its
chlorine taste and odour is key. The adsorption capabilities.
Q. What is the carbon block
chloride level is insignificant and
filter’s non-woven pre-filter Q. does the eSpring Water
should not pose any concern.
made of? Treatment System change
Q. do carbon filters breed A. Unlike cloth fabric, which is made of water pH?
bacteria? woven fibres, non-woven fabric is A. Yes, initially. The carbon activation
A. If there are bacteria present in the produced as a single sheet or layer. process leaves an alkaline surface on
incoming water, they may grow in a The non-woven material used in the the carbon that is similar to baking
carbon filter overnight, or during eSpring cartridge is a synthetic soda. This alkaline surface raises the
periods of inactivity. This is true for all polymer material known as pH of water that initially passes
carbon filters on the market - including polypropylene. Polypropylene is inert – through the filter to the 9–10 range.
those treated with silver. The eSpring which means it will not chemically This pH shift is well within the
Water Treatment System uses react or decompose during the life of acceptable range for drinking water.
ultraviolet light to destroy many the filter. After approximately 58 litres have
bacteria present in water after it leaves passed through the filter, the pH level
the carbon filter. drops to about 8.5. After 190 litres
have passed through, water pH is
between 7 and 8, nearly identical to
untreated water.

Q. Why do calcium and Q. It has been a year since I
magnesium precipitate installed my eSpring™
more often when boiling Water Treatment System
treated water than and the flow rate has not
untreated water? declined. do I still need to
A. Calcium and magnesium, the water replace the cartridge?
hardness minerals, become less A. Yes. Flow rate is primarily a measure
soluble as temperatures increase. of the physical particulate removal
An increase in water pH – which properties of your filter. If your water
occurs during the eSpring purification has high concentrations of solid
process – can also cause minerals to particulates, the filter may clog before
precipitate. When you combine these one year, reducing flow. If your water
two factors by boiling eSpring water, has a low solid particulate level, the
the precipitation is more likely to filter may not clog for several years.
occur. (In addition, freezing water also However, filter life is based both on
causes minerals to precipitate – which physical removal properties and
Q. my treated water has white
is why white specks can sometimes chemical adsorption removal. Beyond
particles or flakes floating
be seen in ice cubes made with one year, we cannot guarantee the
in it that are not present in eSpring water.) filter will still remove the many
my untreated water. What contaminants that require chemical
are they? Q. Why does a surface film adsorption. Since these contaminants
A. The primary cause for white particles sometimes form on coffee are often tasteless and odourless, the
in treated water is water hardness. or tea made with treated only certain way to assure your
Treated water may have a slightly water? cartridge will continue to perform as
higher pH than untreated water. This A. Scientists who have studied this claimed is to replace the cartridge
can cause dissolved calcium and phenomenon have found it is caused when the system’s monitor indicates.
magnesium – beneficial minerals – to by a reaction of the calcium in hard
precipitate and form white or grey water and natural compounds in
flakes that sink to the bottom of the coffee and tea. Since treated water
container. These particles generally may have a slightly higher pH, this
appear shortly after the installation of makes the reaction more likely. This
a new filter in hard water conditions. problem only occurs in hard water.
Temperature may also be a
contributing factor.

Q. Can the contaminants that Q. Will one end of the carbon
build up inside the carbon block filter be used up
filter contaminate water faster than the other end?
coming out of the system? A. No. That would only happen if water
A. As long as the device is properly flow was from one end of the filter to
maintained and the cartridge replaced another. The eSpring™ Water Treatment
as recommended, this is not an issue. System is designed so that water
flows radially inward from the outside
Q. If only one person uses the along the entire length of the filter.
system, can it go longer This means that contaminants are ultraviolet Lamp
than one year without dispersed evenly throughout the filter.
carbon filter replacement? Q. What is ultraviolet light?
A. No. To maintain the performance
Q. How do I dispose of a used does it make water
claimed and documented by our carbon filter? radioactive?
company, the cartridge must be A. Contaminants that are adsorbed into A. It has been conclusively proven that
changed every year – regardless of the carbon block filter are tightly the ultraviolet light used in the eSpring
the amount of water treated. Research bonded to the carbon and will not be Water Treatment System is safe for
has shown that large compounds are released back into the environment, use in your home. Ultraviolet (UV) light
initially removed by large pores, but so the filter can be disposed of along is a form of radiant energy, similar to
through time will diffuse and begin to with normal refuse. The UV lamp visible light and radio waves. Like
plug several of the small pores. This contains a small amount of mercury, these other forms of radiant energy,
reduces the number of the small pores similar to fluorescent lamp and UV energy is emitted – or ‘radiates’ –
available to capture the small should be disposed of according from a source and travels at the speed
compounds and our capacity to to local regulations. of light through air and space. For this
remove the small compounds (THMs) reason, any form of radiant energy
is reduced. This diffusion of large may be referred to as ‘radiation’ –
compounds and plugging of the small whether it comes from the sun, a light
pores occur over time and are not just bulb or the UV lamp in the eSpring
dependent on the number of litres Water Treatment System. ‘Radiation’ is
filtered. So, to assure that our filter not synonymous with ‘radioactivity.’
continues to remove the smallest Radioactivity refers only to materials
compounds we say it does, it needs that emit nuclear radiation, such as
to be replaced at least once a year uranium. There are no radioactive
regardless of the number of litres materials inside the eSpring Water
filtered. If it is not, then the unit may Treatment System.
not perform as claimed.

Q. Is ultraviolet light Installation and use Q. Why should the unit be
commonly used to treat operated for one minute
Q. does the eSpring™ Water
water? after periods of inactivity?
Treatment System reduce a
A. Yes. UV light was first used to water tap’s flow rate? A. If the unit has been inactive, bacteria
treat water in 1919 and is well could grow in the water present within
A. After installing an eSpring Water
recognised as an effective method the outlet tubing and diverter.
Treatment System, the flow rate for
for treating water without the use of A one minute flush clears all this water
unfiltered water will remain
chemicals. It is often used by food out of the system, replacing it with
unchanged. However, filtered water
processors, beverage companies, water treated by the UV lamp.
will flow at a maximum rate of 3.4 lpm.
bottled water suppliers,
This lower flow rate provides adequate Q. What will happen if I run
pharmaceutical manufacturers and
contact time between the water, the hot water through the
others to treat water used in their
carbon block filter and the UV lamp to
production processes. eSpring Water Treatment
assure proper treatment.
System?
Q. Can water accidentally
Q. Is there a direct A. It is unlikely that running hot water
reach the uv bulb and through the eSpring Water Treatment
relationship between
damage it or the unit? System will cause any physical
incoming water pressure
A. No. The UV bulb is completely damage. However, cold water is
and flow rate? Which is
isolated from the water path. recommended for other reasons.
better, low pressure/flow or
The activated carbon’s efficiency is
Q. Is the cartridge used in the high pressure/flow?
greater with cold water than hot. Tests
eSpring Water Treatment A. There is a direct relationship; low have shown that optimal removal and
System an exclusive design? pressure will result in low flow. adsorption efficiency occur when the
However, the difference in particulate water is at an average 25° C
A. The design of the carbon/ultraviolet
removal performance between the low temperature. Higher temperatures will
cartridge of the eSpring Water
and high pressure limits of the system reduce filter efficiency. Contaminants
Treatment System is exclusive and 14
is insignificant. Lower pressure would remain bonded to carbon in cool
US patents apply (see page 39).
provide slightly better removal due to water. When exposed to hot water,
longer contact time. The diverter and/ some difficult-to-remove contaminants
or auxiliary tap valve has a built-in may detach from the carbon and
flow controller to limit the maximum enter the treated water stream.
flow rate. Finally, the use of hot water may
cause the structural integrity of the
unit to be compromised.

Q. Are there conditions in Q. What should I do if the Q. Is the owner’s manual
which you should not use eSpring Water Treatment referring to the inside or
the eSpring™ Water System does not fit my tap? the outside of the housing
Treatment System? A. The diverter valve and adapters when it states, “do not use
A. Yes. Power cuts, boil advisories or included with the system are designed vegetable oil, petroleum
when water has been deemed not- to fit nearly all taps in your market. jelly or other lubricants,
potable. After boil order, call your local However, you may have an unusual ammonia, alcohols, acids or
public health department/water tap design that will not work with the strong cleaning solutions”?
supplier to determine safety. adapters. Call Business Services to
A. The main concern is the housing.
determine if there is a special adapter
Components could be weakened
Q. If there is a boil water alert available. In these circumstances, if
by these strong solutions over
issued by our health one of the special adapters does not
time and the solutions may cause
authorities, should we work, we recommend that the
discolouration.
continue to use the eSpring customer use the under-counter
Water Treatment System? mounting option, if possible. Q. Can treated water be
Another alternative is to have a
A. Boil water alerts can be issued for a stored?
new tap installed. If you are unwilling
number of reasons by a health A. Yes. To prevent treated water from
to consider the above options,
authority. In such situations, these becoming contaminated, store in a
the system cannot be used in
authorities are in the best position to sterile container with a tight-fitting lid.
the household.
determine what precautions the public If properly refrigerated in an airtight
must take. In such situations, Q. What eﬀect would voltage container, treated water may be stored
we advise our customers to follow the surges have on the eSpring for up to one week.
direction provided by these officials. Water Treatment System’s
Q. Will oil and smoke in the
electronics?
Q. does the location and kitchen cause any damage
A. The system design is very resistant to
installation of the unit to the eSpring Water
voltage spikes.
affect its performance? Treatment System?
A. As long as the unit is positioned A. Normally, kitchen oil and smoke will
upright, it will perform properly, not damage the unit. However, if the
whether it is installed on a counter or unit is not regularly cleaned, it may
under a counter. When installing the discolour over time. To keep the unit
unit, carefully follow the installation clean, simply wipe the unit with diluted
instructions in the Owner’s Manual. DISH DROPS™ Concentrated
Dishwashing Liquid.

