Subsurface Irrigation Guidelines ADM-EAD R8

Municipal Infrastructure and Assets Sector
Parks and Recreation Facilities Division

Subsurface Irrigation Systems
Guidelines Manual

DESIGN I INSTALLATION I OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

October 2010

DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET
Revision No. Date Revision Description / Purpose of Issue
00 APR 28, 2010 First issue
01 MAY 6, 2010 Second issue following internal review
02 MAY 14, 2010 Third issue incorporating comments of external reviewers
03 MAY 23, 2010 Fourth issue incorporating comments of external

reviewers
04 MAY 26, 2010 Fifth issue incorporating comments of external reviewers
05 JUNE 23, 2010 Sixth issue incorporating additional material and

formatting
06 JUNE 26, 2010 Seventh issue including some of the reviewers comments
07 October 17, 2010 Eighth issue including additional information and

stakeholders comments
08 November 3, 2010 Replacement of Porous Pipes Systems with a new section

(Section 8) contributed by EAD

DISCLAIMER
Every effort has been made to limit the scope of this manual to generic technical information. The presentation of
various products does not imply any endorsement from Abu Dhabi Municipality. Designers are encouraged to use
their technical skills and experience to make the appropriate product selection. Product guidelines contain specific
information.
Subsurface Irrigation Systems Guidelines Manual
October 2010 Page 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2. SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN THE UAE .................................................................................. 5
3. DESIGN GUIDELINES .............................................................................................................................. 6
3.1. TYPICAL LAYOUT ........................................................................................................................................ 7
3.2. PLACEMENT DEPTH .................................................................................................................................... 8
3.3. LAYOUT ON SLOPES .................................................................................................................................... 8
3.4. ROOT INTRUSION AND SYSTEM LONGEVITY .................................................................................................... 9
3.5. FILTRATION REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 10
3.6. SALINITY CONTROL .................................................................................................................................. 11
3.7. USE OF RECYCLED WATER ......................................................................................................................... 11
3.8. INJECTING AIR ......................................................................................................................................... 12
3.9. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................... 12
3.10. ROUTINE PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................. 13
3.11. COMPONENT MAINTENANCE CHECKLISTS ............................................................................................ 13
3.12. STORAGE AND HANDLING ................................................................................................................. 15
3.13. TROUBLESHOOTING CHECKLISTS ......................................................................................................... 15
5. INLINE SSDI SYSTEMS .......................................................................................................................... 17
5.1 MAXIMUM LENGTH ................................................................................................................................. 18
6. “SANDWICHED” IN‐LINE SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................... 19
7. DESIGN OF MIXED SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................... 21
8. POROUS PIPE SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................................... 22
8.1 ADVANTAGES .......................................................................................................................................... 22
8.2 POROUS MEMBRANE HOSES ..................................................................................................................... 23
8.3 DESIGN GUIDELINES ................................................................................................................................. 24
8.3.1 Basic Facts ................................................................................................................................... 24
8.3.2 Site Plan ....................................................................................................................................... 24
8.3.3 System Design ............................................................................................................................. 24
8.3.4 The Layout of Laterals ................................................................................................................. 24
8.3.5 Size of the Zone ........................................................................................................................... 25
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8.3.6 Required Components ................................................................................................................ 25
8.3.7 Optional ...................................................................................................................................... 26
8.3.8 Installation Sequence of Equipment ........................................................................................... 26
8.3.9 Porous Pipe ‐ 16mm Ultra‐Low Pressure Pipe ............................................................................ 26
8.3.10 Soil Shrinkage .............................................................................................................................. 29
8.3.11 Technical Information sheet ....................................................................................................... 30
8.3.12 Pressure Control Systems ........................................................................................................... 30
8.3.13 Sources of Clogging ..................................................................................................................... 31
8.3.14 Algae and Chemical Deposits ...................................................................................................... 31
8.3.15 Root Ingress, Rodents and boring Insects ................................................................................... 31
8.3.16 Used In Hot Climates ................................................................................................................... 31
8.3.17 Effluent Treatment with Porous Pipe ......................................................................................... 32
9. ESTIDAMA OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 33
APPENDIX (A) – NOTE ON LIABILITY ............................................................................................................ 34
A.1 LIABILITY APPROACH FOR URGENT PROJECTS ............................................................................................... 34
A.2 LIABILITY APPROACH FOR SUBSEQUENT PROJECTS ......................................................................................... 35
October 2010 Page 4

1. INTRODUCTION
Subsurface Irrigation (SSI) is the practice of applying irrigation water beneath the soil surface.
Although it has been in existence in the form of buried porous clay pipes, the first official patent
was filed in the United States in the 1940’s and implemented on a limited scale in the mid‐80’s,
even before the development of pressure compensation mechanisms. The main driver for this
technology is to reduce evaporation of water from the soil surface. Evaporation from the soil
varies for different crops but generally accounts for 30 – 50 % of water consumption.
Common SSI techniques involve burying plastic pipes fitted with emitters at 10 – 20 cm beneath
the soil surface. Typically these emitters are spaced at 20 ‐75 cm between emitters and 20 – 90
cm between laterals. There is a wide variety of configurations and equipment but the most
common systems are:
1. Buried inline drip systems.
2. The porous pipe in which the thick pipe wall is porous and water "weeps" out along the
complete length thus avoiding point‐source applications.
3. Inline irrigation laterals “sandwiched” between two geotextile sheets which will help
spread the moisture laterally. This is particularly important in sandy soils with high
permeability and low water‐holding capacity.
4. The porous pipe “sandwiched” between two geotextile sheets which will help spread
the moisture laterally.
SSI provides the ultimate in water use efficiency for open‐field agriculture, often resulting in
water savings of 25‐50% compared to sprinkler irrigation. Its use offers many other advantages
for crop production, including the ability to apply water and nutrients to the most active part of
the root zone, protection of lateral lines from damage due to cultivation and other operations,
and the ability to safely irrigate with wastewater while preventing human contact. However, its
adoption has proceeded slowly for a number of reasons, including the high initial capital cost
and the advanced management skills needed.

2. SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN THE UAE
Subsurface irrigation is practiced on a limited scale in the UAE. Several vendors offer inline
irrigation systems or porous pipe systems which can be directly buried underground. Emitters
are either coated with a root inhibitor to avoid the intrusion of roots inside emitters or possess
a chemical system for preventing root entry. Although this technology is perfectly suited for
October 2010 Page 5

irregularly shaped lawns where sprays tend to apply water beyond the planted area, it has not
gained widespread acceptance for the following reasons:
 High initial cost: the cost per unit area as compared with sprinkler and spray systems is
comparatively high.
 Lack of proper design and operation guidelines: to date no particular design requirements
exist to guide spacing of emitters and laterals, placement depth of the pipe, requirements
for filters, fertilizer injection and root inhibitors.
 Requirements for skilled management: the operation of the system, identifying blockages,
and recognizing flushing requirements are all issues which require proper knowledge of the
system.
 Inappropriate marketing: quite often vendors selling these systems will sell other
conventional irrigation systems alongside. They often lack the technical skills to answer
queries and convince customers and consultants.
3. DESIGN GUIDELINES
Design of subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) systems is somewhat similar to that of surface drip
systems, especially with regard to hydraulic characteristics. The difference is that surface drip
systems discharge water freely into the atmosphere while SSDI systems discharge their water
into a porous soil. Design guidelines always ignore the latter effect. However, for the
successful operation of SSDI systems, special attention is required to water filtration, pressure
regulation, flow measurement, flushing, proper number and location of air‐vacuum relief and
check valves.
Generally, laterals in SSDI systems are installed at depths of 10‐40 cm, with shallower depths on
coarse‐textured soils and slightly deeper on finer‐textured soils. Seed germination and seedling
establishment necessitate the wetting of the soil surface. Surface take off points such as quick
coupling valves must be provided to allow such surface watering to occur.
The design guidelines proposed herein were adapted from worldwide literature and local
experience to two systems: porous pipe configurations with discharges from 1 – 6 l/hr per m of
pipe and buried drip systems either inline or sandwiched, with flows of 1 l/hr, 1.5 l/hr, 2 l/hr,
2.3 l/hr, and 3.4 l/hr. Larger discharges are not recommended as they incur significant deep
percolation losses. These guidelines vary for different emitter flows and soil textures (clay,
loam and sandy soils). SSDI systems are generally not recommended for trees and palm trees
because of their high water requirements.
October 2010 Page 6

3.1. TYPICAL LAYOUT
SSDI systems must be installed in a loop arrangement to allow for pressure equalization
throughout the network. The external pipes in the loop should be placed at least 5 cm away
from any paved edge to prevent pipe damage resulting from contact with hot paved edges.
During installation, laterals of SSDI systems should be oriented so that the emitters face the top
to minimize plugging from particulates that accumulate along the bottom of the lateral. In
addition, it is essential to place a pressure gauge or a flowmeter at the inlet to the network.
The pressure gauge will reflect any change in pressure caused by possible blockages. The same
effect is detected by a change of flow for a flowmeter but at a higher cost.
Figure 1. Typical SSDI layout.

Additional components are as follows:

a. Manual Flush Valve: A manual flush must be installed at a low point in the network.
Manual flush points are normally installed as far away from the water source as possible
b. Filters: Water filtration is also needed and is more critical for SSDI systems than for surface
drip systems. The consequences of emitter plugging for SSDI are more severe and costly.
October 2010 Page 7

c. Air‐Vacuum Relief Valve: Air‐vacuum relief valves are needed to prevent aspiration of soil
particles into emitter openings when the system is depressurized. They are generally
needed for two reasons:
 To freely allow air into a zone after shutdown. This ensures a vacuum doesn’t draw
debris into the SSDI lateral (back siphoning).
 To ensure a means of releasing air from the SSDI lateral when the zone is turned on,
thus eliminating air pockets and speeding up operation.
d. Quick Coupling Valves: Quick coupling valves (QCV) are also installed to provide an
alternative irrigation source in the event of blockage. As SSDI systems apply water below
ground, dust may accumulate particularly on grasses. For this reason, it is essential to wash
away dust particles manually through QCVs. QCVs are also needed to enhance germination
and root development following the initial establishment of turfs and other plantations.
The maximum distance between two consecutive QCVs is 50 m.

3.2. PLACEMENT DEPTH

Ideally, laterals are placed just above the rootzone, but deep enough to prevent capillary rise of
water to the surface. For turf, placement should be deep enough to prevent damage during
verticut of grass. As such, it is recommended to place laterals from 5 cm down to 10 cm below
ground level. Plants with a deeper rootzone can have SSDI systems placed deeper but never
exceeding 20 cm. The burial depth must be consistent throughout the length of the lateral.

3.3. LAYOUT ON SLOPES
Irrigation water may move through the soil and accumulate at low points. Laterals should
always be aligned perpendicular to the slopes. Slopes that are less than 3% do not require any
special design consideration. When the slope is equal to or steeper than 3%, lateral water flow
in the soil can be significant. The spacing between rows and emitters should be 25% more in
areas located at the bottom 1/3 of the slope, and should be controlled as a separate irrigation
zone. Run time on the separate bottom zone can then be adjusted if water migration from
higher elevations is causing soil saturation in lower areas. In short:
 SSDI laterals should run perpendicular to the slope whenever possible.
 Lateral row spacing should be normal spacing within the top two‐thirds of the slope.
October 2010 Page 8

 Lateral row spacing should be 25% greater within the bottom one‐third of the slope.

Figure 2. Layout along slopes.
When working with rolling landscapes with elevation differences of 1.5 metres or more within a
zone, it is best to use pressure‐compensating SSDI systems to equalize pressure differentials
created by the elevation differences. All SSDI laterals within the elevated area must be
connected with an air relief lateral.
In‐line spring‐check or swing‐check valves should be used on slopes where low‐line drainage
could cause wet areas in the lowest areas of an irrigation zone.
3.4. ROOT INTRUSION AND SYSTEM LONGEVITY
Emitter plugging caused by root intrusion can be a major problem with SSDI systems, but can
be minimized by chemicals and irrigation management. Chemical‐based control techniques
include the use of herbicides, either slow‐release growth‐retarding compounds embedded into
emitters and filters or periodic injection of low‐concentration solutions into the irrigation
stream, or injection of other chemicals, such as fumigants, into the irrigation stream. It is
reported that the application of Trifluralin (Treflan®) at a rate of one teaspoon per ha per year
is adequate for the prevention of root intrusion. According to the UK Environment Agency
“Trifluralin appears to have a low toxicity for mammals and birds and so may not be as acutely
harmful to terrestrial wildlife as some other pesticides..No significant global impacts are
October 2010 Page 9

