Encyclopedia of Color Science and

Technology
Ming Ronnier Luo
Editor

Encyclopedia of Color
Science and Technology

With 831 Figures and 52 Tables

Editor
Ming Ronnier Luo
State Key Laboratory of Modern
Optical Instrumentation
Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, China
School of Design
University of Leeds
Leeds, UK
Graduate Institute of Colour and Illumination
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

ISBN 978-1-4419-8070-0 ISBN 978-1-4419-8071-7 (eBook)

ISBN 978-1-4419-8072-4 (print and electronic bundle)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8071-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939599

# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or
by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York
I like to dedicate this work to my family, my wife, Huimin, my son,
Alan, and my daughter, Tina. They have given their unlimited
supports over the years. Also, to my colleagues and students, for
whom we have been able to continue to challenge the boundary of
color science and technology.
Preface

Color is everywhere in daily life. It makes the world vibrant and exciting.
However, we frequently make difficult color decisions and struggle to describe
them precisely. Color on its own spans physics, chemistry, computing, psy-
chology, and perception, and contributes fundamentally to art, design, and
media. With this in mind, the primary goal of this publication was to provide a
comprehensive and multidisciplinary reference to the main fields in which
color is relevant. It can be used to promote the fields of color science and
technology, to cover a wide range of disciplines, to provide good introductory
material for beginners, and to attract a new generation of color researchers and
engineers. I am very proud to say we have successfully achieved this goal.
Readers will be able to survey information on color related subjects from many
different aspects and influence the way people work with color. It has been a
great honor and pleasure to coordinate this ambitious project. As an educator in
the field of color technology, I have been fortunate to lead the project that
includes 14 sections divided into 254 chapters. In total, 153 experts were
invited to contribute to the work. This is the first reference work to refer to
color from the different points of view of color vision, color appearance,
optical phenomena, colorants, metrology, color spaces, and many other color
related topics. It also includes domain specific entries such as color and
visualization, color in graphics, image processing, and color management.
Readers can access each topic as a printed reference and also as part of
Springer online reference material. In addition, each author will continue to
update their material for years to come. Although a substantial amount of work
has been accomplished, it is planned to extend the encyclopaedia to include
new content as it becomes relevant and available.

Ming Ronnier Luo

vii
Acknowledgments

I would like to thank all the contributors, including the section leaders, who
each assembled a strong group of authors in their specific expert areas, and all
the authors who prepared high quality input in a timely manner. I would like to
particularly thank Prof. van Bommout who almost single handedly delivered
the section on lighting technology based on his vast knowledge of the subject.
I would also like to thank the late Prof. Janos Schanda for leading the section
on CIE standards. It is with sadness that we learnt he had passed away during a
busy period of preparation: he will be greatly missed by all color people.

ix
About the Editor

Over the past 30 years, Ming Ronnier Luo has been involved in the field of
color science and color technology. His major contributions to color science
include advances in color difference evaluation, color appearance modeling,
color emotion and harmony understanding and prediction, and lighting quality
measurement. His mission has always been one of international dissemination
of color expertise. He has created color and appearance postgraduate depart-
ments at universities in China, Taiwan, and UK, and currently he is a Global
Expertise Professor at Zhejiang University (China), the Professor of Color and
Imaging Science at the University of Leeds (UK), and a Chair Professor at the
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (R.O.C.). He and his
colleagues have copublished over 500 refereed journal and conference papers.
He has successfully supervised 45 PhD students and has taught color science
courses to over 500 master students. These are now spread across all continents
in academic institutions and industry. He has been heavily involved with the
International Commission on Illumination (CIE), the world authority for the
standardization and specification of color and lighting, presently holding the
post of Vice President Publishing (2015–2019). He served the Director of CIE
Division One on Vision and Color (2007–2015), and a chair or an active
member of various technical and standardization committees. He was also
Chairman of the Color Measurement Committee of the Society of Dyers and
Colorists (1997–2002).
Ronnier has always worked closely with industry and strongly believes in
the transfer of technology. Many of his new technologies have become suc-
cessful industrial products, collaborating with international companies

xi
xii About the Editor

covering the surface color, imaging, and illumination and supply chain
industries.
In recognition of his contributions to color science and technology, he has
gained a number of awards. These include the Dyers’ Company Silver Medal
(1986–1987), The Bartleson Research Award (1994), and the Davis Medal of
the Royal Photographic Society (2003). He was awarded the title of Fellow of
the Society of Dyers and Colorists in 2000, their Centenary Medal in 2004, and
their Gold Medal in 2009. He became a Fellow of the Society of Image Science
and Technology (2002) and the Dyers’ Company Research Medallist in
(2006).
Section Editors

