Linear Algebra 

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Teacher s name : Maani Al saraf Second Level 2015 – 2016

Theorem

Let S = { u1 , u2 , ….. , un } be an orthonormal basis for a Euclidean

space V and let v any vector in V, then

v = c1v1 + c2v2 + …….. + cnvn

where ci = ( v , ui ) , i = 1 , 2 , …….. , n

Example

Let S = { u1 , u2 , u3 }be a basis for R3

Solution

v = c1 u1 + c2 u2 + c3 u3 .

by theorem ci = ( v , ui )

 c1 =

c2 = .

c3 = .
 Linear Algebra 
,
Teacher s name : Maani Al saraf Second Level 2015 – 2016

Theorem [Grom – Schmidt Process]

Let V be an inner product space and w 0 an n- dimensional subspace of

V, then there exist an orthonormal basis T = { w1 , w2 , ….. , wn } for w .

Gram – Schmidt Process :

Let S = { u1 , u2 , ……….. , um } be any basis for W where W is subspace
of V then:

v 1 = u1

and v2 = u2 + a1v1 = u2 v1

where a1 =-

and :

v 3 = u3 –

and :

Then we have an orthogornal set :

T* = { v1 , v2 , v3 , ………. , vn }

So, we conclude that T*is basis for W if we now let wi

 Linear Algebra 
,
Teacher s name : Maani Al saraf Second Level 2015 – 2016

for i = 1 ,2 , 3 , …. , m then T = { w1 , w2 , w3 , ………. , wm } is an

orthonormal basis for W .

Example:
Let W be the subspace of the Eucliden space of R4 with the standard
inner product with basis S = { u1 , u2 , u3 } where :

Transform S to an orthonormal basis T = { w1 , w2 , w3 } .

Solution:
First, let v1 = u1 then we find that

Multiplying v2 by 3 to clear fractions, we get :

 Linear Algebra 
,
Teacher s name : Maani Al saraf Second Level 2015 – 2016

Multiplying v3 by 5 we get that :

so, S = { v1 , v2 , v3 } = is an orthogonal basis is for

W.

Multiplying each vector in S by the reciprocal of its length yields :

which is an orthonormal basis for W .