considered likely“. Periodic injection of phosphoric acid and chlorine can also modify the
environment immediately adjacent to emitters and reduce root intrusion. When injecting
chemicals into SSDI systems, the entire system should be thoroughly flushed after each
injection event.
Some systemic pesticides and soil fumigants can also be safely injected via SSDI systems. This
technique has the potential to minimize chemical exposure of workers and environment
contamination, to reduce the cost of pesticide rinse water disposal, and to improve precision of
application to the desired target (e.g. root pests). However, a high level of management with
system automation and feedback control is required to minimize chemical movement to the
ground water when chemicals are used.
Emitter design may also affect root intrusion. Smaller orifices tend to have less root intrusion
but are more susceptible to plugging by particulate matter. Some emitters are constructed with
physical barriers to root intrusion. Root intrusion appears to be more severe where emitters are
located in areas of preferential root growth, such as along seams of thin‐walled tubes.
However, root intrusion problems appear to be greater for systems that are not chemically
treated.
Irrigation management can influence root intrusion by controlling the environment
immediately adjacent to the emitter. High frequency pulsing that frequently saturates the soil
immediately surrounding the emitter can discourage root growth in that area for some plants
but not others. Conversely, deficit irrigation, sometimes practiced to increase quality or
maturity or to control vegetative growth, can increase root intrusion because of high root
concentrations in the emitter area.
3.5. FILTRATION REQUIREMENTS
Requirements for filtration for SSDI systems are more stringent than those of normal drip
systems. In addition, irrigation of landscapes with treated sewage effluent will certainly
incorporate some organic matters which will promote growth of algae inside laterals. For this
reason, the use of screen filters only will not provide adequate protection. Instead, media
filters or as a bare minimum disc filters, should be used. The minimum recommended mesh size
is 150. Filters should be serviced regularly and as soon as significant pressure drop is observed
across.
For large systems with dedicated pump rooms, filtration requirements are as follows:
Primary filtration:
October 2010 Page 10

 Media/sand filters with self flushing capability. If the source of water is groundwater
then a sand separator should be installed upstream the media/sand filter.
 Self flushing screen filter with a minimum mesh size of 120.
The self‐flushing mechanism should be triggered by a pressure differential across the filter
exceeding a certain pre‐set pressure. In the event of failure of the self‐flushing system, then
pumps should not be allowed to operate.
Secondary filtration:
 Y‐ Strainers with 150 mesh placed in the valve boxes upstream the solenoid valve
For smaller systems such as streetscapes or median irrigation systems a disc filter with a mesh
opening of 150 should be installed at the mainline and Y‐ Strainers with a mesh size of 150
should be placed in the valve boxes upstream the solenoid valve
Flushing of the entire network must be performed regularly and using water velocity exceeding
that of normal irrigation, to flush away deposited sand particles. This entails directing the
system pressure towards the lateral undergoing flushing by manually closing other valves. In
addition, flushing should be performed after servicing the filter system.
3.6. SALINITY CONTROL
Salinity may still be a problem with SSDI in arid and semi‐arid areas since any leaching above
the tubing occurs only as the result of rain. Thus, salts tend to accumulate in this area during
the season as the plants extract water and leave the salts behind. High salt concentrations
exceeding 10 dS/m have been found in the top 6‐10 cm of the soil profile. Chloride
concentration increased as the distance from the lateral increased. Salinity can become
problematic in the advent of rain as salts are pushed towards the root zone. For this, it is
essential to turn irrigation on during rainfall. Controlling water table height through drainage
systems is also essential.
3.7. USE OF RECYCLED WATER
The major challenge for wide use of recycled and/or wastewater in SSDI is the economical
treatment and filtration of these waters to reduce emitter plugging and removal or deactivation
of pathogens. The addition of mild phosphoric acid will prohibit algae formation as well as root
intrusion. Such addition must be performed at least once per season or upon identification of a

blockage. Filtration with disc filters or media filters is essential to prevent blockages resulting
from organics.
3.8. INJECTING AIR
The input of air into the ground through an irrigation system is a technique for improving the
production capacity of anoxic soils, fine‐textured soils, and/or salty soils. An injection system
containing a venturi‐type injector, designed specifically to create micro‐bubbles, will inject air
directly into the water and deliver it to the soil through the lines of the underground micro‐
irrigation system.
The loss of pressure, naturally associated with this device, requires that the pressure at the inlet
of the injector be at least 2 times greater than the pressure at the outlet of the injector. At the
same time, however, the device can operate as a pressure regulator, eliminating the need for a
regulator valve in the system.
The advantages are linked to the abundance of air in the root zone and the higher level of
dissolved oxygen in the water, which among other things, improves the absorption of nutrients
by the roots. It is noted, moreover, that there are positive results in the irrigation system itself,
such as a reduction in the formation of algae in the tubing due to the oxygen, and the
suspension of solids due to micro‐bubbles, which reduces the possibility of emitter clogging.
Air injection could however create undesired precipitation in the water, due to the oxidation of
some compounds, such as iron. The periodic flushing of the system with a mild acid solution
will overcome this problem.
3.9. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
Locating and repairing or replacing failed components is more difficult and more expensive with
subsurface irrigation systems than with surface systems. In fact, a major deficiency with SSDI is
that most system components are buried and cannot be directly observed. Consequently,
operational parameters such as frequent measurements of flow rate and pressure must be
used as indicators of system performance.
Monitoring subsurface irrigation systems is an elaborate process requiring close observation
and advanced skills. Apart from indications from flow meters and pressure gauges, patches of
dead plants are the only indicators of a blockage or malfunction of the SSDI network. This is
why adequate filtration, periodic flushing and application of root inhibitors are all critical for
SSDI. In addition, recording the initial parameters including flow, pressure, and moisture

distribution immediately after commissioning the system is an essential operation for
comparing future performance. Monitoring requirements are as follows:
i. It is essential to place some sort of flow or pressure measurement at the inlet of the
network and record an initial reading. Any subsequent readings indicating a reduction of
flow or increase in pressure unrelated to a change in the pumping regime upstream, might
indicate a blockage. This should be a continuous exercise.
ii. The irrigation operator must observe the entire area under irrigation to identify any wilting
or stunted growth. Any such symptoms should be investigated carefully. This observation
should take place on a weekly basis.
iii. It might be essential to test the moisture content throughout the irrigated area using
portable meters and compare the readings against initial readings when the system was
first installed. Dry patches should be uncovered and the reasons should be cleared. Such a
test should occur on a monthly basis.