Q. Will the carbon filter Competitive Systems and
prematurely clog up if it Treatment Technologies
treats high sediment water?
Q. How does the eSpring Water
A. Even when processing water with Treatment System compare
high sediment content, the eSpring™
to a given specific
Water Treatment System’s carbon
competitor?
block particle filter will usually last
for its full rated life: one year or 5,000 A. As a general rule, we do not publish
litres. In situations where extremely research on specific competitors. It is
high sediment concentrations our policy to sell our products on their
are encountered, filter life may own merits, not by degrading our
be shortened. competitors. However, we do keep
ourselves informed of the latest
Q. How long does water need technological developments to provide
to be in contact with the you with all the information you need
pressed carbon filter or to clearly establish the eSpring Water
uv lamp for effective Treatment System as a performance
and value leader. We believe the best
removal of organic 4. If they have the NSF certification,
approach is to evaluate the competitor’s
contaminants and what standards have they been
claims – and then compare these
inactivation of bacteria? claims to published information about
certified under and for what specific
A. Contact time with the carbon filter and contaminants. Also, look for
the eSpring Water Treatment System.
UV lamp is only one factor that verification of flow rate and capacity.
This Product Guide provides basic
determines water treatment 5. Do test results show data over the
information on the advantages and
performance. The eSpring Water entire rated filter life – as do all
disadvantages of various technologies.
Treatment System has been designed eSpring Water Treatment System
When evaluating competitive claims,
so that sufficient contact time is test results? Test results taken from
ask these questions:
maintained throughout the range of the end of filter life assure that the
1. Which specific removal claims unit will provide at least this level of
flow rates specified for the unit. Other
are made? performance for its entire life. If test
conditions that affect performance
include the type of carbon used, the 2. Are there test results available for results are taken from the beginning
design of the carbon filter and the each claim? of a filter’s life, there is no way to
intensity of the UV light, among know how much performance will
3. Was there any third party verification
other factors. of test results? deteriorate over the life of the filter.

Q. What is the Gold Seal Gold Seal requirements The Water Quality Association
Approval? • Product performance testing measures The WQA is dedicated to promoting the
A. The Water Quality Association (WQA) contaminant reduction capabilities over highest standards of honesty, integrity, fair
developed the Gold Seal programme the life of the water treatment product. dealing and professionalism in the water
to help consumers choose high quality • Structural integrity testing measures treatment improvement industry and is
water treatment products. It awards durability under pressurisation beyond committed to stringent product testing.
the Gold Seal only to those systems the usual demands of home water WQA represents more than 2,200 member
that have met or exceeded industry systems and simulates 10 years of companies in the U.S. and nearly 400
standards (see below). The eSpring™ normal use. member companies in 82 other countries.
Water Treatment System has been • Materials safety assurance confirms
awarded the Gold Seal. For further nothing harmful will be added to the
details on The Water Quality water.
Association (WQA) please see below. • Literature reviews ensure the Water
Quality Association's high Code of
Ethics standards in product advertising,
labelling and installation instructions.
Customers can easily identify WQA-
validated products by looking for the Gold
Seal mark or through product listings
found on the WQA website (www.wqa.org).

Q. Can the life of a carbon Q. A competitor performed a
filter be extended by back- demonstration that used
flushing to rinse out electricity to compare
contaminants? filtered water from their
A. No. Although some manufacturers system and water from the
promote back-flushing (subjecting eSpring™ Water Treatment
filter to a flow of untreated water System. The eSpring water
in the opposite direction) as a way to turned brownish while their
increase filter life, it will actually water remained clear. Why?
reduce the life of a carbon filter
A. The demonstration used a process
– for these reasons:
called electrolysis, which
1. As water is processed through a demonstrates the removal of minerals
carbon filter, contaminants load and salts from drinking water. If there
up in layers, with the highest are minerals in the water, it will
concentrations on the outside of the conduct electricity. If no minerals are
filter. These layers gradually build up present, the water will not conduct
inward and when the layers reach electricity. Therefore, if an iron
the core of the filter, the filter must electrode is placed in mineral-bearing
be discarded. water, the electricity will cause the iron
2. Back-flushing the filter would allow to oxidise or rust. This oxidisation
contaminants to build up on the mixes with the water, turning it a
inside of the filter. brown colour. This demonstration
3. When the filter is returned to does not indicate the amount of
normal operation, the contaminants contaminants in the water. It merely
that built up on the inside of the indicates the presence of minerals.
filter may begin to release into And as you know, one of the
the treated water, reducing the advantages of the eSpring Water
filter’s effectiveness. Experts are in Treatment System is that it retains
agreement that back-flushing is not beneficial minerals like calcium
appropriate for carbon filters. and magnesium.
This is a misleading demonstration

and has been declared an unethical
demonstration by the Water
Quality Association.

Q. What is TdS? • Were the samples evaluated
immediately? Samples must be
A. TDS stands for Total Dissolved Solids.
refrigerated and sampled in less
It is a measure of the amount of
than 24 hours. If not, bacteria can
inorganic matter in water. Some
be introduced into the water.
marketers of water treatment systems
• When drawing a sample, make
that have high inorganic removal
certain the diverter valve is
capability use TDS statistics to
completely open, so that no
demonstrate the effectiveness of their
untreated water can enter into
systems. However, it is not a
the treated water sample.
balanced indication of filtering
• If the unit has not been operated
effectiveness, since it ignores organic
recently, flush it for one minute to
Q. What is the ozone water contaminant removal rates.
make certain any bacteria growing
treatment method? Is it
Q. Why would water treated in the diverter or tubing are
effective? flushed away.
A. Ozone is a unique form of oxygen that
by the eSpring™ Water
If proper sampling and testing procedures
is used to help control bacteria and Treatment System test
are followed, test results should show that
viruses. Ozone is generated by an positive for the presence of bacteria have been inactivated. However,
electric arc or a special ultraviolet light. bacteria? recognise that the eSpring Water
Advantages: A. Bacteria control is very complicated Treatment System does not produce
and many variables can affect test sterile water – that is, water which is
• Kills bacteria and viruses
results. So if you encounter tests that totally free of bacteria.
Disadvantages:
show bacteria in eSpring water,
• Very difficult to obtain consistent examine the test conditions and
efficiency. procedures carefully:
• Not generally effective against
• Is a sterilised container used to
organic or inorganic contaminants.
store the water sample? An un-
sterilised container can introduce
bacteria into the sample. Containers
washed by hand or in a dishwasher
are not sterile.

overall product more convenient than bottled water or
boiling. It also requires very little
Q. Why should I buy an maintenance. The result is a system
eSpring™ Water Treatment that effectively removes more than
System? 140 different potential health-affecting
A. Those with the most obvious need for contaminants and inactivates more
a water treatment system are those than 99.99% of potential disease-
who have water that smells or tastes causing waterborne bacteria and
bad. However, customers who do not viruses. This is a combination of
have obvious water quality problems features and benefits no other point of
may actually have more serious use system can fully match.
problems with waterborne
contaminants. Most of these Q. does the eSpring Water
contaminants, such as bacteria and Treatment System have a
disinfection by-products, are warranty?
colourless, tasteless and odourless. A. The warranty for the eSpring Water
These contaminants cannot be easily Treatment System is equivalent to the
detected, but they can pose long- most generous warranties offered by
term exposure health risks. Reducing other water treatment systems. Due
these contaminants is the most to the nature of the product, it will
important reason to invest in an eventually wear out and require
eSpring Water Treatment System. If replacement. Therefore, a lifetime
your only interest is in improving warranty is not practical. However, the
water taste and odour, there are many eSpring Water Treatment System is
water treatment systems that can do designed and built to deliver market-
the job adequately. There are far leading reliability and durability.
fewer systems that can provide
meaningful reduction of organic
contaminants, chemicals and
pesticides. And only a handful can
effectively destroy bacteria and
viruses. The eSpring Water Treatment
System can perform all these
functions. In addition, our system
provides treated water on demand
and at a high flow rate - making it far

Q. What type of test results Q. Who manufactures the Q. Why would I need the
are provided for the eSpring Water Treatment eSpring Water Treatment
eSpring™ Water Treatment System? System if I am primarily
System? A. The eSpring Water Treatment System interested in filtering
A. The performance claims made for the is produced by our own inorganic contaminants?
eSpring Water Treatment System are manufacturing division, Access A. The eSpring Water Treatment System
primarily based on NSF International Business Group LLC, in a state-of- will reduce some inorganic
certification tests. An NSF the-art production facility in Ada, compounds like lead, mercury and
performance data sheet is included Michigan, U.S.A. This facility, radon. However, the system is
with every system. These tests were completed in 1998 at a cost of more designed to improve water taste,
performed to certify the eSpring than US$5.5 million, uses production smell and clarity, to reduce a broad
System for NSF/ANSI Standards 42 and quality assurance technologies range of possible organic
(taste, smell and clarity), 53 (health that meet or exceed the highest contaminants and to reduce bacteria
effects such as volatile organic standards in the industry. and viruses. Our market research has
chemicals), and 55 (UV reduction of shown that this is the kind of water
microorganisms). These tests were treatment performance most
performed by NSF International under customers want. However, if you need
stringent NSF/ANSI Standards and, a system that primarily removes
therefore, the results are highly inorganic contaminants such as salt
regarded and credible. or nitrates, you should explore other
systems that are designed specifically
for this purpose.

