Research Tools

and Techniques

Bachelor’s of Business Administration

(BBA)
Session 2018-22

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Submitted By:

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 The Hallmarks of Scientific Research:
Purposiveness
The research was done on purpose. It can be focused. The purpose of the research
should be clearly stated in a way that is understandable and unambiguous.

The statement of problem resolution should include its scope, its limitations, and the precise
definition of all the terms and conditions that are important in the study. Failure to state the
purpose clearly will create uncertainty in the minds of the participants in the study of whether
the researcher understands the problem sufficiently.

Rigor
Rigor means alertness, ingenuity, and degree of accuracy in research investigations. To
make a meaningful and relevant contribution to the field of knowledge, research needs to be
done intensively. Doing complex research requires a good knowledge of the theory and a
clearly defined approach. This will eliminate bias; simplifying data collection and analysis,
which will lead to sound and reliable research findings.

Testability
The research should be based on the experimental ideas / ideas that have been
developed after careful study of the issues involved. Scientific research should conduct a
rationale for advanced reasoning to see if the data supports the proposed theories.
Replicability
Research The findings of the study could lead to more faith and conviction if the same
results were changed in a different set of data. The results of the experimental hypothesis
should be repeatedly supported when the same type of research is repeated in other similar
cases. This will confirm the scientific accuracy of the research conducted and greater
confidence can be placed on research findings. It also removes the suspicion that the
assumptions are accidentally supported and ensures that the findings reflect the real situation.

Precision and Confidence

In the case of a management study the findings are seldom specified because the total
area of objects, events or population is not considered that way but based on a sample taken
from the universe. There is a possibility that the sample may not show the whole area.
Measurement errors and other problems will inevitably introduce an error feature of the

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 findings. However, the design of the study should ensure that the findings are as close
to the facts as possible so that one has confidence in the findings.

Precision means the closeness of true findings based on the sample. Indicates the degree of
accuracy or accuracy of the results by sampling what is in the universe. The timing of
confidence in statistics is referred to here as precision.

Confidence means the chance that the estimates made of the research findings are correct. It
is not enough if the results are accurate, but it is also important that 95% of the time the
results will be true and there is only a 5% chance that the results will be wrong. This is
known as self- esteem. If the levels of clarity and confidence found in the study were too
high, the findings of the study would be very scientific and useful. Accuracy and confidence
can be achieved by constructing a suitable scientific sample.
Objectivity Research
the discovery must be factual, informative, and impartial. The deducted conclusion
should be based on the facts of the acquisition made to the actual data and not based on
independent or emotional standards. Business organizations will be severely harmed if a non-
data-based or misleading conclusion is taken from the study. The scientific method confirms
the research process.

Generalizability
It refers to the magnitude of the application found in the study of one organization in
other similar environmental settings. Research will be very useful if the solutions work at a
wide range. The more research becomes available, the more helpful and useful it will be.
However, it is not always possible to add research findings to all other settings, situations, or
organizations. To achieve normal fulfillment, the sample structure must be reasonably
improved, and the data collection method needs to be sound. This can increase research costs.
In many cases, though, the research findings may be based on scientific methods that apply
only to a particular organization, setting, or situation.

Parsimony
Research needs to be done in an offensive, simple, and economical way. Ease of
explaining problems and solving problems is selected from a complex research framework.
Economics in research models can be achieved by considering a small number of variables
that lead to large differences rather than looking at many variables that lead to small
differences.
 Clear exposure to the same problem and influences will lead to irritation in the
research activities. Sound understanding can be achieved through formal and informal
communication with the people involved and by reading related books in a problem area.

Basic and Applied Research

Definition

Basic research:
Basic research seeks to advance knowledge barriers by creating new theories or
transforming existing ones. On the other hand, applied research is focused on creating
solutions to problems by collecting and analyzing artistic data to obtain valid research results.

Applied research:
Applied research is a research method that creates effective solutions to specific
problems while basic research is a research method that seeks to enhance knowledge in the
field of study. This means that the research used is driven by a solution while the basic
research is based on specific information.

Difference:
Basic Applied

 It is based on the belief that  The research used is specific to the

‘knowledge because of knowledge.’
 Includes data collection and analysis
to develop or enhance the concept.
 It leads to the development of
knowledge.
solutions and answers practical
questions.
 It involves the collection and
analysis of data to assess the
importance of theory in solving

 It occurs in a sterile environment. practical educational problems.

 It is made to understand the  It can explain but it often explains.

relationship of ideas between  It involves the exact measurement of

variables. symptoms and defines the

 It describes naturally. relationship between the changing

 Its use may not affect any nature of the subjects.

application soon or even in the long

run.
 Deductive vs. Inductive
Deductive:
Deductive and inductive reasoning can in very loose, unspecific terms, be deemed
opposite ways of concluding; deductive reasoning takes a general statement and makes
specific observations, However, there are many more pointed differences between these two
systems which set them apart from each other.

Deductive reasoning can be based on the knowledge a person already has. For
example, to solve a cryptogram, output thinking is required. Since I know the English
language as I try to solve the puzzle in terms of language, I know where all the limitations and
opportunities of the puzzle will be. Because I know how the letters of the alphabet work, I
know that there are too many places where duplicate letters will occur; if I need two identical
characters to solve a puzzle, I know there are so many options and I can work around these
limits to find other characters in the same way.
Inductive:
Inductive reasoning uses specific instances to come to a generalization. This is the kind
of reasoning used if you have gradually built up an understanding of how something works.

If you were using inductive reasoning to make a connection between obesity and sugar
intake, you may be able to create a chart showing that if a person eats too much sugar, there is
a greater chance that they will gain weight. You will be able to create a trend line that reflects
this relationship, but that is about it. It is very unlikely that any shape created on the graph
would fall into the trend line, so all you can have is a common meaning. Another problem with
this type of thinking is that by using this method, you cannot determine if sugar can be the
only cause of obesity. There may be several features present in each case, but this would not
be readable and would not be reflected in the trend line. So, best of all, you will have a relaxed
understanding of your topic.