3.10. ROUTINE PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE
Routine Inspections Checklist
a) Excessively wet areas that might indicate leaks. To identify this problem, the system
must be turned on for 10 minutes continuously.
b) Automatic flush caps and air/vacuum relief valves must be inspected for proper
operation.
c) Pressures at the supply manifold and flush ends of each zone, must be compared with
the base information on the System Data Record. For proper flushing, the flush‐end
pressure should be at least 70 kPa.
d) The operational flow of each zone must be checked and compared with the design
flows or the flows on the System Data Record. High flows could indicate leaks or
malfunctioning automatic flush caps. Flows lower than expected could indicate
clogged emitters, emitters with excessive salt build‐up, kinked lateral or a clogged
filter. Low flows might also indicate that the capacity of the installed remote control
valves, filters or pressure regulators are too low, thus restricting the flow to the zone.

3.11. COMPONENT MAINTENANCE CHECKLISTS

Remote Control Valves
 Upon initial inspection, the valve size must be confirmed. Oversized valves may not
close properly and undersized valves will restrict flow and cause excessive pressure loss.
 The proper opening or closing must be checked. A weeping valve can cause excessively
wet areas at low points in the zone.
Filters
 Filters must be inspected and cleaned periodically. The frequency of inspection is
dependent on the water source. Municipal potable water will require less frequent
cleaning than TSE or well water. The frequency is determined by historical experience as
new systems are operated.
 Commercial installations should include pressure gauges, or facilities to connect
pressure gauges, immediately upstream and downstream of each filter. Filters should be
cleaned when the pressure drop across the filter is 30 kPa or greater, or when the
downstream pressure falls below the designed working pressure of the system.
 Filters without pressure gauges should be inspected monthly until the necessary
frequency is determined.
 Filters should always be inspected when any system break occurs ahead of the filter.
 If filters are plugging too frequently, a larger filter (two times the highest zone flow) may
need to be installed upstream of the zone filters to pre‐filter the water supply.
Pressure Regulators
 Annually check the pressure output just downstream of the regulators to ensure that
the valve is operating at designed pressures.
Laterals
 Lateral lines at the air vent and/or flush cap locations for salt build‐up must be
inspected after the first year of operation. If necessary, commercially available cleansing
solutions must be injected through the system at the recommended rates
 Prior to digging in planted areas, the system must be turned long enough to create wet
areas on the surface to locate the subsurface lines.
 After cultivation or maintenance activities, the system must be turned on for five to 10
minutes to inspect for leaks that might have been caused by these operations.


3.12. STORAGE AND HANDLING
All the SSDI items shall be stored in a dry, well ventilated place out of direct sunlight and as per
manufacturer’s recommendations. It is recommended that tubes be installed as close as
possible to the time of manufacture. They should not be stored for more than six months from
the date of manufacture or as recommended by the manufacturer.
If drip emitters are impregnated with some chemicals, it is recommended that installers wash
their hands with soap and water after handling. It is prohibited to drink from the tube or ingest
the tube or emitter. These should be kept out of reach of children.
3.13. TROUBLESHOOTING CHECKLISTS
Excessively Wet Soil Areas
The affected area should be dug to expose the SSDI lateral. The damaged area shall have a
clean cut. If the system is a subsurface grid system, water will flow from both sides of the cut,
automatically flushing any debris that may have worked its way into the SSDI lateral. While the
water is running, both sides of the cut must be flushed and repaired with the appropriate
coupling.
 If the wet area is at the low side of a slope or mound and a leak is not found, the wet
area is probably caused by subsurface runoff. To remedy the problem, the lowest line in
the area must be exposed, cut and plugged off at both the inlet and flush manifolds.
 Localized wet areas are sometimes caused by differences in soil depth or uneven lateral
line depths. If uneven lateral depth is the problem, the line must be excavated and re‐
installed at a uniform depth. If it is caused by shallow soil conditions, it will be necessary
to correct the shallow condition or wrap some of the outlets in the area with electrical
tape to cut off flow.
 Localized wet areas also can be caused by leaky fittings. If this is the case, the fittings are
either the incorrect size or not properly secured.
 Area‐wide wet areas are probably due to improper scheduling. Irrigation timings must
be corrected.

Excessively Dry Soils
The system flows and pressures must be checked to determine if the system is operating at
designed pressures. If excessively low pressures are detected, clogging occurrences must be
investigated.
 Localized dry soil conditions are sometimes caused by kinked or pinched laterals, or
upstream leaks.
 Massive dry areas can be caused by improper scheduling. Irrigation timings must be
corrected.

5. INLINE SSDI SYSTEMS
Inline SSDI systems are inline drip irrigation laterals modified to be buried underground. Drip
emitters are pressure compensated with smaller opening and a lower outflow than normal
inline drip systems. The emitter itself might be impregnated with a root deterrent or fitted with
a mechanical device to prevent root intrusion. Spacings between consecutive emitters can vary
depending on design requirements. Consultants shall base their designs on spacings indicated
in the tables below. It is a requirement for the contractor to present shop drawings and
calculations particularly if he intends to use different spacings.
For turf, the following spacings between emitters and between laterals (respectively) in cm are
proposed. All spacings proposed herein shall be used as design guidelines in the absence of
more specific recommendations from manufacturers:

Soil Texture Sandy Sandy Loam Clay Silty Clay
Loam Loam Clay
Flow (l/hr)
1.0 NA NA 20 x 20 20 x 30 30 x 40 50 x 50
1.5 NA 25 x 25 25 x 25 30 x 30 40 x 40 60 x 60
2.0 25 x 25 30 x 30 30 x 30 30 x 40 40 x 60 75 x 75
2.3 25 x 30 30 x 30 30 x 30 30 x 40 50 x 60 NA
3.4 30 x 40 40 x 40 40 x 40 40 x 60 NA NA

For ground cover the following spacings between emitters and between laterals (respectively)
in cm are proposed:

Loam Loam Clay
Flow (l/hr)
1.0 NA NA 20 x 20 20 x 30 30 x 40 50 x 50
1.5 NA 25 x 25 25 x 25 30 x 30 40 x 40 50 x 60
2.0 25 x 30 30 x 30 30 x 40 40 x 40 40 x 60 60 x 75
2.3 25 x 30 30 x 30 30 x 40 40 x 40 40 x 60 NA
3.4 30 x 40 40 x 40 40 x 40 40 x 40 NA NA

