2021 National University of Computer

and Emerging Sciences

Assignment 4
Methods of Business
Research
LAB

Submitted to: Sir Fawad

Tariq

Submitted by Group:
1) Huda Sohail (L18-0162)
2) Usama Yousaf (L18-0157)
3) Seemal Imran (L18-0174)
4) Ahtesham Ali (L18-0169)
5) Mateen Hasnain (L18-0154)

Section: BBA (6D)

Question: Chi Square
 Hypothesis:
Ho: Gender and smoking are independent.
Ha: Gender and smoking are not independent.

 Chi Square Test:

Case Processing Summary

Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Gender * Smoking 20 100.0% 0 0.0% 20 100.0%

Gender * Smoking Crosstabulation

Smoking
non-smoker smoker Total
Gender Female Count 10 1 11
Expected Count 6.1 5.0 11.0
Standardized Residual 1.6 -1.8
Male Count 1 8 9
Expected Count 5.0 4.1 9.0
Standardized Residual -1.8 2.0
Total Count 11 9 20
Expected Count 11.0 9.0 20.0

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2- Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1-
Value df sided) sided) sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 12.735a 1 .000
b
Continuity Correction 9.715 1 .002
Likelihood Ratio 14.545 1 .000
Fisher's Exact Test .001 .001
N of Valid Cases 20
 a. 3 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.05.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

 Graph:

According to this graph, out of a total of 11 females (10+1) 1 female is a smoker and 10 females
are non-smokers. Whereas, out of a total of 9 males (8+1), 1 male is a non-smoker and the
remaining 8 are smokers.

 Interpretation:
According to the Chi Square test, the p value, denoted by “Sig. (2-tailed)” is .000, which
is less than 0.005, hence the null hypothesis is rejected and we can accept the alternate
hypothesis, i.e., gender and smoking are not independent. It can also be interpreted as
there is a societal pressure on both genders regarding smoking.
According to the Crosstabulation, it can be interpreted as in females, there are a total of
11 females out of which 6 females should have been non-smokers and 5 should have
been smokers. However, there were 10 non-smoking females and only 1 smoker female.
Meanwhile, in males, 5 should have been non-smokers and 4 males should have been
 smokers however, only 1 male was a non-smoker and the rest of 8 males were smokers.
The standardized residual for both genders shows the differences between the expected
and actual count. Hence, it can be interpreted that smoking and gender are not
independent with respect to each other.

Question: Equal Proportions

 Hypothesis:
Ho: The proportions are valid.
Ha: The proportions are not valid.

 Test:
Descriptive Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum
Gift_type 201 2.8109 2.42983 1.00 12.00

Gift_type
Observed N Expected N Residual
Certificate 35 50.3 -15.3
Toys 76 50.3 25.8
cinema tickets 78 50.3 27.8
12.00 12 50.3 -38.3
Total 201

Test Statistics
Gift_type
Chi-Square 62.264a
df 3
Asymp. Sig. .000
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The
minimum expected cell frequency is 50.3.
  Interpretation:

Question: Unequal Proportions

 Hypothesis:
Ho: The proportions are valid.
Ha: The proportions are not valid.

 Test:

 Interpretation: