See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/316213051

Research on cutting performance of ceramic cutting tools in milling high

density fiberboard

Article · January 2017

CITATIONS READS

7 158

6 authors, including:

Zhaolong Zhu Bin Na

Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Forestry University
16 PUBLICATIONS   39 CITATIONS    10 PUBLICATIONS   115 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Mats Ekevad
Luleå University of Technology
68 PUBLICATIONS   419 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

SPC machining View project

Structural Robustness in Timber Buildings View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Zhaolong Zhu on 12 March 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

WOOD RESEARCH
62 (1): 2017
125-138

RESEARCH ON CUTTING PERFORMANCE OF CERAMIC

CUTTING TOOLS IN MILLING HIGH DENSITY
FIBERBOARD

Zhaolong Zhu, Xiaolei Guo, Bin Na, Xingyu Liang

Nanjing Forestry University, Faculty of Material Science and Engineering
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Mats Ekevad
Luleå University of Technology, Division of Wood Science
and Engineering
Skellefteå, Sweden

Futang Ji
Shanghai Vohringer Wood Product Co., Ltd
Shanghai, China

(Received September 2016)

ABSTRACT

The effect of cutting parameters and tool parameters on cutting forces and tool wear were
investigated in high density fiberboard (HDF) peripheral up-milling using toughened ceramic
cutting tools. The results showed that whether at low speed cutting or high speed cutting, the
tangential forces Ft and normal forces Fr increased slowly with the increase of cutting length. The
tangential forces Ft and normal forces Fr at low speed cutting were higher than that at high speed
cutting. The tangential forces Ft and normal forces Fr decreased with the decrease of wedge angle
in the same rake angle. Then, the effect of high cutting speed on the flank wear was greater than
that at low cutting speed. The bigger wedge angle tools led to the serious flank wear. The main
wear pattern in milling HDF consisted of pull-out of the grain, flaking, chipping and cracking,
the main wear mechanism were adhesive and abrasive wear.

KEYWORDS: Ceramic cutting tool, high density fiberboard, cutting forces, tool wear.

INTRODUCTION

High density fiberboard (HDF) is a wood-composites formed by break down softwood and

