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Optimum Linear Filter (Part I)
Optimum Linear Filter (Part I)
Linear Filter (Part I)
Optimum Signal Estimation
• What is a signal estimation problem?
– Use a set of observation data to determine an
estimate of the desired response.
– Notations (Discrete‐time random signals):
• desired response: 𝑦 𝑛 ;
• observation data: 𝑥 𝑛 ;
• estimate of desired response : 𝑦 𝑛 ;
Optimum Signal Estimation
signal estimation
𝑦 𝑛 𝐡 𝑥 𝑛 ,1 𝑘 𝑀
x(n) yˆ ( n )
h
Example:
x(n)
... x (1) x (2) x (3) x (4) x (5) x (6) x (7) x (8) x (9) x (10) x (11) x (12) x (13) x (14) x (15) ... Time
step n
n=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
yˆ ( n )
... yˆ (1) yˆ (2) yˆ (3) yˆ (4) yˆ (5) yˆ (6) yˆ (7) yˆ (8) yˆ (9) yˆ (10) yˆ (11) yˆ (12) yˆ (13) yˆ (14) yˆ (15) ... Time
step n
n=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Optimum Signal Estimation
Example: At n=10, what is ?
3
x(n)
... x (1) x (2) x (3) x (4) x (5) x (6) x (7) x (8) x (9) x (10) x (11) x (12) x (13) x (14) x (15) ... Time
step n
n=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
x3 (10)
yˆ ( n )
... yˆ (1) yˆ (2) yˆ (3) yˆ (4) yˆ (5) yˆ (6) yˆ (7) yˆ (8) yˆ (9) yˆ (10) yˆ (11) yˆ (12) yˆ (13) yˆ (14) yˆ (15) ... Time
step n
n=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Optimum Signal Estimation
• error signal
• optimum estimator: approximates the desired
response as closely as possible (e.g.
minimisation of the error signal )
Linear Mean Square Error Estimation
• Use a linear combination of a set of
observation data to determine an estimate
of the desired response .
Note:
In this unit, we narrow down our discussion to linear estimators only, i.e.,
The cases where the estimate 𝑦 is 2nd or higher order relationship of
observation date 𝑥 𝑛 are not considered. A 2nd order relationship
example looks like: 𝑦 𝑐 𝑥 𝑐 𝑥 ⋯ 𝑐 𝑥
Linear Mean Square Error Estimation
𝑥 𝑐
𝑥 𝑐
Let 𝐱 ⋮ and 𝐜 ⋮ ,
𝑥 𝑐
𝑦 𝐱 𝐜 𝐜 𝐱
𝐱: 𝑀 1 data or observation vector;
𝐜: 𝑀 1 parameter or co‐efficient vector of the linear estimator;
𝑐 𝑥
𝑐 𝑥
𝐱 𝐜 𝑥 ,𝑥 ,…,𝑥 𝐜 𝐱 𝑐 ,𝑐 ,…,𝑐 ⋮
⋮ Same results
𝑐 𝑥
𝑐 𝑥 𝑐 𝑥 ⋯ 𝑐 𝑥 𝑐 𝑥 𝑐 𝑥 ⋯ 𝑐 𝑥
Linear Mean Square Error Estimation
• For a Linear Minimum Mean Square Error
(LMMSE) estimator, the optimized coefficient
vector is:
𝐜
where is the MSE (mean square error) as
follows
• LMMSE Estimate (this is the optimized estimate
when the optimized coefficient vector is used):
Linear Mean Square Error Estimation
𝑃 𝐜 is minimised when 𝐑𝐜 𝐝 0
Linear Mean Square Error Estimation
The necessary and sufficient conditions that determine the linear MMSE
estimator, c , are:
𝐑𝐜 𝐝
which can be written as the set of normal equations:
𝑟 𝑟 ⋯ 𝑟 𝑐 𝑑
𝑟 𝑟 ⋯ 𝑟 𝑐 𝑑
Normal equations ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑟 𝑟 ⋯ 𝑟 𝑐 𝑑
where 𝑟 𝐸 𝑥 𝑥 and 𝑑 𝐸 𝑥𝑦 .