For hedges, the wetted front in the soil should match the canopy of the hedge. Emitters should
be placed about 5 – 10 cm away from the main stem. The following lateral spacings are thus
proposed:

Hedge width <50 cm 50 – 100 cm >100 cm
Number of 1 lateral 2 – 3 Spacings between laterals of 30 –
laterals laterals 60 cm depending on soil texture

Proposed emitter flows for hedges are as follows:

Soil Sandy Sandy Loam Clay Silty Clay Clay
Texture Loam Loam
Drip Flow 3.4 l/hr 2.3 l/hr 1.5 l/hr 1 l/hr 1 l/hr 1 l/hr

Trees and date palms should not be irrigated with SSDI systems. This is due to their high water
requirements which cannot be provided economically with drip systems containing a large
number of emitters.
Trees planted in grass areas should be irrigated with a separate irrigation system involving a
different irrigation zone. This is particularly relevant for SSDI systems as tree roots tend to push
buried SSDI laterals to the surface.
5.1 MAXIMUM LENGTH
The length of the drip lateral should be such that the pressure at the downstream end of the
line does not drop below the minimum design operating pressure for drip emitters. An
additional 20 % is added to account for minor losses incurred through the coiling of the drip
lateral and protrusions of the drip emitter inside the lateral pipe.
Maximum length for an inline drip lateral with uniform spacing is calculated using the formula
below. If the calculated length exceeds 60 m then a length of 60 m should be used regardless
the result of the formula:
H o  1.2 P  Z 
L=
h fu
Where: Ho is the pressure upstream the drip line (m).
P is the design operating pressure for each drip emitter (usually 10 m).
Z is the elevation difference between the beginning and end of pipe.
hfu is the friction loss per unit meter of pipe length calculated using Darcy‐
Weisbach or Hazen‐Williams as applicable.


6. “SANDWICHED” IN‐LINE SYSTEMS
Sandwiched In‐Line Systems (SIS) are similar to regular in‐line subsurface drip systems except

that spacings between laterals can be relaxed due to the presence of the geotextile sheets. SIS
systems come in two types: full coverage of the geotextile sheet and partial coverage. With full
coverage systems, geotextile sheets cover the entire ground (Figure 3). As such, the geotextile
sheets become similar to a fine‐textured soil where lateral water movement is enhanced and
spacing between laterals is independent of the soil texture. With this system, emitters and
laterals are spaced at 30 x 70 cm for turf and ground cover irrigation. This system is not
recommended for shrubs or trees as it hinders root development.

With partial coverage systems, the geotextile sheet extends just beyond the pipe laterally
(Figure 4). The purpose of the sheet is to spread water uniformly along the pipe length, similar
to porous pipes, and protection from roots. Lateral water movement is enhanced and contact
with the soil is increased. However, the native soil texture still affects lateral water movement
and water coverage.

Figure 3. SIS System with full coverage1 Figure 4. SIS System with partial coverage

For turf, the following spacings between emitters and between laterals (respectively) in cm are
proposed:

1
Pictures are presented for illustration purposes only and do not imply any endorsement from ADM‐PRFD

Loam Loam Clay
Flow (l/hr)
1.0 NA NA 20 x 30 30 x 40 50 x 50 75 x 75
1.5 NA 25 x 25 30 x 30 40 x 40 50 x 60 60 x 75
2.0 30 x 30 30 x 30 30 x 40 40 x 60 50 x 75 75 x 75
2.3 30 x 30 30 x 30 30 x 50 50 x 60 60 x 75 NA
3.4 40 x 40 40 x 40 40 x 50 50 x 60 NA NA

For ground cover the following spacings between emitters and between laterals (respectively)
in cm are proposed:

Loam Loam Clay
Flow (l/hr)
1.0 NA NA 20 x 30 30 x 40 50 x 50 75 x 75
1.5 NA 25 x 25 30 x 30 40 x 40 50 x 60 60 x 75
2.0 30 x 30 30 x 40 40 x 40 40 x 60 50 x 75 75 x 75
2.3 30 x 30 30 x 40 40 x 40 50 x 60 60 x 75 NA
3.4 40 x 40 40 x 40 40 x 40 50 x 60 NA NA

For hedges, the wetted front in the soil should match the canopy of the hedge. The following
lateral spacings are thus proposed:

Hedge width <75 cm 75 – 125 cm >125 cm
Number of 1 lateral 2 – 3 Spacings between laterals of 40 –
laterals laterals 60 cm depending on soil texture

Proposed emitter flows for hedges are as follows:

Soil Sandy Sandy Loam Clay Silty Clay Clay
Texture Loam Loam
Drip Flow 3.4 l/hr 2.3 l/hr 1.5 l/hr 1 l/hr 1 l/hr 1 l/hr

Maximum lateral pipe lengths can be calculated using the same formulas as for inline systems.


7. DESIGN OF MIXED SYSTEMS
Commonly turf grass and ground covers are mixed with trees. As mentioned earlier, subsurface
irrigation systems are not recommended for tree irrigation and will certainly not derive their
water requirements from nearby subsurface turf irrigation. Consequently, it would be
necessary to separate the irrigation system of trees from the remaining irrigation system in
separate irrigation zones with different flow rates and durations. Irrigation systems of trees
shall consist of either pressure compensating bubblers or high flow drip emitters.

8. POROUS PIPE SYSTEMS2
The idea of irrigation under the soil surface return to the ancient Egyptians, They were digging for
pottery clay under the soil surface and when the flood comes these pots filled and then planting the
seeds next to do after the dehydration of water from the soil surface to remain on the plants get their
water through alnca pore through the wall of those pots.
The first tests of this system in Germany in 1860, allowing infiltration of water through pipelines and
links to pottery that have been developed at a distance of five meters from each other and at a depth of
0.80 meters above ground level and covered with a layer of DNA (filter) 0.30:0.50 thickness meters. In
1920, developed the idea to use a perforated pipe buried beneath the surface of the soil in both
Germany and France and the Soviet Union.
In the early sixties began to use pipes made of felt, especially in protected cultivation until a new
technology in a way to supply water and fertilizer plant using buried porous pipe made from recycled
rubber and mixed with other materials, giving the regular behavior along the tube.
8.1 ADVANTAGES
Subsurface irrigation or sub irrigation allows the precise application of water, nutrients and
other agro‐ chemicals directly to the root zone of plants. Irrigating underground is one of the
most efficient ways to water plants. Subsurface irrigation reduces evaporation, wind drift, over
spray, vandalism and as such can save substantial amounts of water. Advantages include:
 Reduces plant watering by 45‐50% .
 Helps reduce soil compaction
 Will not float to the surface
 Increases soil aeration due to expansion and retraction
 Lasts for several seasons
 Increases water holding capacity especially in sandy soil
 Reduces soil erosion
 Reduces surface water run off
 Improves survival rate of seedlings
 Increases yield of agricultural products

The depth and placement of the drip‐line depends on the soil and need of the plant being
irrigated. Water moves by capillary action through the soil, 150‐750mm beneath the soil
surface, forming a continuous wetted layer at the root zone.