125
WOOD RESEARCH

hardwood into wood fiber, in a defibrator, combining it with wax and resin, and forming panels
by applying high temperature and pressure in a hot press (Ayrilmis et al. 2007). Since 1999, China
has become the largest country in the production of fiberboard, and high density fiberboard
with its fine texture, stable performance, strong grip nails, well resistance to deformation,
surface decoration, is more and more popular used in the world, which has been widely used in
construction and building industries.
With broadening application of HDF, it has been applied in door, windows, furniture,
and other complicated profiled product, most secondary processing methods such as milling,
planning, routing and sanding, have been conducted. Especially, peripheral milling, which is a
process consisting of a rotary cutting motion and a linear feeding motion, is the most common
machining operation, a material removal process, which can create a variety of features on a part
by cutting away the unwanted material (Guo et al. 2015).
As mentioned above, due to the mass production of high density fiberboard, it has given great
challenges to the wood processing industries. At present, the most frequently used wood cutting
tool material is cemented carbide. Even though cemented carbide cutting tools can provide a good
ration of hardness and fracture toughness (Guo et al. 2014a, b), but it can’t meet the modern wood
processing industry. As we all know, the wood cutting processing is very complicated as cutting
speed are higher 5 times than conventional metal cutting speed (Sommer et al. 2013a, b). Wooden
products are anisotropic and inhomogeneous contain knots and silicates. Besides, the tannins
and abrasive in the wooden products also shorten the lifetime of cutting tools (Darmawan et al.
2011), leading to the low efficiency of industrial production. In order to improve the efficiency,
monocrystalline diamond tools with highest hardness of more than 10000 HV are used in wood
processing. Because of the expensive cost, it can’t be used widely (Sommer et al. 2013a, b). Those
all make our eyes turn to ceramic cutting tools spontaneously.
Due to the fracture toughness of ceramic, it limited the application in wood processing.
However, with the development of toughening technology (Gogolewski et al. 2009), ceramics has
become promising material as it exhibit high hardness, excellent wear resistance and no sensitivity
to chemical attack (Smirnov et al. 2011, Sommer et al. 2012). Moreover, the low density may
offer benefits in high speed cutting, where centrifugal forces due to high spindle rotation occur
(Sommer et al. 2013a, b). Last, it has low friction coefficient, which is more conducive to
high-speed wood processing (Guo et al. 2013). All in all, comparing with cemented carbide
and diamond cutting tools, ceramic cutting tools has the advantage that they can’t go beyond.
Gogolewski et al. (2009) was the first person to study the alumina based ceramic cutting
tools for machining, his research showed that the main wear was chipping, but when grain
sizes were reduced, the main wear became abrasive wear. A feasibility research carried out by
Eblagon et al. (2007), their results showed ceramic cutting tools have superior lifetime compared
with cemented carbide cutting tools. Then, Streher et al. (2012) measured the edge recession after
the lifetime cutting test, they found the recession of the Si3N4/SiC cutting tools is less than one
half of the minimum edge recession of the cemented carbide cutting tools. Streher et al. (20012)
found that Si3N4 –based ceramic matrix composites have the potential to be used for industrial
wood-cutting insert by a series of experiments. In fact, there are few studies about ceramic cutting
tools used in wood processing compared with the studies on ceramic cutting tools used in metal
processing (Tian et al. 2013) which results in many puzzling problems, such as how to improve
the cutting performance, design the reasonable tool parameters and cutting parameter.
In order to provide theoretical basis of ceramic cutting tools used in wood processing, this
paper took an experimental study on cutting performance of different structural parameters
ceramic cutting tools at different cutting speed in milling HDF. The effect of cutting speed,
cutting length, and tool parameter on cutting forces and tool wear were investigated and discussed.

126
 Vol. 62 (1): 2017

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material
Workpiece materials
The HDF was used as the tested samples in this experiment which was supplied by
Shengxiang group Co.Ltd.in China. The dimension of the tested HDF samples was 150 × 80 ×
10.7 mm (L × W × T). The physical and mechanical properties of HDF are described in Tab. 1.

Tab.1: Physical and mechanical properties of HDF.

Sample Density (kg.m-3) MOE (MPa) MOR (MPa)
HDF 861 4312 49.7

Cutting tools
In this experiment, Al2O3 ceramic cutting tools, made by Kyocera Trading Co.Ltd.in
China, were used in these milling tests, which were toughened by TiC. The cutter is capable of
carrying six inserts with a diameter of 100 mm. In each test, six inserts were mounted on the
cutter to maintain constant cutting condition. Then, the structure parameter and mechanical
properties of ceramic cutting tools are given in Fig.1 and Tab. 2.

Fig.1: The structure parameter of ceramic cutting tools.

Tab.2: The structure parameter and mechanical properties of tools.

Structure parameter Mechanical properties
Ceramic
Flexural
cutting Rake Wedge Flank Chemical Hardness/ Toughness
strength
tools angle (°) angle (°) angle (°) composition (GPa) (MPa)
(MPa)
Tool A 6 79 5
Tool B 6 75 9 Al 2O3+TiC 20.1 980 4.1
Tool C 6 70 14

Methods
Experiment set up
Up-milling was adopted for the test of cutting forces and tool wear, which were performed
on a CNC machine (MGk01A, Nanxing group Co. Ltd, China).In the process of milling
experiment, the dynamic cutting forces Fx , Fy and Fz were measured using a quartz three-
component dynamometer (Kistler 9257B, Swizerland). As shown in Fig. 2, during milling,
HDF samples were fastened to dynamometer, which fixed to the worktable. A charge amplify
was used to amplify and condition input date, then the computer can get the date of the dynamic
cutting forces. The cutting force were measured according to Fx, Fy and Fz directions, Fx was

127
WOOD RESEARCH

defined as the cutting force component parallel to feed direction, Fy was defined as the cutting
force component perpendicular to feed direction. Fz was defined as the cutting force component
parallel to axial direction, due to the ceramic cutting tools with straight cutting edges, the axial
cutting forces Fz are almost zero and will not be consider as specialized problems. At each test,
cutting forces were measured three times and a mean value was reported. After the end of milling
experiment, the microstructure of ceramic cutting tools were observed by SEM and the wear
mechanism of ceramic cutting tools were analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy EDS, that
all revealed the performance of ceramic cutting tools in milling HDF.

Fig.2: The schematic diagram of cutting forces measuring system.

Experimental design
The experiments were performed with three structure parameters tools, showed in Tab. 2,
at two different cutting speed, showed in Tab. 3. For the better analysis, this paper selected two
different feed and spindle speed, but in the same cutting depth and the average chip thickness
in the whole experiment. It is worth mention that the average chip thickness was attained by
combination of low rotation and feed speed in low speed cutting condition and high rotation and
feed speed in high speed cutting condition. Tab. 3 shows how the average chip thickness could
be obtained in different ways where the number of teeth (z) was 6, the depth of cut (h) was 1 mm
and the cutting diameter (D) was 100 mm. All in all, there are two groups of cutting condition:
low speed cutting condition and high speed condition, which could reach the same average chip
thickness in this set up. The aim of such experiment design was to investigate the effect of cutting
speed, cutting length and structure parameter on cutting forces and tool wear in the same average
chip thickness.

The average chip thickness calculating Eq. 1 based on the Eq. given by Koch (1964):

(mm) (1)

where: aav - average chip thickness (mm), that can calculate from Eq. 1,
U - feed rate (mm.min-1),
n - rotation speed (rpm),
z - number of teeth on tool,
h - cutting depth (mm),
D - diameter of tool (mm).

128
 Vol. 62 (1): 2017

Tab. 3: The design of the same average chip thickness value can be reached either by changing the feed rate
at low rotation speed or by changing the feed rate at high rotation speed.
Test n U aav h Cutting
Tools Cutting condition
number (r.min-1) (mm.min-1) (mm) (mm) length (m)
1 5000 30000 0.1 A/B/C 1 0 Low speed cutting
2 5000 30000 0.1 A/B/C 1 5 Low speed cutting
3 5000 30000 0.1 A/B/C 1 10 Low speed cutting
4 5000 30000 0.1 A/B/C 1 15 Low speed cutting
5 5000 30000 0.1 A/B/C 1 20 Low speed cutting
6 5000 30000 0.1 A/B/C 1 25 Low speed cutting
7 10000 60000 0.1 A/B/C 1 0 High speed cutting
8 10000 60000 0.1 A/B/C 1 5 High speed cutting
9 10000 60000 0.1 A/B/C 1 10 High speed cutting
10 10000 60000 0.1 A/B/C 1 15 High speed cutting
11 10000 60000 0.1 A/B/C 1 20 High speed cutting
12 10000 60000 0.1 A/B/C 1 25 High speed cutting

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mathematical model and analysis of cutting forces

As above, Fx was defined as the cutting force component parallel to feed direction, Fy was
defined as the cutting force component perpendicular to feed direction, which all got from
the date of the dynamic cutting forces in computer. θ (°) was defined as the angle between the
direction of rotation and the direction of feed. In order to study the cutting force better preferably,
the tangential forces Ft and the normal forces Fr were used as reference values, which represented
the cutting forces component perpendicular to the radius direction and parallel to the radius
direction respectively. Then, it can be obtained by conversion Eqs. 2 and 3.
The angle between the direction of rotation and the direction of feed calculating Eq. 2 and
cutting forces conversion Eq. 3:

(2)

(3)

where: h=1 mm, D=100 mm, sin θ=0.1 and cos θ=0.995, then the cutting forces Ft and Fr can
be calculated according to the Eqs. 2 and 3.

Fig. 3: The schematic diagram of cutting forces.

129
WOOD RESEARCH

Fig. 4 shows the signal graph of transformed cutting forces, the conclusion can be got that
the milling was a discontinuous process. Each cutting edge started from the moment of cutting
the workpiece and end to the moment of leaving the work piece, at the same time, the cutting
forces increased from zero to the maximum, then decreased from maximum to zero, which was
defined as a milling cycle. In each milling cycle, the change of the tangential forces Ft was bigger
than the normal forces Fr. In cutting processing, the tangential forces Ft came from the rake
face that removed the chips connected with machined surface ,the clearance fake that overcame
the friction between and machined surface, and the cutting edge that destroyed he HDF. The
normal forces Fr came from the extrusion that originated in the elastic deformation of workpiece.
Besides, some jagged peaks exist in picture, it was due to the vibration of engine bed and some
hard particles exist in HDF, which affect the dynamic cutting forces.

Fig. 4: The signal graph of transformed cutting forces (tool C at low speed cutting).

Influential factors analysis of the cutting forces

Cutting forces, which are importance basis for tool design, are affected by many factors, such
as workpiece material, cutting speed, cutting thickness, friction, cutting length, tool parameter,
etc. (Guo et al. 2014). Hernandez et al. (2014) studied the effects of rake angle, cutting direction,
and cutting depth on cutting forces, which showed that as rake angle increased, cutting forces
decreased. Džinčić and Skakić (2012) showed with regard to intensity, cutting depth has a greater
effect on the cutting force; If the cutting depth increases, the increase of cutting force was faster
when feed per edge was greater. If the feed per edge was increased, the increase of tangential
cutting force was more significant when the value of cutting depth was greater. In this paper, the
effects of cutting length, cutting speed and tool parameter on the cutting forces are researched.

The influence of cutting length on cutting forces

As shown in Fig. 5, under the same average chip thickness condition, whether at low
cutting speed cutting or at high speed cutting, the tangential forces Ft and the normal forces Fr
increased slowly with the increase of cutting length. Because tool wear became the main reason
for the increase of cutting forces. With the increase of cutting length, the cutting edge became
wear increasing gradually, even appeared breakage, which led to the increase of resistance in
separating chips from workpiece. The flank wear increased, which results in the more serious
friction between the flank and the machined surface. For these two reasons were the cutting
forces increased with increase of cutting length.

130
 Vol. 62 (1): 2017

Fig. 5: The influence of cutting length on cutting forces.

The influence of cutting speed on cutting forces

As shown in Fig. 6, the influence of cutting speed on the cutting forces is relatively obvious,
which reveals the tangential forces Ft and the normal forces Fr at low speed cutting are higher
than that at high speed cutting. The result accords with the experimental conclusion of the
classical alonmen experiment. Because in unit time, with the increase of cutting speed, the
friction frequency between tool and workpiece was increased, then the temperature of contact
zone was increased and led to the lower friction coefficient, what’s more, with the increase of
cutting speed, the deformation coefficient of chips became lower. Finally, the tangential forces Ft
and normal forces Fr at low speed cutting were higher than that at high speed cutting.

Fig. 6: The influence of cutting speed on cutting forces.

The influence of tool parameter on cutting forces

The influence of tool parameter on cutting forces is shown in Fig. 7, which reveals whether
at high cutting speed cutting or in low cutting speed, the tangential forces Ft and normal forces Fr
decreased with the decrease of wedge angle at the same rake angle. The reasons are as follow, in
the same rake angle, the sharper cutting tool was more easily to split the glue between the fibers.
Then with the increase of clearance angle, the friction between flank and machined surface was
decreased, which all led to the decrease of cutting forces.

131
WOOD RESEARCH

Fig. 7: The influence of tool parameter on cutting forces.

Influential factors analysis of the tool wear

Tool wear is a complex process, which is caused by the comprehensive effect of chemical,
mechanical and thermal. Along with the cutting process, the cutting edge is gradually worn away
from sharp edge, which led to the increase of cutting forces, the decrease of cutting quality, and
the increase of cutting temperature (Guo et al. 2016). In this paper, the effect of cutting length,
cutting speed and tool parameter on tool wear was investigated and discussed.

The influence of cutting length on tool flank wear

Fig. 8 shows the influence of cutting length on tool flank wear, which reveals the tool flank
wear increases with the increase of the cutting length. Because with the increase of cutting
length, the cutting edge became wear increasing gradually, the friction between the tool and the
workpiece increased, and cutting temperature increased too. In addition, in the cutting process,
cutting tools inevitably encountered some hard particles, which all had a great influence on tool
wear. It can be seen from the figure that the tool appeared wear in different degree, it included
pull-out of the grain, flaking, chipping and cracking.

132
 Vol. 62 (1): 2017

Fig. 8: The influence of cutting length on tool flank wear and wear figure of each period.

The influence of cutting speed on tool flank wear

Fig. 9 shows the effect of cutting speed on tool flank wear, which reveals the effect of high
cutting speed on the flank wear was greater than that at the low cutting speed. Compared with
low cutting speed, high cutting speed included high feed speed and spindle speed, it increased
the processing capacity in unit time, which brought more resistance to the cutting edge and more
friction between tool face and workpiece. In other words, the greater resistance and friction led to
more serious tool wear. At high speed cutting processing, when encountered hard particles, which
produced more impact, it is more likely to cause wear and breakage.

133
WOOD RESEARCH

Fig. 9: The influence of cutting speed on tool flank wears.

The influence of tool parameter on tool flank wear

Fig. 10 shows the effect of tool parameter on tool flank wear, which reveals the bigger wedge
angle tool and the greater flank wear. Because the smaller wedge angle tool’s contact area of flank
face and machined surface became smaller, which led to the smaller friction, and the flank wear
decreased. Then, the smaller wedge angle meant the sharper tool and the smaller acting force
on cutting layer, it also led to the smaller flank wear. However, under the same rake angle, the
bigger clearance angler, the smaller wedge angle, which resulted in reduction of tool strength and
increase of chipping.

Fig.10: The influence of tool parameter on tool flank wear.

Wear pattern
Sommer et al. (2013a, b) machined the medium density fiberboard by ceramic tools showed
tool wear such as grain pullout, chipping, chunking and abrasive wear. In this paper, the wear
pattern was observed by SEM and analyzed by EDS, it can be obtained that the main wear
pattern consists of pull-out of the grain, flaking chipping and cracking.

134
 Vol. 62 (1): 2017

Pull-out of the grain and flaking

Fig. 8 B, C and K show the pull-out of the grain and flanking, Fig. 11 is microstructure of
flanking layer, from the figure, it can be clearly seen that the surface is relatively flat, and the
grains size is small and well-distributed, which indicates that the fracture mode is transgranular
fracture mainly. The reasons leading to pull-out of the grain and flaking are as follows the first
was due to the impact force between tool surface and hard particles in HDF. Secondly, with the
increase of cutting length, the acting force on the grain of ceramic cutting tool increased. Finally,
as the cutting temperature increased, the workpiece material was bonded to the cutting edge,
when the bond material fell off, bonding force of adhesive material resulted in pull-out of the
grain and flaking.

Fig. 11: The microstructure of flanking layer and model diagram.

Chipping
Fig. 8 D, E, F, G, H show chipping and Fig. 12 shows microstructure of chipping layer, from
the figure, it can be clearly see its surface has obvious pits and uniform size grains, which indicate
that the fracture mode is intergranular fracture mainly. In the early stage of cutting, the cutting
edge was relatively sharp, and the cutting stress concentration led to chipping. Then, in cutting
process, when tool crashed to the hard particles and adhesive filler in HDF, the change of cutting
force or instantaneous impact load was easy to lead to chipping extremely.

Fig. 12: The microstructure of chipping layer and model diagram.

Cracking
Fig. 8 L and M show cracking, the reasons for cracking are described as below, firstly, due
to the impact force from hard particles. Then, the milling was a discontinuous process, which
resulted in alternating stress. Alternating stress generates the tensile stress inside ceramic cutting
tools that led to cracking. Last, milling was cyclical process, each time, when the blade cut into
the workpiece, the temperature rise rapidly. When cut out, the temperature decreased, which
generate alternating internal stress and led to cracking.

135
WOOD RESEARCH

Wear mechanism
The wear mechanism of sialon ceramic tools were studied by Tian et al. (2013), which
showed the Wear mechanism of sialon ceramic tools was adhesive wear in milling Inconel 718.
For better understand tool wear well, SEM and EDS were used to study the wear mechanism too,
it can be obtained that the main wear mechanism were adhesive and abrasive wear.

Adhesive wear
Based on the results of elemental analysis in Fig. 13, Ti, C, Al, Ower the major elements
of alumina ceramic tool material, small amounts of elements such as K, Cl, Na were the major
elements of adhesive curing agent and filler in workpiece and Ca was the element of hard point of
calcium carbonate, which all don’t belong to the material elements of the tools. Thus it all proved
that HDF material bonded to ceramic tools, when bonding to a certain extent, the adhesive
material fell off from the cutting tools and took away some cutting tool material under the
action of impact and shear stress. Besides, alumina ceramic material is ionic bond and has strong
adsorption capacity, eventually led to adhesive wear.

Fig.13: Adhesive wear.

Abrasive wear
From Fig. 8 J, it can be seen that there are many intensive scratches on the flank face, which
is typical abrasive wear. During the milling of HDF, because of the frictional contact between the
machined surface and flank face. The hard particles such as CaCO3, adhesive filler, generated
alternating friction, slip and collision on the flank face, which caused the formation of grooves
on the flank face. What’s more, the alumina ceramic cutting tools toughened by TiC, and the
grinding capacity of TiC is comparable to diamond, when the grains pull out, TiC scratched the
flank face as well.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Under the same average chip thickness condition, whether at low cutting speed or high
cutting speed, the cutting forces all increased slowly with the increase of cutting length.
2. Under the same average chip thickness condition, the tangential forces Ft and the normal
forces Fr at low speed cutting were higher than that at high speed cutting.
3. Under the same average chip thickness condition, whether at low cutting speed or high
cutting speed, the tangential forces Ft and the normal forces Fr decreased with the decrease
of wedge angle in the same rake angle.
4. Tool flank wear increases with the increase of the cutting length.

136
 Vol. 62 (1): 2017

5. The effect of high cutting speed on the flank wear was greater than that of the low cutting
speed.
6. The bigger wedge angle tools lead to the serious flank wear.
7. When milling HDF, the main wear pattern consisted of pull-out of the grain, flaking
chipping and cracking and the main wear mechanism are adhesive and abrasive wear.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful for the support from the National Science Foundation of China
(31500480), Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher
Education Institutions (PAPD), Kyocera for supplying the samples of ceramic cutting tools and
Shengxiang group Co. Ltd supplying the samples of HDF.

REFERENCES

1. Ayrilmis, N., 2007: Effect of panel density on dimensional stability of medium and high
density fiberboards. Journal of Materials Science 42(20): 8551-8557.
2. Darmawan, W., Rahayu, I., Nandika, D., Marchal, R., 2011: Wear characteristics of wood
cutting tools caused by extractive and abrasive materials in some tropical woods, Journal of
Tropical Forest Science 23(3): 345-353.
3. Džinčić, I., Skakić, D., 2012: Determing the parameters of wood machinability as a
function of tangential cutting force during the process of machining wood by routing, Wood
Research 57(1): 161-172.
4. Eblagon, F., Ehrle, B., Graule, T., Kuebler, J., 2007: Development of silicon nitride/silicon
carbide composites for wood-cutting tools, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27(1):
419-428.
5. Gogolewski, P., Klimke, J., Krell, A., Beer, P., 2009: Al2O3 tools towards effective
machining of wood-based materials, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 209(5):
2231-2236.
6. Guo, X., Ekevad, M., Grönlund, A., Marklund, B., Cao, P., 2014a: Tool wear and machined
surface roughness during wood flour/polyethylene composite peripheral upmilling using
cemented tungsten carbide tools, Bioresources 9(3): 3779-3791.
7. Guo, X., Ekevad, M., Marklund, B., Li, R., Cao, P., Grönlund, A., 2014b: Cutting forces
and chip morphology during wood plastic composites orthogonal cutting, Bioresources 9(2):
2090-2106.
8. Guo, X., Li, R., Cao, P., Ekevad, M., Cristóvão, L., Marklund, B., Grönlund, A., 2015:
Effect of average chip thickness and cutting speed on cutting forces and surface roughness
during peripheral up milling of wood flour/polyvinyl chloride composite, Wood Research
60(1): 147-156.
9. Guo, X., Zhu, N., Wang, J., Yuan, G., Zhu, Z., Na, B., Cao, P., 2016: Effect of cutting
speed and chip thickness on cutting forces and surface roughness of fiberboard, Journal of
Forestry Engineering 1(4): 114-117.
10. Guo, X.L., Cao, P.X., Liu, H.N., Teng, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, H., 2013: Tribological
properties of ceramics tool materials in contact with wood-based materials, Advanced
Materials Research 764: 65-69.

137
 WOOD RESEARCH

11. Hernández, R., Llavé, A., Kouba, A., 2014: Effects of cutting parameters on cutting forces
and surface quality of black spruce cants, Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 72(1): 107-116.
12. Koch, P., 1964: Wood machining processes. Ronald Press, New York, 530 pp.
13. Smirnov, A., Bartolomé, J.F., Moya, J.S., Kern, F., Gadow, R., 2011: Dry reciprocating
sliding wear behaviour of alumina–silicon carbide nanocomposite fabricated by ceramic
injection molding, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 31(4): 469-474.
14. Sommer, F., Dan, T., Kern, F., Gadow, R., Heisel, U., 2013a: Medium density fiberboard
machining and wear behavior of injection-molded ceramic composite wood cutting
tools,International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 12(1): 147-156.
15. Sommer, F., Kern, F., Gadow, R., 2013b: Injection molding of ceramic cutting tools for
wood-based materials, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33: 15-16: 3115-3122.
16. Sommer, F., Landfried, R., Kern, F., Gadow, R., 2012: Mechanical properties of zirconia
toughened alumina with 10–24 vol. % 1y-tzp reinforcement, Journal of the European
Ceramic Society 32(16): 4177-4184.
17. Strehler, C., Ehrle, B., Weinreich, A., Kaiser, B., Graule, T., Aneziris, C.G.,
Kuebler, J., 2012: Lifetime and wear behavior of near net shaped si3n4/sic wood cutting
tools, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 9(2): 280-290 (11).
18. Tian, X., Zhao, J., Zhao, J., Gong, Z., Dong, Y., 2013: Effect of cutting speed on cutting
forces and wear mechanisms in high-speed face milling of in conel 718 with sialon ceramic
tools, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 69(9-12): 2669-2678.

Zhaolong Zhu, Xiaolei Guo*, Bin Na, Xingyu Liang

Nanjing Forestry University, Faculty of Material Science and Engineering
Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu
China
Corresponding author: youngleiguo@hotmail.com

Mats Ekevad
Luleå University of Technology
Division of Wood Science and Engineering
Skellefteå 93187
Sweden

Futangji
Shanghai Vohringer Wood Product Co., Ltd
Shanghai
China

138

View publication stats