Chapter 08 DNA Structure and Function

Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function
Multiple Choice
1. How successful is the technique of cloning adult mammals by implanting DNA into donor eggs?
a. Few embryos survive until birth, and of those that do, many have serious health
problems.
b. About half of the embryos survive until birth, but many of these die before adulthood.
c. Of the embryos that survive until birth, health outcomes are predictable.
d. Most embryos survive, but are not able to reproduce as adults.
e. Most embryos survive and lead healthy adult lives.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.1 A Hero Dog’s Golden Clones
LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.8.10 - Examine the potential advantages and
IVES: disadvantages of cloning organisms.
2. One current goal of cloning is to ____.

a. duplicate certain humans
b. create new species
c. promote evolution
d. experiment with alien DNA
e. increase the numbers of endangered
animals
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.8.10 - Examine the potential advantages and
IVES: disadvantages of cloning organisms.
3. Which structures have the same length, shape, and centromere location?
a. karyotypes
b. histones
c. bacteriophages
d. nucleosomes
e. autosome
pairs
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: 8.4 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8. 5 - Determine the structure of DNA.
4. How many pairs of autosomes are in a typical human karyotype?

a. 8
b. 22
c. 23
d. 46
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e. 92
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.8.6 - Examine the role played by DNA sequence in the
IVES: diversity of organisms.
5. Friedrich Miescher is credited with _____.

a. proposing DNA as the hereditary material
b. finding that proteins are the physical basis of inheritance
c. defining the laws of inheritance
d. being the first person to describe and extract DNA
e. determining that proteins are composed of unlimited combinations of twenty amino
acids
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA
TIVES: carries hereditary information.
6. Fred Griffith's experiment, in which he used two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, demonstrated that _____.
a. pathogenic bacteria function differently in mice than in other organisms
b. harmless bacteria can become transformed into disease-causing bacteria by a bacteria
transformation factor
c. pure DNA extracted from disease-causing bacteria transformed harmless strains into
killer strains
d. dead cells lose their genetic information
e. DNA is a protein rich in nitrogen and phosphorus
ANSWER: b

Figure 8.3
Answer the following questions about Griffith’s experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.
7. If an injection to the mouse contains live S strain Streptococcus pneumonia, ____.
a. the mouse will die
b. live R strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
c. the mouse will live
d. no live S strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
e. the live S strain bacteria will lose their
pathogenicity
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply | Evaluate
PREFACE NAME: Figure 8.3
8. If an injection to the mouse contains live R strain Streptococcus pneumonia, _____.
a. the mouse will die
b. live S strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
c. the mouse will live
d. no live R strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
e. the live R strain bacteria will develop pathogenicity
ANSWER: c
9. If an injection to the mouse contains live R strain and heat-killed S strain Streptococcus pneumonia, ____.
a. the mouse will live
b. the mouse will became fatally ill and live S strain bacteria will be detected in its
blood
c. the mouse's blood will contain live pathogenic R strain bacteria
d. the dead S strain bacteria will transform to live R strain bacteria
e. DNA from the live R strain bacteria will revive the dead S strain bacteria
ANSWER: b
10. Extracts of pathogenic bacteria can transform harmless bacteria to harmful bacteria unless ____ enzymes are added to
the extract.
a. protein transfer
b. mRNA-degrading
c. tRNA-degrading
d. DNA-degrading
e. nucleic transfer
ANSWER: d
11. Which scientist(s) identified the transforming substance involved in changing harmless (R) bacteria to lethal (S)
bacteria?
a. Avery and McCarty
b. Griffith
c. Chargaff
d. Hershey and Chase
e. Pauling
ANSWER: a


Figure 8.4
12. The accompanying figure represents the research of which scientist(s)?
a. Delbrück
b. Avery and McCarty
c. Chagraff
d. Luria
e. Hershey and Chase
ANSWER: e
13. What is the concept illustrated by the experiment in the accompanying figure?

a. Protein is not the encoding material.
b. Protein cannot enter the host cell.
c. Protein renatures due to radiation.
d. Protein is composed of subunits with phosphate.
e. Protein is composed of subunits with sulfur.
ANSWER: a

