Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Linear Algebra: Beann
Linear Algebra: Beann
,
Teacher s name : Maani Al saraf Second Level 2015 – 2016
the matrix .
In – A =
Is called the characteristic polynomial of A . the equation
P ( ) = det (In – A ) = 0
Theorem:
Let A be an n× n matrix . the eigenvalues of A are the roots of
characteristic polynomial of A .
Proof:
Let X in R2 be an eigenvectors of A associated with eigenvalue λ .then
AX=λX
A X = ( λ In ) X
( λ In – A ) X= 0
det ( λ In – A ) = 0
det ( λ In – A ) = 0
( λ In – A ) X = 0
λ is eigenvalue of A .
Example:
Solution:
P ( λ ) = det ( λ I3 – A ) =
( λ – 1 ) (λ2 – 5 λ + 6 ) = 0
λ1 = 1 , λ2 = 2 , λ3 = 3
To find an eigenvector X1 associated with λ 1 = 1
-2 x2 + x3 = 0 x2 = x3
- x1 + x2 – x3 = 0 - x1 – x3 = 0
x 1 = x3 x3 = r , x 1 = , x2 =
–
X1 =
X1 =
x1 -2 x2 + x3 = 0
[ - x1 + 2 x 2 – x3 = 0 ] * - 2
- 4 x1 + 4 x2 – 3 x3 = 0
x 3 = - x1 + 2 x 2
- 2 x1 – x3 = 0
x3 = - 2 x1
- . ( - 4 ) – 3 r + 4 x2 = 0
2 r – 3 r + 4 x2 = 0
- r = - 4 x2
x2 =
X2 = =
2 x1 – 2 x2 + x3 = 0 ………….... ( 1)
- x1 + 3 x2 – x3 = 0 …………….( 2 )
- 4 x1 + 4 x2 – 2 x3 = 0
In Equation ( 1 )
x3 = 2 x2 – 2 x1
In Equation ( 2 )
- x1 + 3 x 2 + 2 x 1 – 2 x2 – 0
x1 + x2 = 0 x1 = - x2
If x2 = r x1= - r
x3 = 2 r – 2 ( - r ) = 4 r
X3 =
Example:
Compute the eigenvalue and associated eigenvectors of
Solution:
the characteristic polynomial of A is :
P ( λ ) = det ( λ I3 – A ) = =0
3 x1 – 3 x3 = 0 x1 = x3 x3 = r x1 = r
- x1 + 3 x2 + x3 = 0
- x2 = 0 x2 = 0
X1 =
X1 =
To find an eigenvector X2 associated with λ2 = i
i x1 – 3 x3 = 0 3x3 = i x1 if x3 = r x1 = r
- x1 + i x2 + x 3 = 0
– x2 +( i – 3 ) x3 = 0 x2 = ( i – 3 ) r
X3 =
Example:
Compute the eigenvalue and associated eigenvectors of :
A = .
Solution:
P( λ ) = det ( λI3 – A ) = = λ (λ + 1 ) (λ + 2 )
λ (λ + 1 ) (λ + 2 ) = 0
λ1 = 0 , λ2 = -1 , λ3 = -2
x1 = 0 , 2 x2 = 0 x2 = 0 , x3 = r
X1 =
X1 =
x1 = r
- x1 + x2 = 0 x1 = x2 x2 = r
- x3 = 0 x3 = 0
X2 =
X2 =
- x1 = 0 x1 = 0
x2 = r
- 2x3 = 0 x3 = 0
X3 =