Q. The eSpring™ Water Q. Can the eSpring Water
Treatment System removes Treatment System be used
particulates as small as 0.2 on private wells?
microns. Some competitive A. The eSpring Water Treatment System
systems claim they remove is intended for use with municipally-
particles as small as 0.1 treated water or private wells that
micron. Is this a significant have been deemed potable. The
difference? eSpring Water Treatment System has
been tested with contaminant levels
A. A difference of one-tenth of a micron
far higher than those likely
does not provide significantly greater
encountered in residential water
filtration effectiveness. Micron size is
systems. If the eSpring Water
only an effective measure of the
Treatment System is used on a
product’s ability to trap particulates
private well, the well water should be
such as sediments and cysts. Since
tested once a year to ensure that it is
the smallest cysts are larger than 0.2
still potable.
microns, a 0.1 micron screen will not
improve efficiency. Some
manufacturers claim that a 0.1 micron
filter will remove bacteria, since many
bacteria are larger in size than 0.1
micron. Although the filter may stop
the bacteria for a short period of time,
its removal performance may be lower
over a period of months. Even though
bacteria may be larger than the 0.1
micron pores, the bacteria can
eventually pass through. However, a
0.1 micron filter may be more
susceptible to premature plugging
and therefore require more frequent
replacement. In addition, particle
removal methods are not effective for
viruses which may be a fraction of the
size of the smallest bacteria.

performance Claims
performance Claims
Amidst all the confusing claims made by dozens of water
treatment systems, which can consumers believe? In our
opinion, based on 20 years of water treatment experience, the
NSF/ANSI standards are among the most accurate, complete
and impartial indicators of actual system performance.
When a water treatment system has been certified under these standards by NSF
International, it has been tested by an impartial, independent third party organisation
that is recognised worldwide as a leading expert in drinking water treatment. As a result,
you can have complete confidence that NSF International-certified performance claims
will accurately reflect a product’s real world performance. So, you can feel confident
that the eSpring Water Treatment System will perform as claimed when it is used in
your home - and that you’ll remain satisfied with its performance throughout the life
of the cartridge.
38 performance Claims

eSpring™ Water Treatment System performance Claims
1 Certified by NSF/ANSI Standards 42, 11 Effectively removes particulates down 19 Ultraviolet light inactivates
53 and 55. to 0.2 microns, including asbestos, Cryptosporidium.
sediment, dirt and scale.
2 Effectively removes chlorine. 20 The carbon filter will treat drinking and
12 Effectively removes lead in drinking cooking water for 5,000 litres, or for
3 Effectively removes chloramine.
water. one year, whichever comes first,
Improves taste, odour and clarity enough to meet the needs of a family
13 Effectively removes mercury in of six.
of water.
drinking water.
5 Improves taste of beverages made 21 Convenient, replaceable carbon/UV
1 Effectively removes radon and radon cartridge.
with filtered water.
decay products in drinking water.
Effectively removes more than 140 22 Attaches to most standard kitchen
15 Effectively removes waterborne water faucets.
potential health-affecting contaminants
parasites larger than 3 to 4 microns.
from water, such as volatile organic
23 Uses exclusive patented technology.
compounds (VOCs), many pesticides 1 Does not remove beneficial 14 U.S. patents apply to the eSpring
and disinfectant by-products. minerals, such as calcium,
Water Treatment System. This product
magnesium and fluoride.
7 Effectively removes more than 13 may be covered by one or more of the
disinfection by-products. 17 Effectively removes MTBE following US patents and/or patents
(Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether). pending: 6,368,504; 5,573,666;
8 Effectively removes more than 30 5,529,689; 6,436,299; 6,984,320;
pesticides and pesticide by-products. 18 Ultraviolet light destroys more than 6,917,163; 6,514,420; 6,673,250;
99.99% of potential disease-causing 6,806,649; 6,825,620; 6,831,417;
9 Effectively removes vinyl chloride.
waterborne disease causing bacteria 5,738,780; 7,153,178; 7,170,200.
10 Effectively removes Microcystin LR, and viruses in drinking water.
a common algae toxin.
Please note:
1. Contaminants or other substances referenced in this section are not necessarily in your drinking water.
2. When the filter indicator signals end of life, the cartridge must be changed to ensure optimal performance.
performance Claims 39

Claim 1: Recently designated by the World Health NSF International Listings for the
Organisation (WHO) as a Collaborative eSpring™ Water Treatment System
Certified by NSF International under
Centre for Drinking Water Safety and The eSpring Water Treatment System has
NSF/ANSI Standards 42, 53 and 55
Treatment around the world, NSF is also been tested and is certified by NSF for the
Established nearly 60 years ago, NSF accredited by ANSI (American National reduction of the following potential
International (NSFI) is an independent, Standards Institute) as an ISO 9000 and drinking water contaminants (note:
objective, not-for-profit testing and QS-9000 registrar. (Note: please see ‘Influent’ refers to water coming in;
certification agency that sets global Product Performance Claims Support ‘Effluent’ refers to water going out
performance standards for a wide variety section for further information on NSF/ after processing):
of home and industrial products. ANSI standards.)
Substance Average Influent Average Effluent Reduction Requirements/Max. % Reduction

Challenge Concentration Level (Product Water) Permissible Products Water
Concentration
Required | Actual
NSF/ANSI Standard 42 Aesthetic Effects
Particulates (Class I) >10,000 12,000,000 68,100 >85% 99.4
(#/ml at 0.5 - 1 micron)
Chlorine Taste and Odour 2+/-10% 2.0 <0.05 ≥50% 97.5
(mg/l as chlorine)
Chloramine (mg/L) 3+/-10% 3.0 0.07 0.5 97.6
NSF/ANSI Standard 53 Health Effects

Asbestos (fibers/mL > 10 μm) 104 -105 73,750 <170 >99% >99.7
Lead at pH 6.5 (mg/L) 150+/-10% 150 <1.0 10 >99.3
Lead at pH 8.5 (mg/L) 150+/-10% 150 <1.0 10 >99.3
Mercury at pH 6.5 (mg/L) 6.0+/-10% 5.8 <0.2 2.0 >96.5
Mercury at pH 8.5 (mg/L) 6.0+/-10% 5.8 0.2 2.0 96.5
Alachlor (μg/L) 40+/-10% 42 <1.0 2.0 >97.6
Atrazine (μg/L) 9+/-10% 9.5 <0.5 3.0 >94.7
Benzene (μg/L) 15+/- 10% 14.67 <0.5 5.0 >96.5
Carbofuran (μg/L) 80+/-10% 86 <1 40 >98.8
Carbon Tetrachloride (μg/L) 15 +/-10% 15.67 <0.5 5.0 >96.8
40 Performance Claims

Substance Average Influent Average Effluent Reduction Requirements/Max. % Reduction
Challenge Concentration Level (Product Water) Permissible Products Water
Concentration
Required | Actual
NSF/ANSI Standard 53 Health Effects (continued)

Chlordane (μg/L) 40+/-10% 40 0.7 2.0 98.2
Chlorobenzene (μg/L) 2000+/-10% 1950 <0.5 1 100 >99.9
2-4-D (μg/l) 210+/-10% 215 0.18 70.0 99.9
Dibromochloropropane (μg/L) 4+/-10% 3.6 <0.01 0.20 >99.7
o-Dichlorobenzene(μg/L) 1800 +/-10% 1917 <1 600 >99.94
Endrin (μg/L) 6 +/-10% 5.9 <0.2 2.0 >96.6
Ethylbenzene 2100+/-10% 2000 <1 700 >99.95
Ethylene dibromide (μg/L) 1+/-10% 1.0 <0.01 0.05 >99.0
Heptachlor 80+/-10% 77 0.06 0.4 99.9
Heptachlor epoxide (μg/L) 4+/-10% 4.2 <0.02 0.20 >99.5
Lindane (μg/L) 2+/-10% 2.1 <0.02 0.20 >99.0
Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (μg/L) 15+/-10% 14.7 0.6 5.0 95.9
Methoxychlor (μg/L) 120+/-10% 120 0.1 40.0 99.9
PCBs (Aroclor 1260) (μg/L) 10+/-10% 10.1 <0.3 0.5 >97.0
Radon (pCi/L 4000+/-25 % 4426 6.4 300 99.99
Simazine (μg/L) 12+/-10% 11 <0.2 4 >98.2
Styrene (μg/L) 2000+/-10% 2016 <0.5 100 >99.9
Tetrachlorehthylene (μg/L) 15+/-10% 14.5 <0.5 5 >96.5
Toluene (μg/L) 3000+/-10% 3067 1.06 1000 99.96
Total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) (μg/L) 450+/20% 478 2.1 80.0 99.5
Toxaphene (μg/L) 15+/-10% 14.5 <1 3.0 >93.1
2,4,5 TP (Silvex) (μg/L) 150+/-10% 150 19.5 50.0 87
Trichloroethylene (μg/L) 300+/-10% 298.3 <0.5 5 >99.8
†VOC’s (μg/L) as chloroform 300+/-10% 343 <0.5 95% >99.8
Performance Claims 41

Standard 53 Surrogate Programme been proven by testing different designs NSFI tests this by using chloroform at an
In addition to the above testing on of carbon filters with water that has been influent concentration of 300 ppb. In order
individual contaminants, NSF/ANSI contaminated with a mixture of VOCs. The to pass the standard, the filter must
Standard 53 uses chloroform as a effluent water was analysed and the order reduce a minimum of 95% of the
surrogate compound for claiming the of breakthrough for the various VOCs chloroform for twice the rated life of the
reduction of other VOCs (Volatile Organic was compared with the chloroform filter if no monitor is used, or 120% if a
Compounds). Research has shown that if breakthrough. Different filter designs have monitor is included. The eSpring™ Water
a carbon filter reduces chloroform, it will different capacity ratings, but the order of Treatment System has passed this testing
also reduce a number of other VOCs that breakthrough for the VOCs tested and is listed by NSFI for reduction of
are retained by activated carbon as well was similar. VOCs (including Trihalomethanes) via the
as or better than chloroform. This has surrogate test programme. Therefore, the
following claims can be made:
Organic Chemical Reduction Determined by Surrogate Testing