2
Section 8 was contributed entirely by EAD, Abu Dhabi

8.2 POROUS MEMBRANE HOSES
Porous membrane hoses are installed underground at a suitable depth and distance apart from
each other depending on the soil conditions. Due to a special quality of the type of hoses used
in the system process, the pores react sensitively to gentle positive or negative pressure. Each
function can run automatically depending on results received by measuring equipment.

Figure 5. Profile of porous membrane hoses
Different application for porous membrane hoses (Figure 6):
‐ Positive pressure H2O or Air [supply of oxygen]
‐ Negative pressure H2O or Air [aspirate of oxygen]

Figure 6. Different application for porous membrane hoses

8.3 DESIGN GUIDELINES
8.3.1 Basic Facts
a. Water source.
b. Water pressure.
c. Water source volume in gallons per minute.
d. Irrigation areas.
e. Topography.

8.3.2 Site Plan
At this point, using a grid layout form, sketch the site plan being careful that your
measurements accurate. Be especially mindful that the internal dimensions add up to the
overall dimensions. Everything of consequence should be charted: buildings, Walls,
driveways, location of water source, shrub planting areas, and large trees.
8.3.3 System Design
After studying the site plan, begin to sketch Porous pipe laterals. Laying them out so that the
runs are long as possible for case of installation. There are three fundamental and essential
elements to every successful Porous Pipe system:
 Low Pressure ‐ should not exceed 6 psi (4.5 m).
 Low Volume – will vary from 10 to 30 gallons per hour (38 – 114 l/hr).
Porous Pipe must be buried in the soil not above ground and just below shrub bed mulch.
8.3.4 The Layout of Laterals
The laterals are the runs of Porous Pipe. Lay them out 2 feet (61 cm) apart (in Florida sand) to 4
feet (122 cm) apart in clay in parallel rows. At one end of those rows, plan to connect your
manifold to the laterals. At the other end of the laterals, loop connect the laterals with poly
tees so that there are no dead ends.
If your system is to serve shrubs and flowers, then roughly maintain the 2 feet ( 61 cm) parallel
rows, snaking the Porous Pipe through the plants, shrubs and trees, so as to have it near to
(within 1 foot – 30 cm) each of them.
You will quickly discover that it is possible to serve both turf and shrubs in the same zone, and
in fact, with the same lateral all in the same run time. Simply insert a flow restricter in the

Porous Pipe as it is entering the shrub bed whether that be directly from the manifold or from
Porous Pipe that has been running under turf.
Caution: You can’t always have it the other way. If your lateral goes from shrubs to turf, it can
only supply enough water if at the end of the lateral you can loop into another full running turf
line. In that case, be sure to have a flow restricter facing into the shrub bed on either end of the
shrub bed.
8.3.5 Size of the Zone
The size of the zone is limited by the ability of the system to deliver adequate water in a
reasonable time. For optimum results, we suggest that zones be sized so that the run time need
not exceed 2 hours a day.
Most texts and most horticultural specialists suggest that turf should get 1 inch (25.4 mm) of
rainfall per week, and that shrubs should get 40 to 50 per cent of that amount.
Calculate the square footage of your zone, taking care to separate turf from shrub areas. Divide
the shrub area by 2 and add it to the turf area.
Example: You have 2,000 square‐feet (186 m2) of turf area and 2,100 square‐feet (195 m2) of
shrub area. Hence, 2,000+1,050(2,100 /2) =3,050sq.ft. (283 m2).
Once again, the longest lateral in the proposed zone is the key. It determines water flow into
the zone, and that sets the standard for the rest of the design particulars.

8.3.6 Required Components
Anti‐siphons Valve: To prevent return of the water to the source supply.
Filter: Source water frequently gets surges of particular matter in suspension. It is essential to
filter these out so that they do not render your other equipment inoperable. For example, they
can obstruct the closing of the valve in the timer. It is recommended that you use a filter with a
200 mesh screen. A Speers Filter or equivalent is satisfactory.
Controller: Depending on the number of zones. You will need to select from several controllers
available. If you have only one zone, the Drip Thinker or equivalent should prove adequate. If
two or more zones are intended, then the Nelson 8400 Series Electronic Timer or equivalent
should be used.
Venturi: The Chemilizer Unit or equivalent is an easily installed self‐contained unit. Through it,
the user/owner will be able to apply fertilizer through the system and when important, insert
cleansing chemicals. Water soluble fertilizer that have the appropriate blend of nutrients, etc.,
will work well. Cleansing chemicals need to be carefully selected. Citric Acid will also work well.

8.3.7 Optional
Flow Meter‐ Virtually every house or commercial site has a water meter, if the site is served by
a municipality system. Tank or wells do not. In the latter cases, a flow meter should be installed
to be assured that adequate quantities of water are being delivered.

8.3.8 Installation Sequence of Equipment
Water Source
Anti‐Siphon Valve or Back Flow Preventer
Filter
Controller
Meter
Venturi
Pressure reducer(s)

8.3.9 Porous Pipe ‐ 16mm Ultra‐Low Pressure Pipe
A new very low application rate 16mm Porous Pipe is now available. LP16UL‐16mm bore Ultra‐
low leak rate‐ has been developed for those applications where a highly cost‐effective very low
leak rate sub‐ surface irrigation hose is required.
LP16UL‐ Specification
Nominal diameter 16mm
Leak rate at 10 kpa/0.1bar 0.8Liter/Meter/hour
Leak rate uniformity better than ± 10%
Maximum lateral length 100 Meters
Maximum slope 4%
Packing 300 meter rolls
Weight per 100 Meter 9.5 Kg.
Max Pressure (burst Strength) 7 bar


Figure 7. Porous pipe design for forest trees in Ras Ghorab Island

Figure 8. Porous system main control unit
Weight Length
Model color ID/OD (mm)
per M of Roll
P.R.P 16/19.2 Black 16/20 116g/m 200
P.R.P 16/18.8 Black 16/20 113g/m 200

Operation Flow (L/H/m) Decrease ratio of Max.

Model pressure Out soil/In Pressure (Bar/10 M) operation Plantation
Min/Max soil Out soil/In soil length (m)
P.R.P Lawn, natural
0.5/6 10/8 0.1/0.05 65‐70
16/19.2 flora
P.R.P Trees, Palm
0.4/5 16/14 0.23/0.14 25‐30
16/18.8

The characteristics of LP16UL are such that continues irrigation is feasible; this product will be
of particular interest to glasshouse growers and is extremely competitively priced. Specific
quotations will be supplied on request.
8.3.10 Soil Shrinkage
The phenomenon of soil shrinkage has been observed to cause difficulties in Porous Pipe
installations in a specific area of one country.
The soil type is a very heavy clay, with limestone present; geologically it appears to be a highly
stratified soil.
The Porous Pipe installation is operated under flow control, at very low pressures (<100 KPa),
on a continuous basis. The system operated successfully until high summer temperatures
occurred, when it became apparent that the crop was not receiving sufficient water. The source
pressure was increased, hence increasing the leak rate of the Porous Pipe, but the crop was still
receiving insufficient water.
On investigation, it became apparent that the very heavy soil had begun to dry out as
temperatures rose, shrinking and cracking. Increasing the water application rate did not
improve the situation as water drained through the cracks, to the limestone strata, and then
away below the root zone. The Porous Pipe was found to be operating normally.
The remedy was to saturate the soil from overhead, using sprinklers or hoses, causing it to
expand and close the cracks, and to operate the Porous Pipe system with a higher pressure,
hence maintaining soil moisture and preventing further cracking.

We do not consider this is likely to be a phenomenon which will occur where pressure control is
used, as soil moisture should then be sufficient to prevent significant shrinkage.
8.3.11 Technical Information sheet
In small schemes, the main and Sub‐main may be the same line, and in the smallest, this line
may also act as the manifold.
8.3.12 Pressure Control Systems
Pressure control is fundamental to a successful Porous Pipe sub‐surface irrigation system. The
preferred operating rang is 20‐40kpa (0.2‐0.4 bar/3‐6psi)
As a general principle, the main will operate at a higher pressure; this pressure will be largely
determined by the length of the main and associated pressure losses, and would normally be in
the range 120‐500kpa (1.2‐5.0 bar/18‐75psi). Selection of the main material will depend on the
pressure therein, but would normally be uPVC (in the higher pressure range) or PE (for lower
pressure). Similarly, the sub‐main will operate at the same pressure as the main.
Individual pressure regulators then feed each Manifold; this design has the particular
advantages of ensuring that the preferred operating pressure of 20‐40kpa is obtained just
upstream of the manifold, enabling selection of pumps, Main and Sub‐Main to be made on the
basis of economics, rather than having to consider in too much detail the effect of pressure
losses had pressure regulation been designed earlier in the system.
In certain applications, pressure regulation between the main and Sub‐Main may be preferred.
This could arise, for instance, where locally available pressure regulations of relatively high flow
are to be used, and the Sub‐ Main and Manifold thus become one and the same. Here, careful
consideration of pressure losses must be made when selecting the Sub‐main size.
Where gravity‐fed systems are to be employed without additional pressure regulation, then the
whole system will operate under the preferred pressure of 20‐40kpa, although a designed drop
may be engineered by careful selection of pipe diameters between the overhead tank and the
first Sub‐Main. Such systems are generally installed where an intermittent water supply is
available‐ perhaps due to uncertain authority delivery pressure or in the case of wind powered
pumps. Again, particularly attention must be paid to pressure losses throughout the system.
In the simplest system it is possible to control pressure simply by adjusting gate valves and
allowing a restricted flow to expand into the system, using one or more pressure gauges as
monitors. This is definitely not recommended where the supply pressure is uncertain or for
larger system, where balancing will almost certainly prove to be a length procedure.


8.3.13 Sources of Clogging
Porous Pipe systems are engineered to minimize the risk of clogging .Adequately designed
filtration at 200 mesh removes suspended solids and, where this is a potential problem, algae.
Where filtered water is to be stored, light‐proof tanks are used to inhibit algal growth.
Nevertheless, algae may still be present in the irrigation system, and should clogged occur, it is
treated by “slugging” non‐ phytotoxic doses of algaecides through the system. The frequency of
treatment will depend on the rate of algal growth, but is normally at periods of several weeks
and frequently several months. Any water soluble agalcide approved for agricultural use is
acceptable; the most general use is probably sodium hypochlorite, although this must be used
with caution where high soil salinity is known to exist.
Other causes of clogging are most commonly calcium (often in association with magnesium)
and iron, with sulphur a less common cause. Calcium and iron deposits, together or singly, are
frequently removed from irrigation system by flushing with dilute nitric acid, and this method is
also acceptable for use with Leaky Pipe. Other proprietary chemicals approved for agricultural
use are also acceptable.
8.3.14 Algae and Chemical Deposits
Conventional drip and trick irrigation systems intermittently suffer the problem of clogging, and
both the irrigation engineer and the end‐user strive to minimize this problem in both system
design and operation.
8.3.15 Root Ingress, Rodents and boring Insects
Porous Pipe subsurface irrigation systems are not susceptible to root ingress, nor are they
attacked by rodents or boring insects.
8.3.16 Used In Hot Climates
Porous Pipe is installed in hot climates in many parts of the world, including Arizona and Florida
U.S.A., Saudi Arabia and Oman.
Being a sub‐surface irrigation system, Porous Pipe does not have the susceptibility of surface
systems to Ultra‐violet degradation.
At high temperature, up to 550C, Porous Pipe demonstrates a marginal increase in leak rate of
less than 5%. This change is, however, uniform along any lateral of Leaky Pipe, and the
efficiency of the system is hence unaffected.


8.3.17 Effluent Treatment with Porous Pipe
Porous Pipe is an ideal product for use in effluent treatment and the disposal of treatment
effluent.
Used as an aerator, Porous Pipe delivery large volumes of air or oxygen at low pressure with an
extremely high efficiency. Extremely small bubbles with a very high surface area/volume ratio
are produced evenly over the whole surface of leaky pipe. Operating pressures, and hence
compressor operating costs, are low‐typically in the range 0, 2‐0, 6 bar above static water
pressure. Pressure drop in Porous Pipe is very low, permitting long lengths to be used to
achieve maximum efficiency.
Used in septic tanks, Porous Pipe aeration accelerates biological oxidation, rapidly destroying
pathogens. It may also be used in many other aeration applications‐ wherever oxygen is needed
quickly, efficiently and inexpensively.
Installation is simplicity itself. Coils or loops of leaky pipe, suitably weighted, are laid into the
tank or vessel to be aerated, and connected through a suitable pressure regulator and gauge to
an adequately sized compressor.
Porous Pipe is also an ideal system for the use of treated effluent in irrigation. Effluent, treated
and filtered to the appropriate national standard for discharge, is pumped or gravity fed at 0, 2‐
0, 4 bar through laterals of Porous Pipe buried below the crop or landscape to be irrigated.
Depth of installation varies for each crop, but is typically in the range 10‐35cm. The system may
be fully automated. Effluent is discharged subsurface where soil bacteria complete the
biological degradation process.

9. ESTIDAMA OVERVIEW
This manual supports the Estidama water conservation requirements through the use of
efficient irrigation systems. These are in line with the New Communities – Soil Health (LS‐7)
whereby “the application of Reclaimed Water and other fertilizers do not negatively impact soil
and plant health over time…” Additional credits would also be applicable under PW‐1.1
Community Water Use Reduction: Landscaping.
It is also worth mentioning that the Environment Agency of Abu Dhabi (EAD) and the Urban
Planning Council of Abu Dhabi (UPC) actively support the use of SSDI systems as applicable
throughout irrigation projects.

APPENDIX (A) – NOTE ON LIABILITY
The liability approach proposed herein is a two‐step approach for incorporation into urgent
projects and for future inclusion SSDI items into the irrigation materials database.
A.1 LIABILITY APPROACH FOR URGENT PROJECTS
Manufacturer’s Liability
PRFD has adopted from the Sewerage Projects Committee (SPC) a system of approval of
materials to utilize only renowned products and minimize such incidents. In the case of
subsurface systems, no material has been approved. Consultants and contractors should not be
liable for any possible from problems resulting from failing materials.
As SSDI systems are not common in Abu Dhabi Municipality and not included in PRFD vendor list,
the approval of related materials will be a lengthy process. This process of inclusion of new
products into the materials database is an extensive process that is undertaken by the
Department and the Consultants. An extensive list of requirements is provided by the supplier,
evaluated by the Materials Committee members and either recommended for approval or
recommended for re‐submittal pending further information. Such a approval procedure is time‐
consuming and not suitable for immediate implementation of urgent projects.
Until suitable subsurface systems are approved, manufacturers and suppliers must provide
detailed specifications and installation guidelines for consultants to enforce and contractors to
apply. They should certify installations and accept full liabilities.
The manufacturer/supplier must certify the installation and provide a written guarantee against
malfunction, bursting, or any other defect for a period to be specified in the contract.
Contractor’s Liability
The most critical issue for any project is the liability for failed systems. By law, the main
Contractor is at the forefront for any liabilities/defects arising from any project. This assumes
however that any defect was entirely caused by the workmanship of the Contractor.
The contractor must obtain all the relevant product information as listed below (but not limited
to) from the manufacturer and submit it with the design:
 Performance Curve and operating range (Flow Vs different Pressure values )
 Maximum operating pressure
 Pressure drop with length
 Maximum recommended lengths
 Pressure derating with temperature

 Minimum Required Strength (MRS)at T °C, at X years
 The design stress
 Resistance to chemicals and salts
 Physical properties
 Chemical properties
 Dimensions, nominal outside diameter, minimum wall thickness
 Weight
 Jointing
 Lengths (straight or coil)
 Manufacturer's Instructions: Indicate special procedures required to install Products
specified.
 Manufacturer’s Certifications of compliance with standard specifications.

Consultant’s Liability
Should a deficient design be responsible for any damages, the consultant is then held liable for
designing and/or specifying the wrong materials. Normally any liability will not go beyond the
consultant except whenever material specifications, as provided by the manufacturer, did not
meet the project requirements.

A.2 LIABILITY APPROACH FOR SUBSEQUENT PROJECTS
The material used for subsequent future projects shall be used from updated PRFD vendor list
for SSDI items and will reduce above mentioned liabilities from manufacturer’s shoulder in terms
of material / brand selection.
This process of inclusion of new SSDI items into the materials database is an extensive process
undertaken by the Department and the Consultants. An extensive list of requirements must be
provided by the manufacturer / suppliers, evaluated by the materials committee members and
either recommended for approval or recommended for re‐submittal pending further
information.
Subsequently, SSDI items will be incorporated into PRFD Vendor list through acquired knowledge
base and through a series of standard procedures, some of which are given below:
1. Tests should be conducted with a close participation from the supplier/manufacturer
who should also contribute the costs of such exercise.
Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems Guidelines Manual
June 2010 Page 35

2. The manufacturer/supplier must provide detailed specifications, installation and
operation manuals in advance.
3. Tests should be conducted in a selected project plot.
4. Tests should cover all vegetation, and should be conducted according to manufacturer
requirements and specifications for at least two seasons.
5. Tests should be conducted by a consultant staff under close supervision from Abu Dhabi
Municipality personnel.
6. A standard test sheet must be devised to record all observations and remarks.
7. Efficiency indicators, or KPIs must be developed to assess the system.
8. Towards the end of the testing period a portion of the system should be uncovered to
observe any degradation.
9. Observations and readings should be compiled in a report recommending acceptance or
rejection of the system. The consultant should sign such a report.
10. This report should be shared with the manufacturer/supplier.

END OF GUIDELINE MANUAL
Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems Guidelines Manual
June 2010 Page 36

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Revision No. Date Revision Description / Purpose of Issue

00 APR 28, 2010 First issue

01 MAY 6, 2010 Second issue following internal review

02 MAY 14, 2010 Third issue incorporating comments of external reviewers

03 MAY 23, 2010 Fourth issue incorporating comments of external

04 MAY 26, 2010 Fifth issue incorporating comments of external reviewers

05 JUNE 23, 2010 Sixth issue incorporating additional material and

06 JUNE 26, 2010 Seventh issue including some of the reviewers comments

07 October 17, 2010 Eighth issue including additional information and

08 November 3, 2010 Replacement of Porous Pipes Systems with a new section

Sandwiched In‐Line Systems (SIS) are similar to regular in‐line subsurface drip systems except

Operation Flow (L/H/m) Decrease ratio of Max.

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