32 35
14. The Hershey and Chase experiments, in which radioactive phosphorus ( P) and radioactive sulfur ( S) were used,
demonstrated that ____.
a. DNA labeled with 35S and proteins labeled with 32P can be traced over the course of
an experiment
b. DNA labeled with 32P is transferred from the bacteriophage to the virus
c. proteins labeled with 35S become deactivated and unable to be transferred
d. bacteriophages transfer their DNA, not their coat proteins, into their hosts
e. DNA may be the hereditary material, although bacteriophages transfer both DNA and
proteins into their hosts
ANSWER: d
15. If a mixture of bacteriophages, some labeled with radioactive sulfur and others labeled with radioactive phosphorus, is
placed in a bacterial culture, the bacteria will eventually contain ____.
a. primarily radioactive sulfur
b. primarily radioactive phosphorus
c. both radioactive sulfur and phosphorus
d. neither radioactive sulfur nor radioactive
phosphorus
e. complete viruses with radioactive sulfur coats
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply
16. The experiments that clearly distinguished DNA and not protein as the hereditary material were conducted by _____.
a. Pauling
b. Hershey and Chase
c. Griffith
d. Watson and Crick
e. Avery
ANSWER: b
17. James Watson and Francis Crick ____.

a. were both English researchers working at Cambridge University

b. performed elegant experiments in DNA chemistry
c. constructed an accurate model of DNA’s double helix structure
d. performed experiments that convinced scientists that DNA is a double-stranded
molecule
e. used x-ray diffraction in all of their experiments
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA
18. DNA contains all of the following nitrogen-containing bases EXCEPT ____.

a. adenine
b. uracil
c. guanine
d. adenine
e. thymine
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Analyze
REFERENCES: The Discovery of DNA's Structure
19. Hydrogen bonding is strongest between ____.

a. adenine and guanine
b. uracil and thymine
c. guanine and uracil
d. adenine and thymine
e. cytosine and guanine
ANSWER: e
20. ____ discovered the basis for the ____ rule, which states that the amounts of adenine and thymine are identical, as are
the amounts of cytosine and guanine.
a. Avery; base-pair
b. Griffith, double helix
c. Chargaff; base-pair
d. Chase; double helix
e. Pauling; base-pair
ANSWER: c

21. Which technique did Rosalind Franklin use to determine many aspects of DNA’s structure?
a. transformation
b. transmission electron
microscopy
c. density-gradient centrifugation
d. x-ray crystallography
e. chromatography
ANSWER: d
22. Rosalind Franklin created the first ____.

a. clear x-ray diffraction image of DNA is it occurs in cells
b. model of DNA’s nucleotide bases
c. experiment to test whether base-pairs differ among species
d. hypothesis surrounding the nature of a hereditary molecule
e. results proving that bases exist on the outside of a helix
ANSWER: a
23. Which discovery was determined about DNA from x-ray diffraction data?
a. DNA is uniform in length.
b. DNA is short and narrow.
c. DNA has a repeating pattern.
d. DNA molecules are flat.
e. DNA molecules are round.
ANSWER: c
24. Each DNA double helix has a backbone that consists of alternating ____.
a. covalent and ionic bonds
b. nitrogen-containing bases
c. hydrogen bonds
d. sugar and phosphate molecules
e. covalent and hydrogen bonds
ANSWER: d

25. Which statement is true of DNA’s structure?
a. The hydrogen bonding of cytosine to guanine is an example of complementary base
pairing.
b. In DNA, adenine always base pairs with guanine and cytosine always base pairs with
thymine.
c. Each of the four nucleotides in a DNA molecule has the same nitrogen-containing
base.
d. When adenine base pairs with thymine, they are linked by three hydrogen bonds.
e. All four bases in DNA can be found in equal quantities.
ANSWER: a
26. In a 3-D double helix model of DNA, the center consists of ____.
a. deoxyribose sugars
b. hydrogen bonds
c. nucleotide base pairs
d. phosphate groups
e. sugar–phosphate backbones
ANSWER: c
27. DNA replication is ____.

a. redundant
b. semiconservative
c. progressive
d. conservative
e. repetitive
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 8.5 DNA Replication
LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.8.7 - Examine the process of DNA replication using a
ES: diagram.
28. DNA polymerase assembles new strands in a ____.

a. 5' to 3' direction only
b. 5' to 3' direction building one strand and a 3' to 5' direction building the other stand
c. 5' to 3' direction building the first half of a strand and a 3' to 5' direction building the
second half of a strand
d. 3' to 5' direction building the first half of a strand and a 5' to 3' direction building the
second half of a strand
e. 3' to 5' direction on the "old" 3' to 5' strand