Chemical Influent Challenge Chemical Reduction Percent Maximum Product
Level2 μ /l (ppb) Water Level μ /l (ppb)
alachlor 50 >98 1.0 (3)
atrazine 100 >97 3.0 (3)
benzene 81 >99 1.0 (3)
carbofuran 190 >99 1.0 (3)
carbon tetrachloride 78 98 1.8 (4)
chlorobenzene 77 >99 1.0 (3)
chloropicrin 15 99 0.2 (3)
2,4-D 110 98 1.7 (4)
dibromochloropropane (DBCP) 52 >99 0.02 (3)
o-dichlorobenzene 80 >99 1.0 (3)
p-dichlorobenzene 40 >98 1.0 (3)
1,2-dichloroethane 88 >94 4.8 (5)
1,1-dichloroethylene 83 >99 1.0 (3)
cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 170 >99 0.5 (3)
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 86 >99 1.0 (3)
1,2-dichloropropane 80 >99 1.0 (3)
cis-1,3-dichloropropylene 79 >99 1.0 (3)

dinoseb 170 99 0.2 (4)
endrin 53 99 0.59 (4)
ethylbenzene 88 >99 1.0 (3)
ethylene dibromide (EDB) 44 >99 0.02 (3)
Haloacetonitriles (HAN):
bromochloroacetonitrile 22 98 0.5 (3)
dibromoacetonitrile 24 98 0.6 (3)
dichloroacetonitrile 9.6 98 0.2 (3)
trichloroacetonitrile 15 98 0.3 (3)
Haloketones (HK):
1,1-dichloro-2-propanone 7.2 99 0.1 (3)
1,1,1-dichloro-2-propanone 8.2 96 0.3 (3)
heptachlor 250 >99 0.01
heptachlor epoxide 10.76 98 0.2 (6)
hexachlorobutadiene 44 >98 1.0 (3)
hexachlorocyclo-pentadiene 60 >99 0.002 (3)
lindane 55 >99 0.01 (3)
methoxychlor 50 >99 0.1 (3)
pentachlorophenol 96 >99 1.0 (3)
simazine 120 >97 4.0 (3)
styrene 150 >99 0.5 (3)
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 81 >99 1.0 (3)
tetrachloroethylene 81 >99 1.0 (3)
toluene 78 >99 1.0 (3)
2,4,5-TP (silvex) 270 99 1.6 (4)
tribromoacetic acid 42 >98 1.0 (3)
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 160 >99 0.5 (3)
1,1,1-trichlorethane 84 95 4.6 (4)
1,1,2-trichloroethane 150 >99 0.5 (3)

trichloroethylene 180 >99 1.0 (3)
trihalomethanes (includes):
Chloroform 81 >99 15
(surrogate chemical)
bromoform
bromodichloromethane
chlorodibromomethane
Xylenes (total) 70 >99 1.0 (3)
1 Influent challenge levels are average Notes:

influent concentrations determined in
surrogate qualification testing.
1 NSFI certifications are specific to the
above claims and are not related to
2 Maximum product water level was not other claims made by Access Business
observed but was set at the detection Group LLC.
limit of the analysis.
2 Production information can be
3 Maximum product water level is set as accessed via the internet at
a value determined in surrogate www.espring.com.
qualification testing.
3 For additional information about NSF
4 Chemical reduction percent and International, visit their website at:
maximum product water level www.nsf.org
calculated at chloroform 95% NOTE: the eSpring™ Water Treatment System must be
maintained according to manufacturer’s instructions to
breakthrough point as determined in ensure proper product performance. Note that the
surrogate qualification testing. system’s cartridge must be replaced as recommended in
the Owner’s Manual. NSF/ANSI standards are accredited
by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

Claim 2: Claim 3: Claim 4:
Effectively removes chlorine Effectively removes chloramine Improves taste, odour and clarity
Most municipal water supplies are treated While many municipalities add chlorine to of water
with chlorine to kill pathogenic organisms, the water supply to prevent the spread of In a consumer market test conducted in a
consequently preventing the spread of waterborne disease organisms, an U.S. city, the product was judged well for
waterborne diseases. Many people object alternate disinfection material, chloramine, the reduction of taste and odour and
to the taste of the chlorine. Two eSpring™ is becoming commonly used as well. As improvement of clarity. The following
units were tested for chlorine reduction by with chlorine, chloramine adds taste and percentages of the panellists judged
the NSFI under NSF/ANSI Standard 42, odour components to the drinking water improvements in the various areas of
‘Drinking Water Treatment Units, Aesthetic that are often considered undesirable. The water quality:
Effects.’ The units were tested to 100% of eSpring Water Treatment System was
rated capacity, or 5,000 litres of water. The tested in duplicate for chloramine • Improved Clarity 79%
water flow was cycled 10 minutes on and reduction by NSF under standard 42, • Improved Taste 98%
10 minutes off at a line pressure of 410 kPa. ‘Drinking Water Treatment Units, Aesthetic • Improved Odour 86%
The chlorine reduction criteria established Effects.’ The units were tested to 5,000
by NSFI is an influent concentration of 2.0 litres, the rated life of the filter as Claim 5:
ppm. Free chlorine must be reduced by a outlined in the protocol. The protocol Improves taste of beverages made with
minimum of 50%. The eSpring Water requires water to be contaminated with filtered water
Treatment System removed more than chloramine as monochloramine at a In the consumer market testing mentioned
97.5% of the chlorine. concentration of 3 ppm and the system above, panellists were also asked whether
being tested must reduce these levels to the taste of beverages prepared with
less than 0.5 ppm. The eSpring Water treated water was improved. The eSpring
Treatment System reduced Water Treatment System improved the
monochloramines greater than 97%. taste of beverages made with treated
water according to 82% of the panellists.
Two other contaminants - methyl

isoborneol and geosmin, which are related
to the presence of algae in the water
source - are also considered significant
sources of unacceptable taste.
Consumers often complain about the taste
and odour of such water, particularly in
supplies that are subject to a seasonal
algae problem. Activated carbon has been
shown to be an effective method of
reducing these compounds.

Claim 6: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency As the need arose for specific analytical
(EPA) has compiled a list of contaminants techniques and/or confirmation of eSpring
Effectively removes organic
which it has classified as priority test results, certain compounds were
contaminants from water, including
pollutants. The eSpring Water Treatment evaluated by outside testing laboratories.
over 140 potential health-affecting
System effectively removes a broad range
contaminants such as volatile organic
of these contaminants. The contaminants verified by NSF
compounds (VOCs), many pesticides
Standards 42 and 53 as outlined in Claim
and trihalomethanes.
The range of compounds in the priority 1, along with the list below, arranged
The eSpring™ Water Treatment System pollutant list and the methods used to alphabetically, are the compounds tested,
has been documented to effectively analyse for them are too extensive to the detection limits for each compound,
remove an extensive list of organic summarise in this document. Typically, the the measured average influent, the effluent
compounds from water. The testing for methods used were as follows: averaged for the duplicate filters, percent
these compounds has been conducted reduction obtained in testing and the
by several different laboratories. The contaminants were dissolved in a calculated total loading on the filter. The
minimum of an appropriate solvent measured average influent is an average
Activated carbon can reduce mixture and injected into the moving feed of the influent concentrations throughout
concentrations of many organic water stream with a high pressure, liquid the study and represents a minimum of
compounds from water by a mechanism chromatography pump. This mixture then seven points. The calculated loading is the
called adsorption. In the activation passed through a motionless mixer to summation of the influent concentration
process, numerous pores are created in assure uniform mixing. The influent times the volume of water passed at that
the carbon, greatly increasing the surface (challenge water) and effluent (water after concentration.
area. The carbon used in the eSpring the filter) were sampled at several points
Water Treatment System has a particularly NOTE: if the effluent sample shows the designation <DL,
spaced throughout the rated life of the this indicates that the level of contaminant in the effluent
high adsorption capacity for organic filter, which is 5,000 litres. As a safety was below the ability of the analytical method to detect
it. As an example, Acenaphthene could not be detected
contaminants found in drinking water. factor, testing exceeded the rated life of in the effluent samples. The detectable limit was 0.23
the cartridge. The cartridges were tested ppb. The level of Acenaphthene in the effluent samples
The design of the carbon bed is also would be at some level between zero and 0.23 ppb. If
in duplicate. the effluent level of Acenaphthene (at 5670 litres) was at
critical to filter performance. Factors such the detectable limit, the percent removal would be 99.7%.
However, since the actual level of reduction (which
as carbon type, carbon particle size, Where applicable, the samples were taken would be somewhere between 99.7% and 100%) cannot
amount of carbon, the physical structure according to U.S. EPA protocols and be determined, the results are simply listed as >99.7%.
of the filter, the water path and flow rate analysed by relevant U.S. EPA methods,
are all critical parameters. A well designed or methods that were appropriate for the
system can reduce common drinking compounds present. The analytical
water contaminants to extremely low methods used were acceptable
levels for the rated life. NSF International technology for each of the contaminant
and other third party testing have classifications. The minimum detection
documented the organic contaminant limits shown were determined using U.S.
reduction performance test. These tests EPA procedures. U.S. EPA Quality
documented that eSpring effectively Assurance/Quality Control procedures
removes 140 potential health-affecting were followed during analysis.
compounds from water.

Compound Detection Average Influent Average Effluent Percent Reduction Total Loading
Limit (ppb) 5670 litres (ppb) 5670 litres (ppb) 5670 litres (mg)
Acenaphthene 0.23 67.9 <DL >99.7 386
Acenaphthylene 0.15 44.9 <DL >99.7 255
Aldrin 0.12 14.4 0.38 97.4 81.7
Anthracene 0.00036 0.0106 <DL >96.6 0.0602
Benzidine 0.0016 2.54 <DL >99.6 14.5
Benzo(a)anthracene 0.0023 0.224 <DL >99.3 1.274
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.0023 0.0605 0.00456 92.5 0.344
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.0023 0.316 0.00416 98.7 1.800
Benzo(ghi)perylene 0.0090 0.434 0.0390 91.0 2.469
Benzo(k)fluoroanthene 0.0024 0.325 0.00611 98.1 1.849
alpha-BHC 0.30 80.6 <DL >99.6 460
beta-BHC 0.30 81.4 <DL >99.6 465
delta-BHC 0.30 77.8 <DL >99.6 445
gamma-BHC 0.30 80.9 <DL >99.6 463
Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane 0.98 136 <DL >99.3 775
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether 2.2 213 <DL >99.0 1,208
Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether 3.6 206 <DL >98.3 1,170
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 1.0 199 <DL >99.5 1,122
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether 2.0 225 <DL >99.1 1,277
Butyl benzyl phthalate 1.4 226 <DL >99.4 1,276
Chlordane 0.23 58.9 0.27 99.5 333
4-Chloro-3-methyl phenol 1.6 171 <DL >99.1 973
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 0.21 298 <DL >99.9 1,693
2-Chloronaphthalene 0.60 53.2 2.50 95.3 304
2-Chlorophenol 3.3 175 <DL >98.1 993
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether 1.8 197 <DL >99.1 1,119
Chrysene 0.0051 0.232 <DL >97.8 1.322
4,4-DDD 0.40 59.4 1.05 98.2 339
Di-n-butyl phthalate 1.0 245 <DL >99.6 1,380

Compound Detection Limit Average Influent Average Effluent Percent Reduction Total Loading (mg)
(ppb) 5670 litres (ppb) 5670 litres (ppb) 5670 litres
Di-n-octyl phthalate 2.1 179 <DL >98.8 1,009
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 0.0090 0.524 0.0345 93.4 2.983
1,3-Dichlorobenzene 0.19 99.7 <DL >99.8 637
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine 0.020 4.89 <DL >99.6 27.8
2,4-Dichlorophenol 2.1 161 <DL >98.7 917
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 1.0 554 <DL >99.8 3,484
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 0.22 163 <DL >99.9 1,020
Dieldrin 0.16 132 0.43 99.7 752
Diethyl phthalate 0.70 202 <DL >99.7 1,138
Dimethyl phthalate 0.40 197 <DL >99.8 1,113
2,4-Dimethylphenol 2.2 167 <DL >98.7 949
4,6-Dinitro-2-methyl phenol 0.43 57.4 <DL >99.3 326
2,4-Dinitrophenol 0.18 57.6 <DL >99.7 328
2,4-Dinitrotoluene 10 175 <DL >94.3 993
2,6-Dinitrotoluene 10 204 <DL >95.1 1,161
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine 1.6 161 <DL >99.0 917
alpha-Endosulfan 0.30 75.6 2.20 97.1 432
beta-Endosulfan 0.30 79.4 1.95 97.5 454
Endosulfan Sulfate 0.70 85.2 3.95 95.4 487
Endrin 0.12 127 0.44 99.7 724
Endrin Aldehyde 0.21 20.3 <DL >99.0 116
Fluoranthene 0.0054 0.303 <DL >98.2 1.722
Fluorene 0.025 7.56 <DL >99.7 42.9
Heptachlor 0.11 24.6 0.19 99.2 140
Heptachlor epoxide 0.15 123 0.50 99.6 700
Hexachlorobenzene 1.0 84.3 <DL >98.8 479
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 1.3 47.8 2.15 95.5 273
Hexachloroethane 1.6 46.6 <DL >96.6 266
Isophorone 2.9 177 <DL >98.4 1,003

Compound Detection Limit Average Influent Average Effluent Percent Reduction Total Loading (mg)
(ppb) 5670 litres (ppb) 5670 litres (ppb) 5670 litres
Naphthalene 0.075 23.4 <DL >99.7 133
Nitrobenzene 2.4 156 <DL >98.5 886
2-Nitrophenol 0.74 150 <DL >99.5 851
4-Nitrophenol 0.099 57.6 <DL >99.8 328
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine 1.3 157 <DL >99.2 890
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 1.3 147 <DL >99.1 834
PCB-1016 0.7 57.9 <DL >98.8 331
PCB-1221 0.2 49.7 <DL >99.6 284
PCB-1232 0.5 30.9 <DL >98.4 177
PCB-1242 0.3 35.5 <DL >99.2 204
PCB-1248 0.2 35.6 <DL >99.4 204
PCB-1254 0.1 40.3 1 97.5 231
Pentachlorophenol 2.4 245 <DL >99.0 1,392
Phenanthrene 0.00072 0.0752 <DL >99.0 0.428
Phenol 1.3 68.7 <DL >98.1 391
Pyrene 0.0063 0.328 <DL >98.1 0.1867
TCDD (2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro- 0.000007 0.0131 <DL >99.9 0.0718

dibenzo-para-dioxin
Toxaphene 0.39 182 6.92 96.2 1,034
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0.31 87.3 0.63 99.3 563
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.18 123 <DL >99.9 779
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 2.1 168 <DL >98.7 955
4, 4-Dibromi-1,1-biphenyl 0.0050 46.0 2.00 95.7 261
Hydrocarbons (Gasoline, 100 1150 <DL >99.0 1,234

Kerosene, Diesel Fuel)
TCDF (2,3,7,8- 0.0000047 0.0269 <DL >99.9 0.147

Tetrachlorodibenzofuran)
1,2,3-Trichloropropane 0.48 86.8 <DL >99.4 495
ppb = parts per billion or micrograms per litre

Claim 7: 99.8% reduction at the end of the test Testing for MX removal was performed at
period. Therefore, the eSpring™ Water an independent laboratory with methods
Effectively removes over 13 disinfection
Treatment System is certified by NSF specially designed to handle and
by-products
International, under NSF/ANSI Standard document the removal of this material with
During disinfection processes at municipal 53 for the reduction of four testing. In addition to MX, chloroform was
water treatment facilities, low levels of trihalomethanes, including chloroform, added to act as a surrogate. Testing was
compounds can be formed when a bromoform, bromodichloromethane and carried out to 8,000 litres with greater than
disinfectant (typically chlorine or chlorodibromomethane. 93% reduction of MX and 98% reduction
chloramine) reacts with residual organic of chloroform. Testing was performed on
matter. These compounds are referred to Mutagen X (3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5- prior models* which are manufactured
as disinfection by-products. Some of hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone) is a disinfection with the same raw materials and process
these compounds are suspected by-product that can be generated during as eSpring. eSpring’s rated life is 5,000
carcinogens and are an increasing the chlorination of municipal water with litres and has also been documented to
concern to regulatory agencies. Different significant levels of humic content in the effectively remove chloroform by NSF
disinfectant by-products may be reduced source water supply (decaying leaves, International and will also effectively
with varying degrees of success by pulp, vegetation, etc.). It is considered to remove MX.
activated carbon. be highly mutagenic and has been found
at levels of up to .56 ppb in chlorinated An additional group of disinfection by-
Several tests have been conducted to humic water supplies. For this testing, a products has been identified as significant
document the reduction of several level of three times the highest occurrence contaminants of concern. These have
different compounds. Testing for level, or approximately 1.7 ppb, was been demonstrated to conform to the
trihalomethanes (THM) reduction was established as the influent stream. NSF/ANSI Standard VOC surrogate. The
conducted by NSF International under eSpring VOC certification qualifies the
NSF/ANSI Standard 53. Results showed a device for the following contaminants:
Contaminant Influent Concentration ppb Effluent Concentration ppb Chemical Reduction Percent
Tribromoacetic Acid 42 1.0 97.6
Bromochloroacetonitrile 2.2 0.05 97.7
Dibromoacetonitrile 24 0.6 97.5
Dichloroacetonitrile 9.6 0.2 97.9
Trichloroacetonitrile 1.5 0.3 80
1,1-Dichloropropanone 7.2 0.1 98.6
1,1,1-Trichloropropanone 8.2 0.3 96.3
Chloropicrin 15 0.2 98.6