1. Section: Language and Cognition

Kimberly A. Jameson Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences,

University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

2. Section: Standards: CIE

Ming Ronnier Luo State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumenta-

tion, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Graduate Institute of Colour and Illumination, National Taiwan University of
Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

xiii
xiv Section Editors

János Schanda Veszprém, Hungary

3. Section: Color Engineering: Computations

Philipp Urban Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD,

Technische Universit€at Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

4. Section: Metrology: Concepts and Devices

Tzeng-Yow Lin National Measurement Laboratory R.O.C., Hsinchu,

Taiwan, R.O.C.
Section Editors xv

5. Section: Vision: Concepts

Sophie Wuerger Department of Psychological Sciences, University of

Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
6. Section: Lighting

Wout van Bommel Nuenen, The Netherlands

7. Section: Materials: General

Stephen Burkinshaw School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, West

Yorkshire, UK
xvi Section Editors

8. Section: Computer Graphics

Erik Reinhard Technicolor Research and Innovation, Cesson-Sévigné,

France
9. Section: Physics

Joanne Zwinkels National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

10. Section: Vision: Concepts-2

Miyoshi Ayama Graduate School of Engineering/Center for Optical

Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Utsunomiya, Japan
Section Editors xvii

11. Section: Art and Design

José Luis Caivano Secretaria de Investigaciones FADU-UBA, Universidad

de Buenos Aires, and Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
12. Section: People

Renzo Shamey Color Science and Imaging Laboratory, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC, USA

13. Section: Vision: Phenomena

14. Section: Vision: Physiology

Caterina Ripamonti Cambridge Research Systems Ltd, Rochester, Kent, UK

xviii Section Editors

15. Section: Color Science: Computations

Stephen Westland Colour Science and Technology, University of Leeds,

Leeds, UK
List of Contributors

Jonathan Aboshiha The UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and Moorfields

Eye Hospital, London, UK
Nancy Alvarado Department of Psychology and Sociology, California State
Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, USA
Seyed Hossein Amirshahi AUT Textile Department, Amirkabir University
of Technology, Tehran Polytechnic, Tehran, Iran
Malvina Arrarte-Grau Architecture, Landscape and Color Design,
Arquitectura Paisajismo Color, Lima, Peru
Ulrich Bachmann Institute of Colour and Light, Zurich, Switzerland
Thomas Bechtold Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Phys-
ics, Leopold Franzens University of Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Vorarlberg, Austria
Tony Belpaeme School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plym-
outh, Plymouth, UK
Nathan A. Benjamin Calit2, Computer Science, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Martin Bide Department of Textiles, University of Rhode Island, Fashion
Merchandising and Design, Kingston, RI, USA
David L. Bimler School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston
North, New Zealand
Valerie Bonnardel Psychology, University of Winchester, Winchester,
Hampshire, UK
Alex Bourque Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS,
Canada
David Briggs Public Programs, National Art School, Sydney, NSW,
Australia
Michael H. Brill Datacolor, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
Berit Brogaard Department of Philosophy and the Brogaard Lab for Multi-
sensory Research, University of Miami and University of Oslo, Miami, FL,
USA

xix
xx List of Contributors

Angela M. Brown College of Optometry, Department of Optometry, Ohio

State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Robert R. Buckley National Archives of the UAE, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester,
Rochester, NY, USA
John D. Bullough Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti-
tute, Troy, NY, USA
José Luis Caivano Secretaria de Investigaciones FADU-UBA, Universidad
de Buenos Aires, and Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Ellen C. Carter Color Research and Application and, Konica Minolta,
Pennsville, NJ, USA
J. N. Chakraborty Department of Textile Technology, National Institute of
Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Stephanie M. Chang Calit2, Computer Science, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Mark Changizi Institute for the Study of Human and Machine Cognition,
Boise, ID, USA
Cheng-Hsien Chen Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technol-
ogy Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Vladimir G. Chigrinov Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineer-
ing, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Jae Hong Choi Department of Textile System Engineering, Kyungpook
National University, Daegu, South Korea
Yi-Chen Chuang Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology
Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Filip Ciesielczyk Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan
University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
Richard S. Cook Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berke-
ley, CA, USA
Osvaldo Da Pos Department of Psychology, University of Padua, Padua,
Italy
Olga Daneyko Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma,
Italy
Don Dedrick Department of Philosophy and Department of Psychology,
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
Peter Dehoff Zumtobel Lighting, Dornbirn, Austria
Prutha S. Deshpande Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine,
CA, USA
List of Contributors xxi