• the input data vector or filter memory at time n
𝐱 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 1 … 𝑥 𝑛 𝑀 1
• The impulse response sequence of the filter is
𝐜 𝑛 ℎ 𝑛, 0 ℎ 𝑛, 1 … ℎ 𝑛, 𝑀 1 =𝑐 𝑛 𝑐 𝑛 … 𝑐 𝑛
before n=0 Optimum FIR filter M=3
𝑦 𝑛 ℎ 𝑛, 𝑘 𝑥 𝑛 𝑘
𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑘 𝐜 𝑛 𝐱 𝑛
Optimum Finite Impulse Response
(FIR) Filters (Wiener filters)
• We form the LMMSE estimate by solving the corresponding set of normal
equations for the filter coefficients, c n , at each time n:
𝐑 𝑛 𝐜 𝑛 𝐝 𝑛
or in matrix form:
𝑟, 𝑛 𝑟, 𝑛 ⋯ 𝑟, 𝑛 𝑐 𝑛 𝑑 𝑛
𝑟, 𝑛 𝑟, 𝑛 ⋯ 𝑟, 𝑛 𝑐 𝑛 𝑑 𝑛
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑟 , 𝑛 𝑟 , 𝑛 ⋯ 𝑟 , 𝑛 𝑐 𝑛 𝑑 𝑛
where
𝐑 𝑛 𝐸 𝐱 𝑛 𝐱 𝑛 ,
𝑟 𝑛 𝐸 𝑥 𝑛 𝑖 𝑥 𝑛 𝑗 ,
𝐝 𝑛 𝐸 𝐱 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛 ,
𝑑 𝑛 𝐸 𝑥 𝑛 𝑖 𝑦 𝑛
Optimum Finite Impulse Response
(FIR) Filters (Wiener filters)
• Design and implementation of a time‐varying
optimum FIR filter
Optimum Finite Impulse Response
(FIR) Filters (Wiener filters)
• The FIR filter coefficients have to be estimated
and loaded into the filter at each sample time
n
• Although the desired response is not
available, the known relationship between
and can be used to derive or
estimate the cross‐correlation vector
Optimum Finite Impulse Response
Filters (Wiener filters)
• Optimum FIR Filters for Stationary Processes
When the input and desired response stochastic processes are
jointly wide‐sense stationary (WSS), the correlation matrix
and cross‐correlation vector no longer depend explicitly on
the time‐index n, i.e.,
R(n) = R & d(n) = d
• That is for WSS processes:
– 𝑟 𝑛 𝐸 𝑥 𝑛 𝑖 𝑥 𝑛 𝑗 ≡𝐸 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑖 𝑗
𝐸 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑙 𝑟 𝑙
– 𝑑 𝑛 𝐸 𝑥 𝑛 𝑖 𝑦 𝑛 ≡𝐸 𝑦 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑖 𝐸 𝑦 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑙 𝑟 𝑙
– 𝑐 𝑛 ℎ 𝑛, 𝑖 ≡ ℎ 𝑖 𝑐
Optimum Finite Impulse Response
Filters (Wiener filters)
• Discrete Wiener‐Hopf Equations for WSS processes
𝑦 𝑛 ℎ 𝑘 𝑥 𝑛 𝑘 𝐡 𝐱 𝑛
ℎ 𝑘 𝑟 𝑚 𝑘 𝑟 𝑚 0 𝑚 𝑀 1
and the MMSE is given by:
𝑃 𝑃 ℎ 𝑘 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟 0 ℎ 𝑘 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟 0 𝐡 𝐝
Optimum Finite Impulse Response
Filters (Wiener filters)
• 𝑟 𝑙 𝑟 𝑙 and 𝑟 𝑙 𝑟 𝑙
• The correlation matrix, R, for WSS processes is a positive definite,
symmetric, Toeplitz matrix.
• A Toeplitz matrix is defined such that 𝐴 𝑎, 𝑎 , 1 𝑖
𝑀, 1 𝑗 𝑁, that is, the elements along any diagonal are equal.
A square Toeplitz matrix appears as:
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑎
• 𝐴 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑎
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑎
• A symmetrc, Toeplitz matrix has 𝑎 𝑎
SNR Improvement
• SNR Improvement
Consider the signal plus noise problem:
where
𝑟 0
𝑆𝑁𝑅 10 log
𝑟 0
and
𝑟 0
𝑆𝑁𝑅 10 log
𝑟 0
SNR Improvement
• SNR Improvement
We assume that the enhanced signal and noise
are given by 𝑦 𝑛 ℎ 𝑘 𝑦 𝑛 𝑘 𝐡 𝐲 𝑛
𝑣 𝑛 ℎ 𝑘 𝑣 𝑛 𝑘 𝐡 𝐯 𝑛