Condition Monitoring of Generator Stator Winding Inter-Turn Short Circuit
Fault Based on Electrically Excited Vibration
Li Heming, Wan Shuting, Li Yonggang, Wang Aimeng,
North China Electric Power University. Baoding, 071003, China
phone: (+86) 0312 7522951 fax: (+86) 0312 7522251 e-mail: wanshuting1@sina.com
Abstract —Generator rotor and stator vibration characteristics on
stator winding inter-turn short circuit fault are analyzed. Through
calculating the generator parameters of air-gap magnetomotive
force, air-gap magnetic field energy and magnetic flux density on
the fault, the frequency characteristic of imbalance magnetic pull
acting on rotor and that of pulsating magnetic pull acting on stator
core are found out. Then the rotor and stator radial vibration
characteristics are gotten. Finally practically acquired vibration
data on the spot of SDF-9 and MJF-30-6 type generator
respectively, the results of verification show that the analysis is
correct. On the other hand finds out the relationship between
electric fault such as winding fault and mechanical vibration, and
points out the vibration signal can be the symptom of winding
faults as well as electric signal, and provides the new idea and
method for study the electric fault
Key words: generator; stator winding inter-turn short
circuit fault; rotor; stator; radial vibration
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION
The stator winding inter-turn short circuit fault is one of the
common generator electric faults, the general diagnosis method
is based on the electrical parameters such as current, voltage
and magnetic flux[1], not considering it’s influence on
generator vibration. Conversely, the diagnosis method of
mechanical faults such as unbalance, bearing and eccentricity is
focus on vibration signal. In fact, winding faults can make air-
gap field distorted, then cause imbalance magnetic pull acting
on rotor and cause rotor vibrating, as well as can cause
pulsating magnetic pull acting on stator and cause stator
vibrating. So the monitoring of mechanical vibration should be
a useful symptom of electrical winding faults[2-6].
Reference [7] analyzed the stator and rotor vibration
characteristic on rotor winding inter-turn short circuit fault.
This paper analyzes the generator radial vibration characteristic
on stator winding inter-turn short circuit fault, and finds out the
relationship between electric fault such as winding fault and
mechanical vibration, provides the new idea and method for
study the electric fault.
Ⅱ. THE AIR-GAP MAGNETIC FIELD ANALYSIS OF
STATOR WINDING INTER-TURN SHORT CIRCUIT
FAULT
When generator operates on normal condition, air-gap
magnetomotive force(mmf) is[8]:
π
f (α , t ) = Fs cos(ωt − pα ) + Fr cos(ωt − pα + ψ +
2
where: p is the pair of poles number. ω = 2πf = pω r
= 2πpf r ， ω is electrical angular frequency， f is electrical
frequency， ω r is the rotor mechanical angular frequency，
f r is the rotor mechanical frequency. α is the stator
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mechanical space angle. ψ is generator internal active power
angle
When stator winding inter-turn short circuit fault has
happened(showed as Fig.1), the additional circulating current
I d would be produced in this loop, and it will produces an
mmf distribution across the air-gap, this mmf is in addition to
the normal mmf. The normal mmf is rotating at synchronous
speed in the direction of rotor rotation. But the mmf produced
by the interturn fault is centered on the axis of the faulted coil,
it is stationary in space, and its amplitude will be pulsating
sinusoidally in time at the rated frequency, neglecting the high
order harmonics, the mmf may be represented as：
f d (α , t ) = Fd cos(ωt ) cos( pα ) =
(2)
Fd + cos(ωt − pα ) + Fd − cos(ωt + pα )
where the first term Fd + cos(ωt − pα ) in this summation
represents a mmf, which rotates at synchronous speed in the
direction of rotor rotation, and won’t induce additional
harmonic emf in rotor winding. The second term
Fd − cos(ωt + pα ) represents a similar mmf rotating at
synchronous speed opposite to the direction of rotation, and
will induce a emf of twice the electrical frequency in rotor
winding, this induced emf should cause a current of frequency
2ω to flow in the rotor winding in addition to the normal dc
field current, so the field current may be represented as:
I f = I f 1 + I f 2 cos 2ωt (3)
The excitation flux density on generator normal condition is
the flat-top wave, and way be represented as the summation of
fundamental and third space harmonic. If neglecting the third
space harmonic, the air-gap magnetic flux density waves
caused by field current is:
B = B1 + B2 cos 2ωt (4)
The effective amplitude of the three-phase induced armature
voltages is :
E = 4.44 fwk w1φ1 = 4.44 fwk w1 Blτ = KB (5)
) (1)
Fig.1 Stator winding with simulated inter-turn short circuit fault
1
where: w is the coil serial number of a phase stator winding, X2 +Y2 3
Λ (α , t ) = Λ 0{[1 + + ( X 2 + Y 2 )2 ] +
k w1 is winding factor, τ is stator pole pitch, 2σ 2 8σ 4
1 3 (11)
K = 4.44 fwk w1lτ [ + ( X 2 + Y 2 )] X cos α +
4σσ 3
So the three-phase induced armature voltages are[1]:
31
[ + ( X 2 + Y 2 )]Y sin α s }
σ 4σ 3
e a = 2 E cos ωt = 2 K ( B1 + B 2 cos 2ωt ) cos ωt = And
2 KB1 cos ωt + ( 2 KB 2 / 2) cos ωt + (6) ∂Λ
= Λ 0 (b1 + b2 cos α + b3 sin α ) (12)
( 2 KB 2 / 2) cos 3ωt ∂X
X 3( X 3 + XY 2 )
eb = 2 E cos(ωt − 120°) where b1 = 2 + ；
σ 2σ 4
= 2 K ( B1 + B2 cos 2ωt ) cos(ωt − 120°) (7)
1 3(3 X 2 + Y 2 ) 3 XY
= 2 KB1 cos(ωt − 120°) + ( 2 KB2 / 2) cos(ωt + 120°) + b2 = + ； b3 = ；
σ 4σ 3
2σ 3
( 2 KB2 / 2) cos(3ωt − 120°) And
ec = 2 E cos(ωt + 120°) ∂Λ (13)
= Λ 0 ( d 1 + d 2 cos α + d 3 sin α )
∂Y
= 2 K ( B1 + B2 cos 2ωt ) cos(ωt + 120°) (8)
Y 3(Y 3 + X 2 Y )
= 2 KB1 cos(ωt + 120°) + ( 2 KB2 / 2) cos(ωt − 120°) + where d 1 = 2 + ；
σ 2σ 4
( 2 KB2 / 2) cos(3ωt + 120°) 3 XY 1 3( X 2 + 3Y 2 )
d2 = ； d 3 = + ；
2σ 3 σ 4σ 3
where the first terms in (6)-(8) will produce positive-sequence The air-gap magnetic field energy is:
armature mmf, which electric angular frequency is ω , and
R 2π L
pulsation frequency is f .The second terms in (6)-(8) will W =
2 ∫0 ∫0
{Λ(α , t ) f 2 (α , t )}dzdα (14)
produce negative-sequence armature mmf, which electric
The component magnetic pull F X on rotor X axis and the
angular frequency is ω , and pulsation frequency is f . The
third terms in (6)-(8) will produce positive -sequence armature component magnetic pull FY on rotor Y axis may be
mmf, which electric angular frequency is 3ω , and pulsation represented as:
frequency is 3f.  ∂W RL 2π ∂Λ 2
So the air-gap mmf on stator winding inter-turn short circuit  FX = ∂X = 2 ∫0 ∂X f (α , t )dα (15)
fault can be represented approximatively as:  ∂W RL 2π ∂Λ 2
2 ∫0 ∂Y
 FY = = f (α , t )dα
f (α , t ) = Fs + cos(ωt − pα ) + Fs − cos(ωt + pα )  ∂Y
Through calculating and analyzing, it is known:
+ Fs 3 cos(3ωt − pα ) + Fr cos(ωt − pα + ψ + π / 2) (9) (1) When p > 1 . If only considering the fundamental
+ Fr 2 cos(ωt − pα + ψ + π / 2) cos(2ωt ) component of the air-gap magnetic permeance, the FX , FY are
constant, which can’t cause rotor vibrating,. If considering the
Ⅲ. ROTOR VIBRATION CHARACTERISTIC ON STATOR p harmonic component of the air-gap magnetic permeance,
WINDING INTER-TURN SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT the FX , FY will no longer be constant but they will also
According to [9], analyzing magnetic pull acting on rotor contain the component of pf r frequency ( pf r = f ), which
have two methods, one is calculating magnetic pull by the air- will cause rotor radial vibrating. However, the p harmonic
gap magnetic flux density, firstly calculating air-gap magnetic
component of the air-gap magnetic permeance is very smaller,
flux density by air-gap mmf and air-gap magnetic permeance,
then calculating the distributing magnetic pull acting on one and the rotor radial vibration of pf r frequency also is very
smaller.
unit area of rotor by equation B /(2µ 0 ) , finally calculating the
2

total magnetic pull based on the distributing magnetic pull. The
other method is calculating magnetic pull by the air-gap
magnetic field energy. This paper use the second method.
Considering the rotor vibration eccentricity, the air-gap
magnetic permeance can be represented as
∞ frequency.
Λ (α , t ) = Λ 0 ∑ ε n cos n (α − γ )
n=0
the parameters are in [9], and neglecting the high harmonic
term, it may be:
(2) When p = 1 . If considering the fundamental component
and harmonic component of the air-gap magnetic permeance,
the FX , FY will contain constant and component of f r
frequency, which will cause rotor radial vibrating of f r
(10)
Ⅳ. STATOR VIBRATION CHARACTERISTIC ON
STATOR WINDING INTER-TURN SHORT CIRCUIT
FAULT

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 The air-gap magnetic flux density is: TABLE Ⅰ
B (α , t ) = Λ (α , t ) f (α , t ) THE PARAMETERS OF FAULT SIMULATION GENERATOR
Model type SDF-9 MJF-30-6
= B s + cos(ωt − pα ) + B s − cos(ωt + pα ) (16)
Rated capacity /kVA 7.5 30
+ B s 3 cos(3ωt − pα ) + B r cos(ωt − pα + ψ + π / 2)
Rated voltage /V 400 400
+ B r 2 cos 2(ωt − pα + ψ + π / 2)
Rated speed /(r/min) 3000 1000
where: Bs + = Λ(α , t ) Fs + , Bs − = Λ(α , t ) Fs − , Pair of poles number (P) 1 3
Number of stator slots 24 54
Bs 3 = Λ (α , t ) Fs 3 ， Br = Λ (α , t ) Fr ， Br 2 = Λ (α , t ) Fr 2 distributed and short pitch
winding, two parallel
The pulsating magnetic pull acting on stator core can be Stator winding Same as SDF-9
branches of each phase,
expressed as follow: 2Y connection
q(α , t ) = B 2 (α , t ) / 2µ0 (17) one branch of A phase has one branch of A phase
Stator winding taps three taps located at has five taps located at
Through calculating and analyzing, it is known: 3%,8%,15% 2%,5%,10%,20%,40%
(1) The fundamental components B s + cos(ωt − pα ) ,
TABLE Ⅱ
B s − cos(ωt + pα ) , B r cos(ωt − pα + ψ + π / 2) and VIBRATION VELOCITY OF ROTOR HORIZONTAL DIRECTION
Bs 3 cos(3ωt − pα ) will produce pulsating magnetic pull Operation
condition
Vibration velocity(mm/s)
50Hz 100Hz 150Hz 200Hz 250Hz
acting on stator core, which pulsating frequency is 2 f . Normal condition 5.1 1.0 0.3 0.9 1.0
A phase inter-
(2) The third harmonic component Bs 3 cos(3ωt − pα ) will turn short circuit 6.4 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3
2%
produce pulsating magnetic pull of 6f frequency. Short circuit 8% 7.0 1.6 0.6 0.5 0.2
Short circuit 15% 7.0 2.0 0.6 1.0 0.2
Bs 3 cos(3ωt − pα ) and B r 2 cos 2(ωt − pα + ψ + π / 2) will
TABLE Ⅲ
produce pulsating magnetic pull of f,5f frequency. VIBRATION VELOCITY OF STATOR VERTICAL DIRECTION
(3) The second harmonic component Operation Vibration velocity(mm/s)
B r 2 cos 2(ωt − pα + ψ + π / 2) will produce pulsating magnetic condition 50Hz 100Hz 150Hz 200Hz 250Hz
pull of 4f frequency. B r 2 cos 2(ωt − pα + ψ + π / 2) and the Normal condition 2.3 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.2
A phase inter-
fundamental components will produce pulsating magnetic pull turn short circuit 2.8 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.1
of f,3f frequency. 2%
Short circuit 8% 3.2 1.6 0.4 0.4 0
Short circuit 15% 3.3 2.0 0.4 0.4 0
Ⅴ.EXPERIMENT STUDY OF ROTOR AND STATOR
VIBRATION CHARACTERISTIC ON STATOR WINDING
vibration increases in fundamental frequency from 2.3mm/s to
INTER-TURN SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT
3.3mm/s. The vibration characteristics are same as the theory
SDF-9 and MJF-30-6 synchronous non-salient pole generator result(P=1).
parameters are showed as table 1: B. Experiment Results on MJF-30-6 Type Generator(Pair of
A. Experiment Results on SDF-9 Type Generator(Pair of Poles Poles Number Is Three)
Number Is One) A slide wire rheostat is serried between 5% and 10% of the
The generator operates with load, P=4kw,Q=0.8kvar exciting first branch of A phase. Supposed that the branch current is Ia1,
current If=2.7A，line voltage U=400V，phase current I=6.4A. the current of slide wire rheostat is Id, which can simulate
Installs two CD21 velocity sensors (made by Beijing Vibration ( I d / I a1 ) × 5% stator A phase winding inter-turn short circuit
Instrument Company) on the bearing x direction and the stator fault. The generator operates with load, whose active power is
core y direction respectively, whose sensitivity is equal to P=10kw, and reactive power is Q=4kvar. Generator vibration
30mv/mm/s, and uses the U60116C data collector made by acquiring installation is same as SDF-9.
Beijing Wavespectrum Company, sampling frequency of each Fig.2(a)(b) is the frequency spectrum of A phase voltage on
channel is 10KHz。 normal condition and one branch of A phase inter-turn short
Table 2 shows the rotor horizontal vibration velocity, it is circuit 3% respectively. Comparing Fig.2(a) and Fig.2(b),
obvious that rotor vibration increases in fundamental frequency, although the fundamental component decreases slightly, the
which increases from 5.1mm/s to 7.0mm/s when the stator third harmonic component increases from 6A to 10A after the
winding short circuit 8%. Under the influence of stator, rotor fault has happened. Fig.3(a)(b) is the frequency spectrum of
vibration increases in second frequency from 1.0mm/s to excitation current on normal condition and one branch of A
2.0mm/s. phase inter-turn short circuit 3% respectively, the 100Hz
Table 3 shows the stator vertical vibration velocity, it is harmonic component increases from 0.012A to 0.0145A after
obvious that stator vibration increases in second frequency, the fault has happened
which increases from 1.1mm/s to 2.0mm/s when the stator Fig.4(a)(b) is the rotor vibration frequency spectrum on
winding short circuit 15%. Under the influence of rotor, stator normal condition and one branch of A phase inter-turn short

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circuit 3% respectively. They are quite similar, so the MJF-30-6 TABLE Ⅳ
generator rotor vibration change is very smaller when stator VIBRATION VELOCITY OF STATOR VERTICAL DIRECTION
winding inter-turn short circuit fault has happened, which is Operation Vibration velocity(mm/s)
same as the theory result(P=3). 50Hz 100Hz 150Hz 200Hz 250Hz 300Hz
Fig.5(a)(b) is the stator vibration frequency spectrum on Normal
0.010 0.020 0.019 0.015 0.010 0.030
condition
normal condition and one branch of A phase inter-turn short One branch
circuit 3% respectively. Table 4 shows the stator vibration of A phase
velocity amplitude(f=50Hz), it is obvious that stator vibration inter-turn 0.012 0.035 0.020 0.020 0.012 0.036
changes in nf(n=1,2,3,4,5), especially in 2f frequency, which short circuit
3%
amplitude increases from 0.02mm/s to 0.035mm/s after the
fault has happened, which is same as the theory result(P=1).
Ⅵ.CONCLUSION
Results of theoretical and experimental analyses presented in
this paper give the generator vibration characteristic caused by
stator winding inter-turn short circuit fault, on the other hand
find out the relationship between electric fault such as stator
winding fault and mechanical vibration, provides the new idea
and method for study the electric fault.

(a) (b) ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Fig.2 The frequency spectrum of A phase voltage
The authors gratefully acknowledge funding provided to this
research by North China Electric Power University, and Key
Laboratory of Power System Protect and Dynamic Security of
Ministry of Education

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Fig.5 Vibration frequency spectrum characteristic of stator

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