Oskar Elek Computer Graphics Department, Max-Planck-Institut

Informatik, Saarbr€ucken, Germany
Mark D. Fairchild College of Science, Rochester Institute of Technology,
Rochester, NY, USA
Mariana Figueiro Lighting Research Center, Troy, NY, USA
Anna Franklin Psychology, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
Harold Freeman Fiber and Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC, USA
Sergio Gago Calit2, School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine,
Irvine, CA, USA
Karl Gegenfurtner Department of Psychology, Giessen University, Giessen,
Germany
Alan Gilchrist Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ,
USA
Edward J. Giorgianni Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Adam Głaz Institute of English Studies, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Univer-
sity, Lublin, Poland
Simone Gori Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of
Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
Developmental Neuropsychology Unit, Scientific Institute “E. Medea”,
Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
Parikshit Goswami School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, West
Yorkshire, UK
Paul Green-Armytage School of Design and Art, Curtin University, Perth,
Australia
Thomas L. Griffiths Department of Psychology, University of California at
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
J. Richard Hanley Department of Psychology, University of Essex,
Colchester, UK
C. L. Hardin Department of Philosophy, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY,
USA
Amanda Hardman School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aber-
deen, UK
Ian G. Harris Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Mathieu Hébert ERIS Group, CNRS, UMR 5516, Laboratoire Hubert
Curien, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet de Saint-Etienne, Saint-
Etienne, France
xxii List of Contributors

Roger D. Hersch Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL),

Lausanne, Switzerland
Robert Hirschler SENAI/CETIQT Colour Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brazil
Donald Hoffman Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of
California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Stephanie Huette Department of Psychology, University of Memphis,
Memphis, TN, USA
Shao-Tang Hung Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology
Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Robert W. G. Hunt Department of Colour Science, University of Leeds,
Leeds, UK
Kimberly A. Jameson Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences,
University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Teofil Jesionowski Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering,
Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
Yang Jiao Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Gabriele Jordan Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcas-
tle upon Tyne, UK
Paul Kay Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA,
USA
Algy Kazlauciunas Department of Color Science, University of Leeds,
Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
Sung-Hoon Kim Department of Textile System Engineering, Kyungpook
National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Daniel C. Kiper Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Eric Kirchner Color Research, AkzoNobel Performance Coatings,
Sassenheim, The Netherlands
Akiyoshi Kitaoka Department of Psychology, Ritsumeikan University,
Kyoto, Japan
Martine Knoop Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
Balázs Kránicz University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
John H. Krantz Natural Sciences, Department of Psychology, Hanover
College, Hanover, IN, USA
Rolf G. Kuehni Charlotte, NC, USA
Eun-Mi Lee Department of Textile System Engineering, Kyungpook
National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
List of Contributors xxiii

David J. Lockwood Measurement Science and Standards, National Research

Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Jorge Lopez-Moreno GMRV Group, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos,
Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
Robert Lucas Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manches-
ter, UK
Ming Ronnier Luo State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumenta-
tion, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Graduate Institute of Colour and Illumination, National Taiwan University of
Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
Colin M. MacLeod Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, ON, Canada
Kevin Mansfield UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering,
London, UK
John Mardaljevic School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough
University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
Maria Manuela Marques Raposo Department of Chemistry, University of
Minho, Braga, Portugal
Jasna Martinovic School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,
UK
Barry Maund Department of Philosophy, The University of Western
Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
John McCann McCann Imaging, Arlington, MA, USA
Terry McGowan Lighting Ideas, Inc, Cleveland Hts., OH, USA
Manuel Melgosa Optics Department, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Ralf Michel Institute Integrative Design | Master Studio Design, University
of Applied Sciences FHNW Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Galen Minah College of Built Environments, Department of Architecture,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Yoko Mizokami Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba
University, Chiba, Japan
John D. Mollon Department of Experimental Psychology, Cambridge
University, Cambridge, UK
Guillermo Monros Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica,
Universitat Jaume I, Edifici Científico-Tècnic, Castelló, Spain
Nathan Moroney Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA
xxiv List of Contributors