ANSWER: a
ES: diagram.
29. The function of helicase enzymes is to ____.

a. break hydrogen bonds and unwind the two strands of the DNA molecule prior to
replication
b. rewind the two DNA molecules after replication
c. remove bases that might have been inserted incorrectly
d. seal new short stretches of nucleotides into one continuous strand
e. fragment old DNA that is no longer of use to the cell
ANSWER: a
ES: diagram.
Figure 8.11.
30. The accompanying figure best illustrates ____.
a. DNA repair
b. semiconservative replication
c. the action of the ligases
d. the binding of initiator proteins
e. DNA hybridization
ANSWER: b
ES: diagram.
31. Which base-pairing system is correct?

a. A to G; T to C
b. A to T; G to C
c. A to C; G to T
d. A to T or C; G to C or A
e. A to T or G; G to C or A
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA’s Structure
32. What characteristic of a species refers to having two of each type of chromosome?

a. autosomal
b. karyotype
c. diploid
d. base-paired
e. helical
ANSWER: c
LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.8.6 - Examine the role played by DNA sequence in the
IVES: diversity of organisms.
33. DNA polymerases ____.

a. unwind DNA
b. add new nucleotides to a strand
c. catalyze carbon bonding
d. assemble new strands in both
direction
e. repairs DNA
ANSWER: b
ES: diagram.
34. Franklin's assignment at Cambridge was to investigate the structure of ____.

a. proteins
b. ultraviolet radiation
c. DNA
d. embryonic fluid
e. lipids
ANSWER: c
ES: diagram.
35. Rosalind Franklin is credited with ____.

a. discovering DNA’s double helical structure
b. discovering DNA
c. first isolating DNA
d. building the first DNA model
e. cloning DNA
ANSWER: a
36. Which statement is true of embryonic splitting?

a. It never occurs in nature.
b. It involves the genetic contribution of only one parent.
c. It produces immediate differentiation.
d. It is applied in animal husbandry to produce genetically diverse
offspring.
e. It produces identical twins.
ANSWER: e
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Analyze
LEARNING OBJECTIVE UDOL.STES.16.8.9 - Outline the different methods of reproductive
S: cloning.
37. Which statement is false with regard to mutations?

a. They are always dangerous.
b. They can occur as DNA replication errors.
c. They cannot be repaired after replication.
d. They may become cancerous.
e. They can be passed on to the next generation.
ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 8.6 Mutations: Cause and Effect
LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.8.8 - Examine the causes and consequences of
ES: mutations in DNA.
38. The accompanying figure represents ____.

a. cloning with a stem cell
b. somatic cell nuclear transfer
c. genetic manipulation of a single gene
d. microsurgical manipulation of a chromosome
e. embryonic cloning
ANSWER: b
PREFACE NAME: Cell
S: cloning.
39. Which statement is false with regard to adult cell cloning?

a. It involves differentiated cells.
b. It occurs with some frequency in nature.
c. It involves rewinding the developmental clock.
d. It involves an egg cell that has had its nucleus
removed.
e. It may involve nuclear transfer.
ANSWER: b
S: cloning.
40. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to create human embryos for research purposes in ____.
a. embryo cloning
b. embryo splitting
c. therapeutic cloning
d. artificial twinning
e. stem cell cloning
ANSWER: c


S: cloning.
Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.

a. discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the
hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b first to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
.
c. discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
.
e. the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is
the genetic material
f. provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other
is that C = G
g worked at King’s College at the same time as Franklin
.
h obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin
. molecule with regularly repeating units
41. Avery and McCarty

ANSWER: c
42. Chargaff
ANSWER: f
43. Franklin
ANSWER: h
44. Griffith
ANSWER: a
45. Hershey and Chase

ANSWER: e
46. Wilkins
ANSWER: g
47. Miescher
ANSWER: b
48. Watson and Crick

ANSWER: d
Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a. guanine
b. cytosine
c. pyrimidine
d. thymine
e. uracil
49. Erwin Chargaff's data indicates that within a species, the amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of this
nucleotide.
ANSWER: d
50. This nucleotide is not incorporated into the structure of the DNA helix.
ANSWER: e
51. This nucleotide is a double-ring molecule.

ANSWER: a
52. If one chain of a DNA molecule has a purine at a given position, this nucleotide complements it on the other chain.
ANSWER: c
53. Three hydrogen bonds connect guanine to __________ in the DNA molecule.

ANSWER: b
Completion
54. Experiments with bacteria and ____________________ offered solid evidence that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), not
protein, is the hereditary material.
ANSWER: bacteriophages
55. A free nucleotide has a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose), ____________________ phosphate group(s), and one of four
nitrogen-containing bases.
ANSWER: one; 1
56. DNA is replicated by a process called ____________________.

ANSWER: semiconservative replication

57. In ____________________, one somatic cell is fused with an enucleated egg.

ANSWER: somatic cell nuclear transfer
S: cloning.
Essay
58. Consider the Hershey-Chase experiment. Is their choice of a bacteriophage unusual?

ANSWER: At first glance, it is very unusual. Viruses are not considered to be alive, so using
a non-living entity to establish that nucleic acids are the genetic material of life is
unusual. On the other hand, it was established that viruses used the host cell
genetic machinery to replicate themselves, and thus it could be safely assumed
their genetic material must resemble the hosts.
REFERENCES 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
:
LEARNING O UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries
BJECTIVES: hereditary information.
59. A bacterium undergoes four rounds of replication. How many cells would result, and how many of those cells would
still have part of an original DNA strand from the starting bacterium?
ANSWER: After four rounds of replication there would be 16 cells. Of those 16 cells,
only two would have an original DNA strand.
LEARNING OBJ UDOL.STES.16.8.7 - Examine the process of DNA replication using a
ECTIVES: diagram.
60. Does reproductive cloning always involve somatic cell nuclear transfer?

ANSWER: No, there are various reproductive interventions available that produce
genetically identical individuals. One example is embryo splitting which occurs
naturally in the case of identical twins, but can also be done by technicians
teasing the embryo apart from an early, multicellular stage. However, to clone an
adult animal, SCNT would be necessary.
REFERENCES 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
:
LEARNING O UDOL.STES.16.8.9 - Outline the different methods of reproductive cloning.
BJECTIVES:
61. Is it possible to prevent mutations entirely?

ANSWER: No, it is not. DNA polymerase is not perfect and as a result it can introduce
mistakes (mutations) during DNA replication. However, you can reduce the
number of mutations experienced by avoiding undue exposure to ionizing
radiation, UV radiation and chemical carcinogens.

REFERENCES 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
:
LEARNING O UDOL.STES.16.8.9 - Outline the different methods of reproductive cloning.
BJECTIVES:

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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

2. One current goal of cloning is to ____.

4. How many pairs of autosomes are in a typical human karyotype?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1

5. Friedrich Miescher is credited with _____.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4

13. What is the concept illustrated by the experiment in the accompanying figure?

LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA

17. James Watson and Francis Crick ____.

a. were both English researchers working at Cambridge University

18. DNA contains all of the following nitrogen-containing bases EXCEPT ____.

19. Hydrogen bonding is strongest between ____.

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22. Rosalind Franklin created the first ____.

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27. DNA replication is ____.

28. DNA polymerase assembles new strands in a ____.

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29. The function of helicase enzymes is to ____.

31. Which base-pairing system is correct?

32. What characteristic of a species refers to having two of each type of chromosome?

33. DNA polymerases ____.

34. Franklin's assignment at Cambridge was to investigate the structure of ____.

35. Rosalind Franklin is credited with ____.

36. Which statement is true of embryonic splitting?

37. Which statement is false with regard to mutations?

DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand

38. The accompanying figure represents ____.

39. Which statement is false with regard to adult cell cloning?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13

REFERENCES: 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.

41. Avery and McCarty

45. Hershey and Chase

48. Watson and Crick

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51. This nucleotide is a double-ring molecule.

53. Three hydrogen bonds connect guanine to __________ in the DNA molecule.

56. DNA is replicated by a process called ____________________.

REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure

57. In ____________________, one somatic cell is fused with an enucleated egg.

58. Consider the Hershey-Chase experiment. Is their choice of a bacteriophage unusual?

60. Does reproductive cloning always involve somatic cell nuclear transfer?

61. Is it possible to prevent mutations entirely?

radiation, UV radiation and chemical carcinogens.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 17

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