Claim 8: Malathion Prior models* were tested for the
Methoxychlor reduction of vinyl chloride from water. The
Effectively removes over 30 pesticides
Parathion test was conducted according to NSF/
and pesticide by-products
Pentachlorophenol ANSI Standard 53-1998 Drinking Water
Pesticide contamination of ground water Strychnine Treatment Units Health Effects. The testing
and surface water is of increasing 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) was conducted internally under the review
concern, particularly in agricultural areas. Toxaphene of NSF International. NSF generated the
Although pesticide contamination of (1) Pesticide by-products protocol and audited the testing operation
drinking water does not appear to be to assure compliance with the protocol.
widespread, surveys have shown Claim 9:
contamination does occur. Tests The systems were run in a cycle of 10
Effectively removes vinyl chloride
monitored by NSF International indicate minutes on and 10 minutes off, for 16
that the eSpring™ Water Treatment Vinyl chloride is a colourless organic gas hours per day. Vinyl chloride was added to
System effectively removes the following that is used in the plastics industry to a municipal water source at an average
pesticides and by-products: make polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC pipe concentration of 8 ppb. The water had an
is often used as a material for drinking average background total trihalomethane
Alachlor water pipes. (TTHM) concentration of 28.3 ppb during
Aldicarb (Temik)
the test period. Duplicate water treatment
Aldrin In the mid-1970s, it was discovered that
systems were tested for a total of 1,500
Atrazine vinyl chloride was causing cancer in
gallons each.
alpha-BHC workers through exposure in the factories.
beta-BHC Prior to that, much of the PVC pipe The systems reduced the vinyl chloride
delta-BHC contained high levels of residual vinyl concentration to less than the instrument
gamma-BHC (Lindane) chloride, which could contaminate detection limit of 0.5 ppb, throughout the
Carbaryl drinking water. Since that time, test period of 5,670 litres. This is greater
Chlordane (technical mix.) manufacturing methods for the pipe have than a 93% reduction of the vinyl chloride.
Chlorpyrifos changed to significantly reduce any vinyl
4,4-DDD chloride that may be in the plastic and this A mathematical model was used for the
2,4-D is not considered a problem with the prediction of vinyl chloride reduction
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) newer pipe. However, much of the earlier capacity for the systems. This model
1,2-Dibromomethane (EDB) pipe is still in use and vinyl chloride predicted the reduction for the filter
Dieldrin contamination of drinking water is still to be greater than 95 percent at its
alpha-Endosulfan occurring. Vinyl chloride is also a common rated capacity for the reduction of vinyl
beta-Endosulfan by-product formed by the biodegradation chloride. When comparing the modeling
Endosulfan sulfate (1) of some industrial solvents. This can result performance using the same influent
Endrin in the contamination of ground water. The and background TTHM concentrations,
Endrin Aldehyde European regulation 98/83/EC establishes the model compares very close to the
Guthion a maximum contaminant level of 0.5 ppb actual data. The model predicted that the
Heptachlor for vinyl chloride in drinking water. filter would reach the performance before
Heptachlor epoxide (1) the actual duplicate filter performance
Hexachlorobenzene did showing the model to be a
conservative prediction.

The eSpring™ and other model filters are Claim 10: reduce Microcystin LR to greater than
manufactured with the same raw materials 99.8 percent.
Effectively removes Microcystin LR,
and process. This same mathematical
a common algae toxin *Prior models used for testing: E84, E8301, E3411
model was used to predict the
performance of the eSpring filter to reduce Algae are microorganisms that grow in
water, particularly if the water is stagnant Claim 11:
organic compounds, like chloroform,
before the filters were submitted to NSF and contains high levels of nutrients. Effectively removes particulates down
for certification. Based on the numerous Algae cells can form long filaments that to 0.2 microns, including asbestos,
performance evaluations and NSF form into floating mats on the surface of sediment, dirt and scale
certification of the eSpring filter, it has water. Algae can cause taste and odour The eSpring unit uses a compressed
continued to demonstrate that it performs problems in drinking water. Certain carbon block filter. The spaces between
as well as the other filters. The species of algae also produce toxins, the carbon particles in the filter are
mathematical model was once again used which can be released into the water. extremely small and are able to filter out
to determine the reduction performance of Recently, researchers have found these small particles. The claim for particulate
vinyl chloride. The model predicted that toxins in drinking water used for human reduction down to 0.2 microns has been
the filter can reduce vinyl chloride below consumption. Some of these toxins can documented by the following:
the European maximum contaminant level have immediate effects if ingested and
of 0.5 ppb for greater than 5,450 litres some are suspected carcinogens. The 1. A test of the ability of the filter to
would reach breakthrough before the most common algae toxin found in reduce particles of a test dust down to 0.5
actual filter did showing the model to be a drinking water is Microcystin LR. microns. Conducted by NSF International,
conservative prediction. The rated life of this test qualified the eSpring system for
We contracted to have prior models* certification under NSF/ANSI Standard 42,
the eSpring filter is 5,000 litres and the
tested for the reduction of Microcystin LR reducing particles by greater than 85% to
modeling prediction demonstrates the
from drinking water. In addition to achieve Class I reduction.
performance well beyond the rated life
Microcystin LR, chloroform was added to
with a 450 litre margin of safety.
act as a surrogate. In an NSF International 2. Other laboratory testing has shown the
The eSpring Water Treatment System’s audited study, conducted at a major eSpring Water Treatment System’s ability
ability to reduce vinyl chloride is predicted university by a professor who is to reduce even smaller contaminants. The
to be greater than 93% at its rated life. considered a leading expert on algae data showed that the eSpring system
toxins, the systems reduced the effectively removes particles in water
*Prior models used for testing: E84, E8301, E3411 concentration of the Microcystin LR toxin down to 0.2 microns. This testing was
to a level less than the instruments were performed in our laboratory and samples
capable of detecting. This is greater than were sent out for CCSEM (Computer
a 99.8% reduction. The surrogate, Controlled Scanning Electron Microscope),
chloroform, did not break through at the equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray
end of the 6,132 litre test. Therefore, it can spectrophotometer. This provided an
represent Microcystin LR. The eSpring analysis of the size of particles as well as
and prior models’ filters are manufactured elemental composition of the particles.
with the same raw materials and process. Testing was performed on two systems
Based on this surrogate programme, the using ISO fine test dust (0 - 80 micron).
eSpring Water Treatment Sytem will also The lowest particle removal efficiency was

96.6% at 25% reduction in flow for one Claim 13: cracks and seams, or radon that is being
of the filters in the 0.2 - 0.4 micron range. released into the air from showers,
Particle removal improved as particle Effectively removes mercury in drinking washing machines and dishwashers.
size increased. water Inhalation of radon gas can increase the
risk of lung cancer; and
3. Two eSpring™ Water Treatment System Mercury can enter the water supply
units were tested for asbestos reduction through environmental contamination from 2. Ingestion of radon from ground water
by NSF International under NSF/ANSI industrial and waste sources. It can exist sources of drinking water. Ingestion of
Standard 53. The tests yielded a reduction in different forms in water, depending on radon from drinking water may increase
of asbestos fibres greater than 99%. the pH. Therefore, a water treatment the risk of stomach cancer.
This certifies the eSpring unit for asbestos device may be effective at one pH, but not
reduction under standards set by at another. This is why it is important to Two eSpring Water Treatment System
NSF International. test a water treatment system at two units were tested for radon reduction by
different pHs to accurately determine NSF International under NSF/ANSI
Claim 12: mercury reduction. Standard 53. The tests yielded a reduction
Effectively removes lead in drinking of radon in excess of 99.99%. This
The eSpring Water Treatment System certifies the eSpring unit for radon
water cartridges were tested for mercury reduction under standards set by
Lead is rarely found naturally in water, but reduction by NSF International under NSF/ NSF International.
can enter into drinking water through lead ANSI Standard 53. The units achieved
pipes or from solder which contains lead. more than 96% reduction, earning NSF The eSpring Water Treatment System
Lead can exist in different forms in water, International certification for mercury should not be used on drinking water
depending on the pH. A water treatment reduction in drinking water. where the level of radon exceeds 4,000
device may be effective at one pH but pCi/L. Under such conditions, inhalation
not another. Therefore, it is important to Claim 14: becomes a more significant issue and
test a water treatment system at two Effectively removes radon and radon alternate mitigation strategies should be
different pHs to more accurately decay products in drinking water utilised to treat the water at the point of
determine lead reduction. entry to the home.
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive
The eSpring Water Treatment System was gas that has no taste, odour, or colour. It
tested for lead reduction by NSF is produced by the natural breakdown of
International under NSF/ANSI Standard 53 uranium and is found in soils and rocks
specifications. The test units achieved containing uranium, granite, shale,
more than 99% reduction, which qualified phosphate and pitchblende. Most radon
them for NSF International certification for rises out of soil and rock and is harmlessly
drinking water lead reduction. released into the atmosphere. Hazardous
exposure to high concentrations of radon
can occur under two circumstances:
1. Inhalation of radon within our home or

dwelling. This is radon that is seeping into
the home through the foundation, or

Claim 15: Most other waterborne protozoan Claim 17:
parasites of potential concern occur in
Effectively removes waterborne Effectively removes MTBE
subtropical or tropical regions and are
parasites larger than 3 to 4 microns (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether)
infective to humans in the larval stage.
The eSpring™ Water Treatment System These larval worms are very large In Europe, MTBE is a petrol additive that
has been shown to effectively remove compared to the above organisms. Since is used to make it burn more efficiently.
particles as small as 0.2 microns per the eSpring system can effectively reduce Unfortunately, this is also a contaminant
claim 10. Cryptosporidium oocysts are in the smallest of these protozoan parasites that has made its way into ground water
the 3 to 4 microns size range. Since these (Cryptosporidium), it will also effectively due to leaking underground storage tanks
represent the smallest protozoan parasitic remove any other larger waterborne and other sources.
organisms likely to be found in drinking parasites.
water, eSpring will also effectively reduce NSF/ANSI Standard 53 has a protocol to
any other larger waterborne parasites test drinking water systems to reduce
Claim 16:
by 99.95%. MBTE. Two eSpring filters were tested at
Does not remove beneficial minerals, NSFI. The mean influent challenge was
The following table lists the relative sizes of such as calcium, magnesium and 14.7 ppb. The actual reduction was
most of the known waterborne protozoan fluoride greater than 96% for MTBE.
parasites. Some of these are only found in In most municipal water systems, fluoride
subtropical or tropical regions. Giardia and is added at low levels to improve dental Claim 18:
Cryptosporidium are the most likely to be health. It is also generally considered Ultraviolet light destroys more than
found in drinking water. beneficial to ingest low levels of certain 99.99% of potential disease-causing
other minerals, such as calcium and waterborne bacteria and viruses in
Protozoan Parasite Size (micrometer) magnesium, which are present in most drinking water
Cryptosporidium 3 to 4 water supplies at various levels. Tests
See Claim 19
parvum conducted with municipal water supplies
Endolimax 5 to 14 have shown that the eSpring Water
Treatment System does not remove
Iodamoeba 5 to 14
calcium, magnesium or fluoride from
Naegleria 7 to 21
drinking water.
Cyclospora cayetanesis 8 to 10
Giardia lamblia 8 to 12 x 6 to 8
Entamoeba histolytica 10 to 20
Toxoplasma gondii 10 to 13 x 9 to 11
Acanthamoeba 12 to 23
Eggs of Taenia Solium 35 to 40
Eggs of Ascari 40 to 75 x 35 to 50
Lumbricoides

Claim 19: Test Methods containing the microorganisms at the
appropriate level, were supplied to each
Ultraviolet light destroys Cryptosporidium Three separate tests were used to prove
unit at water treatment volumes of 250,
Introduction the performance of the UV/reactor of the
3,748, 5,000 and 7,500 litres. At these
eSpring™ Water Treatment System:
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, times, influent and effluent samples were
through a multidisciplinary task force, 1 A modified U.S. EPA Guide Standard taken and assayed by standard methods
developed a test protocol for water for the organism under study. After two
treatment devices for their ability to 2 UV Dose measurement with MS-2 48-hour stagnation periods, initial effluent
produce microbiologically-safe water. The coliphage
water samples were also sampled and
intent of the protocol is to test these 3 Cyst Infectivity with live Cryptosporidium assayed to determine the possible
devices with bacteria, viruses and cysts, parvum oocysts presence of organisms after prolonged
for their designed operational life. The stagnation. The physical and chemical
guide standard establishes that any Test Method 1 parameters of the dechlorinated water and
microbiological water treatment is to be The protocol for the studies was based on test system were monitored daily.
capable of removing or inactivating enteric the U.S. EPA Guide Standard and Protocol
bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasites. for Testing Microbiological Water Coliphage MS-2, a non-pathogenic virus,
The devices must also be capable of Treatments, Task Force Report April 1987. was included in this testing because it is
achieving these results under realistic Testing was performed at an independent, the test organism in NSF/ANSI Standard
‘worst case’ water quality conditions. third party facility. Three filters were 55, Ultraviolet Microbiological Water
challenged under simulated worst case Treatment Systems, to assess the
The test requires a device to reduce conditions over a 13-day period. The water effectiveness of drinking water treatment
specified bacteria, viruses and cysts from was supplied to the products for 150% of systems, due to its high resistance to
drinking water in a series of flowing and the rated life of the system, for a total of ultraviolet light.
stagnant conditions. The test protocol 7,500 litres, in an ‘On/Off’ cycle (one
applies only to microorganisms and does minute on/two minute off cycle). The initial
not measure the ability of a system to flow rate of the water was set at 3.4 lpm,
reduce chemical or particulate the maximum recommended for the
contamination. The microorganisms and the system. Four challenges of water,
reduction requirements are listed below.
U.S. EPA Guide Standard

Organism Influent Minimum
Challenge Organism Reduction
Bacteria
Routella terrigena 105/ml 99.9999%
Virus
Poliovirus 104/ml 99.9%
Rotavirus 104/ml 99.9%
Cyst
Giardia lamblia or 103/ml 99.9%
Cryptosporidium 103/ml 99.9%

Results:
The table below shows the results of the bacterial and virus challenge of the eSpring™ Water Treatment System.
Microorganism Reduction Data

Microorganism Influent Effluent Percent Reduction
Bacteria
Routella terrigena 1.82 x 107/100 ml <1/100 ml >99.9999
Viruses
Poliovirus 4.97 x 108/1000 ml <1000/1000 ml >99.99
Rotavirus 3.03 x 107/1000 ml <100/1000 ml >99.99
Coliphage MS-2 1.6 x 10 /ml
5
0.457 x 102/ml 99.97
Test Method 2 nitrates, nitrites and turbidity. The TOC was In order to support the reduction of other
The UV dosage of the ultraviolet lamp in added as potassium hydrogen phthalate. bacteria with the eSpring Water Treatment
the eSpring Water Treatment System was The turbidity was tested at two levels, 0.3 System, studies were done to show that if
determined using MS-2 coliphage. This and 3.0 NTU, using 0 - 5 micron test dust. a system provided adequate control of an
organism was calibrated against known UV During this test, the actual filter had holes organism with a certain sensitivity to UV
doses to determine the level of reduction drilled in it to demonstrate the UV dose of energy, then organisms that were controlled
per unit of intensity. This test was the lamp/reactor itself. The test organism at lower levels of UV energy would also be
performed on two units at a third party was injected into the challenge water adequately reduced by the eSpring Water
laboratory. The flow rate of the test unit entering the eSpring Water Treatment Treatment System. For this surrogate
was adjusted to a maximum of 3.4 litres/ System and the effluent stream was bacteria reduction method, Routella
minute. The lamp used in the test was sampled to determine the reduction rate on terrigena was used as the primary testing
conditioned for 150% of capacity of the this organism. The UV reduction rate was organism. The amount of UV energy
system to simulate worst case ageing. then compared to the calibration needed to reduce Routella terrigena by at
There were two different challenge waters information to determine the UV dose. least 99.9% was compared to the UV
used in this test to cover extreme energy needed to reduce several other
conditions of Total Organic Carbon (TOC), bacteria by at least 99.9%. The table below
shows these relative intensities.

Bacteria/Virus/Parasite UV Intensity for Expected Reduction Results:
99.9% Reduction at 42.2 mJ/cm2 By this method, the UV dosage of the
Shigella dysenteriae 2.0 mJ/cm2 >99.9999% eSpring™ Water Treatment System was
Vibrio cholerae 2.2 mJ/cm2 >99.9999% determined to be 42.2 mJ/cm2. This
intensity is well above the 9.1 mJ/cm2
Yesinia entertocolitica 3.7 mJ/cm2 >99.9999%
necessary to reduce Routella terrigena by
Aeromonas hydrophila 3.7 mJ/cm 2
>99.9999%
99.9%, as well as the other organisms in
Campylobacter jejuni 3.7 mJ/cm2 >99.9999% the table that require less than 9.1mJ/cm2.
Enterohemorragic Escherichia coli 4.2 mJ/cm2 >99.9999% In fact, this evaluation determined that
Salmonella typhi 6.6 mJ/cm2 >99.9999% 42.2mJ/cm2 will reduce Routella terrigena
Legionella pneumophila 7.4 mJ/cm 2
>99.9999% by more than 99.9999%. Therefore, it is
appropriate to conclude that the eSpring
Routella terrigena 9.1 mJ/cm2 >99.9999%
Water Treatment System will control all
Microspordia 9.0 mJ/cm2 >99.9999%
of the organisms listed by more than
Helicobacter 6.2 mJ/cm2 >99.9999% 99.9999%.
Hepatitis A 2.2 mJ/cm 2
>99.99%
Test Method 3 added as potassium hydrogen phthalate. Results:

The Cyst Infectivity test was performed at The turbidity was set at 3.0 NTU, using The table below shows the 99.95%
an independent, third party laboratory. 0 - 5 micron test dust. During this test, reduction performance for Cryptosporidium
Two units were tested in duplicate using the actual filter had holes drilled in it to oocysts of the eSpring Water Treatment
Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. The flow facilitate the organisms bypassing the System. This completes the three classes
rate of the test unit was adjusted to a filter and to demonstrate the UV dose of of organisms under the U.S. EPA Guide
maximum of 3.4 lpm. The lamp used in the the lamp/reactor itself. The test organism Standard and Protocol for Testing
test was conditioned for 150% of capacity was injected into the challenge water Microbiological Water Treatments.
of the system to simulate worst case entering the eSpring Water Treatment
ageing. The challenge water used in this System and the effluent stream was
test covered extreme conditions of TOC, sampled to determine the reduction rate
nitrates, nitrites and turbidity. The TOC was on this organism.
Microorganism Reduction Data

Microorganism Influent Effluent Factor Reduction
Cysts
Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts 7.9 x 103/ml 1.4/ml 99.95%

Claim 20: a the consumption of ‘liquids’, as Claim 22:
The carbon filter will treat drinking and determined in the referenced studies; Attaches to most standard kitchen
cooking water for 5,000 litres or one b most individuals consume a portion of water faucets
year, whichever comes first, well in their ‘liquids’ from sources other than The eSpring Water Treatment System
excess of the need of a family of six drinking water; and contains adapters that allow the
Introduction c the 5,000 litre endpoint for the attachment of the diverter valve to various
In order to assure that the eSpring™ Water contaminant removal testing. styles of kitchen faucets. The eSpring
Treatment System provides an adequate Water Treatment System was panel tested
supply of drinking and cooking water, an Therefore, it has been determined that with consumers. The consumers installed
analysis of water usage per family was eSpring Water Treatment System will treat the systems in their homes.
reviewed and incorporated into the well in excess of the drinking and cooking Questionnaires were used to determine
product platform. water needs for a family of six for one year. the success rate for attaching the diverter
1 National Water Summary 1983 - valves to the faucets. Of the panellists,
Results Hydrologic Events and Issues. U.S. who responded to the question, more than
The eSpring Water Treatment Sytem is Geologic Survey Water Supply, 73% were able to attach the system to
listed by NSFI for a capacity of 5,000 litres. Paper 2250. their kitchen faucet.
(1,2,3) indicate that an average family uses 2 Water Quality Association - Point of Use Claim 23:
about 1,893 litres of water per year for Treatment for Compliance with Drinking
cooking and drinking. All testing was Uses exclusive patented technology
Water Standards. May 6, 1983.
conducted to 5,000 litres in order to ensure 14 U.S. patents apply to the eSpring
the recommended one year life. 3 Statistical Abstract of the United States Water Treatment System. This product
1984, U.S. Department of Commerce,
may be covered by one or more of the
It is estimated that the average person Bureau of the Census.
following US patents and or patents
consumes 1.63 litres of ‘liquids’ per day, 4 Drinking Water and Health, Vol. 1, pending: 6,368,504; 5,573,666; 5,529,689;
based on nine different surveys taken from National Academy of Sciences, 1977. 6,436,299; 6,984,320; 6,917,163;
literature (4). This would equal 3,570 litres 6,514,420; 6,673,250; 6,806,649;
per year for a family of six. This value has Claim 21: 6,825,620; 6,831,417; 5,738,780;
been rounded up to two litres per day by 7,153,178; 7,170,200.
Convenient, replaceable carbon/UV filter
the U.S. EPA and used to calculate health
risks of exposure to water contaminants. A Consumer market testing of the eSpring
family of six, drinking two litres per day, Water Treatment System was conducted
would use 4,380 litres of water per year. in a U.S. city. During the testing, new
cartridges were supplied to the panellists,
The claim that the eSpring Water Treatment and they were asked to install the
System will provide a sufficient quantity of cartridge. Afterwards, they were asked to
adequately treated drinking and cooking rate the ease of replacing the cartridge.
water for the average family of six for one The rating scale ranged from ‘Extremely
year is based on the following: Difficult’ to ‘Extremely Easy’. More than
84% of the panellists indicated that the
cartridge was easy to replace.


Glossary of Terms
Absorb: To take in and make part of an existent Cryptosporidium: A protozoan (one-celled animal) Influent: Water flowing into the system.
whole. associated with the disease cryptosporidiosis in Inorganic contaminants: Mineral-based
Adsorb: The act of an extremely thin layer of humans. The disease can be transmitted through compounds such as metals, nitrates and asbestos.
molecules adhering to the surface of solid bodies or drinking water. Cryptosporidiosis may cause acute
diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting and fever that LED: Light-emitting diode that emits light when a
liquids with which they are in contact. current passes through it.
lasts up to two weeks in healthy adults but may be
American National Standards Institute (ANSI): chronic or fatal in immuno-compromised people. Microbiological: Having to do with microscopic
This is a private, not-for-profit organisation that forms of life.
administers and coordinates the U.S. voluntary Cyst: See protozoan.
standardisation and conformity assessment system Diverter: A valve that connects to the end of a tap Microorganism: An extremely tiny (microscopic or
(www.ansi.org). with a mode to direct the tap water through the ultramicroscopic) living being such as bacteria,
eSpring™ Water Treatment System to be treated viruses or cysts.
Aquifers: A water-saturated geologic zone that
yields a sufficiently high volume of tap water to and then back to the valve through a separate port. Monochloromines: A disinfectant used for micro-
supply wells and springs at a rate so that they can Dual-technology cartridge: refers to the fact that organism control in municipal water by combining
serve as practical sources of drinking water. the eSpring Water Treatment System combines chlorine and ammonia.
Bacteria: Class of microorganisms having rod-like, carbon block filtering with ultraviolet (UV) light to MTBE (Methyl-tert-butyl ether): An oxygenate
spiral, or filamentous single-celled or non-cellular destroy microorganisms. added to gasoline to make it burn more efficiently.
bodies, often aggregated into colonies living in soil, E. Coli: Escherichia Coli is a bacterial species that is It can leak into drinking water from underground
water, or organic matter. the major constituent of the normal intestinal flora of storage tanks, boats and jet skis and has been
humans and warm-blooded animals. The tentatively classified by the EPA as a possible human
Carbon block: A compressed or solid piece of carcinogen.
carbon, to distinguish it from the granulated carbon predominant species of a group of bacteria known
used in some water treatment systems. as fecal coliforms, e. coli is used as an indicator NSF International: An impartial, independent third
organism of faecal contamination of water from party organisation that is recognised worldwide as a
Carcinogen: Substance or agent with the potential sewage. leading expert in water treatment.
to produce or incite cancer.
Effluent: Water flowing out of the system. Oocysts: One stage in the life cycle of a large class
Channeling: An event that occurs when untreated of parasites.
water passes through a treatment device without Flow Rate: The rate that a certain volume of water
contacting the filter material or resin. flows through the system, usually measured in litres Organic contaminants: Chemical molecules that
per minute (lpm) or gallons per minute (gpm). contain carbon and other elements such as
Contaminant: In water, any substance other than hydrogen. Organic contaminants of possible
hydrogen oxide. The U.S. Environmental Protection Giardia lamblia: A protozoan that can survive in
water for up to three months, associated with the concern include chlorohydrocarbons, pesticides and
Agency has established guidelines for three different others.
classes of contaminants. disease giardiasis. The symptoms of this
gastrointestinal disease may persist for weeks or Point of use: A water treatment system that treats
• Aesthetic-effect contaminants (substances) that months and include diarrhoea, fatigue and cramps. water at a specific point.
are harmless but add colour or smell to water, or
make it cloudy. Ground water: The water that systems pump and Point of entry: These systems typically treat most of
treat from aquifers (see above). the water entering a residence. POE systems, or
• Cosmetic-effect contaminants (substances) may whole house systems, are usually installed after the
cause skin or tooth discolouration. Health-risk contaminant: See Contaminant, health-
effect. water meter e.g., a water softener.
• Health-effect out of alphabetical sequence PPB: Parts per billion or micrograms
contaminants may cause health problems in Inductive electronic coupling: When an electrical
conductor becomes electrified through coming near per litre (µg/L), a measurement of a concentration on
humans, either acute (short-term) effects, or a weight or volume basis.
chronic (long-term) effects such as cancer. (but not touching) a charged or magnetised body.
Microbiological contaminants tend to cause effects An electric toothbrush uses an inductive electronic
such as cramps or diarrhoea. coupling with its base to allow it to recharge.
0 Glossary of Terms

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Contents

Introduction and Why Choose the

product Information 1-17

Questions and Answers 2-37

performance Claims 38-59

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in3 3 10/6/08 4:03:37 PM

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in4 4 10/6/08 4:03:40 PM

The eSpring Water Treatment System is

Why Choose eSpring? 5

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in5 5 10/6/08 4:03:42 PM

 Water Comparison Table

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in6 6 10/6/08 4:03:42 PM

Water Comparison Table 7

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in7 7 10/6/08 4:03:47 PM

How Drinking Water Can Improve Your

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in8 8 10/6/08 4:03:51 PM

• While individual needs depend on • Beverages with caffeine - coffee, tea

What happens without water?*

Going without water has disastrous results:

• A 1% deficit in the body’s water creates thirst.

• A 5% deficit causes a slight fever.

• A 10% deficit and the tongue swells, kidneys start

• At or before 20% loss, skin cracks, organs grind to

How much Water do You need? 9

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in9 9 10/6/08 4:03:53 PM

• Water transports essential water-soluble vitamins and nutrients

• Water moistens our eyes, mouth and nasal passages,

• Water helps regulate body temperature, keeping the body

• Water allows the body’s cells to retain their structure and

• Water cushions the organs and acts as a shock absorber to

• Water provides optimum lubrication for joints.

• Water flushes kidneys to rid the body of toxic substances.

• Water carries solid waste from the body.

• Water balances electrolytes (minerals such as potassium,

• Water is a valuable source of trace minerals, such as

10 What Water Does in the Body

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in10 10 10/6/08 4:03:54 PM

From Nature to Your Home 11

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in11 11 10/6/08 4:04:00 PM

Water Treatment System

12 Eight Reasons to Choose the eSpring Water Treatment System

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in12 12 10/6/08 4:04:01 PM

eight reasons to Choose the eSpring Water Treatment System 13

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in13 13 10/6/08 4:04:05 PM

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in14 14 10/6/08 4:04:09 PM

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in15 15 10/6/08 4:04:12 PM

16 eSpring Features and Benefits

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in16 16 10/6/08 4:04:14 PM

Self-contained electronics module Allows consumers to easily replace if

Easy to install* No special tools needed

Compact diverter valve Compact unit easily attaches to most taps

Comprehensive product warranty Warranty provides peace of mind

Unit shipped pre-assembled Allows shipment of unit with carbon/UV

Exclusive patented product 14 US patents apply to the eSpring™

eSpring features and Benefits 17

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in17 17 10/6/08 4:04:21 PM

5 Materials and manufacturing process must be consistent and subject to annual

7459 AMW eSpring Manual UK_SP.in18 18 10/6/08 4:04:23 PM

product Information 1-17

Questions and Answers 2-37

Water Comparison Table

• Water transports essential water-soluble vitamins and nutrients

• Water moistens our eyes, mouth and nasal passages,

• Water helps regulate body temperature, keeping the body

• Water allows the body’s cells to retain their structure and

• Water cushions the organs and acts as a shock absorber to

• Water provides optimum lubrication for joints.

• Water flushes kidneys to rid the body of toxic substances.

• Water carries solid waste from the body.

• Water balances electrolytes (minerals such as potassium,

• Water is a valuable source of trace minerals, such as

2 Questions and Answers

2 Questions and Answers

3 Questions and Answers

3 Questions and Answers