Jan Morovic Hewlett-Packard Company, Sant Cugat del Valles/Barcelona,

Catalonia, Spain
Maria Luisa Musso Architecture, Design and Urbanism, Color Research
Program, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Antal Nemcsics Department of Architecture, Budapest University of Tech-
nology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
Larissa Noury Colour-Space-Culture, Paris, France
Leonhard Oberascher FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Graz,
Salzburg, Austria
Zena O’Connor Architecture, Design and Planning, University of Sydney,
Sydney, Australia
Claudio Oleari Department of Physics, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Nilg€
un Olgunt€ urk Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental
Design, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture, Bilkent University, Ankara,
Turkey
Gertrud Olsson School of Architecture, KTH, Royal Institute of Technol-
ogy, Stockholm, Sweden
Roy Osborne Color Research and Application, The Colour Group of Great
Britain, London, UK
Gilles Page Philips Lighting, Miribel, France
Stephen E. Palmer Department of Psychology, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Galina V. Paramei Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University,
Liverpool, UK
Neil Parry Vision Science Centre, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Central
Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Aca-
demic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute of Human Develop-
ment, University of Manchester, UK
Baingio Pinna Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Università
degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
Renata Pompas Milan, Italy
Bao-Jen Pong Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology
Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Tania Pouli Technicolor, Cesson-Sévigné, France
Peter Raynham University College of London, London, UK
Tobias Ritschel Department of Computer Graphics, MPI Informatik,
Saarbr€
ucken, Germany
List of Contributors xxv

Herzog Robert Max-Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr€ucken, Germany

Marisa Rodriguez-Carmona Optometry and Visual Science, City Univer-
sity London, London, UK
Georges Roque Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris,
France
Miho Saito Department of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima,
Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
Masato Sakurai Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Nonoichi, Ishikawa,
Japan
Abhijit Sarkar Surface, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA
János Schanda Veszprém, Hungary
Karen B. Schloss Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological
Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Eriko Miyahara Self California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
Renzo Shamey Color Science and Imaging Laboratory, College of Textiles,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
David R. Simmons School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow,
Scotland, UK
Alessandro Soranzo Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
Andrew Stockman Department of Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Ophthalmology, London, UK
Kartic Subr Department of Computer Science, University College London,
London, UK
Suchitra Sueeprasan Department of Imaging and Printing Technology,
Chulalongkorn University Intellectual Repository, Chulalongkorn University,
Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
Lois Swirnoff The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art
Cooper Square, New York, NY, USA
Ken Tapping D.R.A.O., National Research Council Canada, Penticton, BC,
Canada
Muneto Tatsumoto Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University,
Tochigi, Japan
Sean Tauber Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of
California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Li-Lin Tay Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council
Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Krzysztof Templin Computer Graphics, Max Planck Institute for Informat-
ics, Saarbr€ucken, Germany
xxvi List of Contributors

Peter Thorns Strategic Lighting Applications, Thorn Lighting Ltd,

Spennymoor, Durham, UK
Richard J. D. Tilley Queen’s Buildings, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Andrew Towns Vivimed Labs Europe Ltd., Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
H. Joel Trussell Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
Philipp Urban Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD,
Technische Universit€at Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Arne Valberg Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Wout van Bommel Nuenen, The Netherlands
Peter van der Burgt Philips Lighting, Valkenswaard, The Netherlands
Michal Vik Faculty of Textile Engineering, Laboratory Color and Appear-
ance Measurement, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
Stephan Volker University of Technology Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Poorvi L. Vora Department of Computer Science, The George Washington
University, Washington, DC, USA
Mark Wainwright Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John
Moores University, Liverpool, UK
David Alan Warburton Topoi, Berlin, Germany
Romann M. Weber Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Mike Webster Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV,
USA
Bor-Jiunn Wen Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering,
National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
Stephen Westland Colour Science and Technology, University of Leeds,
Leeds, UK
Mary Anne White Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
NS, Canada
Jonathan Winawer Department of Psychology, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA
Nathan Witthoft Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford,
CA, USA
Christoph Witzel Department of Psychology, Giessen University, Giessen,
Germany
List of Contributors xxvii

Wayne Wright Department of Philosophy, California State University, Long

Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
Sophie Wuerger Department of Psychological Sciences, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Kaida Xiao Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology,
Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Bei Xiao Department of Computer Science, American University, Washing-
ton, DC, USA
Daniele Zavagno Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca,
Milan, Italy
Sunčica Zdravković Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad,
NoviSad, Serbia
Laboratory for Experimental Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,
Serbia
Jiyou Zhong National Engineering Research Center for Rare Earth Mate-
rials, General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing, China
Weidong Zhuang National Engineering Research Center for Rare Earth
Materials, General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing, China
Joanne Zwinkels National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada