Chapter 4 Cagas

Go to Menti.
com
CODE:4498661
How the following events contribute to the
DIFFICULT TIMES FOR THE CHURCH
1. the Germanic Invasion

2. Rise of Islam
3. Feudalism
4. Schism
5. Crusaders
6. Inquisitions
Breakout
room
DIFFICULT TIMES FOR THE CHURCH: FROM
INVASIONS TO COUNTER REFORMATION
1. Fall of Rome and the

Germanic Invasion
Why Present 3D in PowerPoint?
How fast the Glory of Rome Fell(based on the account of Jean Comby)
410- Rome was captured and sacked by the Visigoths under Alaric
430-Vandals conquered North Africa
439-Carthage fell
455-Vandal Gensaric attack again Rome
476- the last Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus was dethroned by the
hairy Barbarian Odoacer
No 3D Model? No Problem!
With Rome, the mighty empire of the

West and converted instrument of
Christianity, destroyed and ruined by the
Barbarians, shock and fear overwhelmed
the entire empire.
St. Jerome Lamented

“Everything, however long
with the downfall of
has its end; …But Rome!
Rome”
Who would believe that
Rome would collapse...we
cannot relieve these
sufferings all we can do is to
sympathize with them and
untie our tears with theirs”
To those who were faithful to old pagan

religion of Rome such misfortune was
deemed as “punishment for abandoning
the old religion”
To some Christian believers, such
tragedy can be attributed as
“punishment for their sins”
2.Rise of
Islam Islam, in the 7th century was born in the
modern day Saudi Arabia and through
the leadership of the great prophet
Mohammed, spread Islam to the entire
Mediterranean world, with the use of
domination and force.
Rejected by the people of his tribe in

2.Rise of 622, Mohammed fled to Mecca for
Islam Medina.
This is known as the Hijrah, the
beginning of the Moslem era. Unable to
rally the Christian and the Jews,
Mohammed turned against both and
began to proclaim his religion as a world
wide one.
With only the exhausted and the

2.Rise of
Persian empires to oppose them,
Islam the Arabs, who constituted a new
military force, hurled themselves
into a series of lightning conquest.
They accepted death
enthusiastically in their ‘striving on
the road to God’ (Jihad, often
translated to holy war)
The expansion of Islam

2.Rise of
conquered Christian territories,
Islam
Including the Holy land; brought
converts to the Islamic faith;
spread Islamic influence and
culture; and stablished structures
that were important to the
Islamic believers.
3. Evil of Feudalism In the 10th century, a social

structure known as Feudalism
dominated the people’s way of life,
even influence the church on its
attitude towards the world and its
people.
3. Evil of Feudalism concept of Feudalism (Comby):

Every holder of an ecclesiastical office
had the use of a piece of land or a
benefice which provided him a living. The
bishop was a lord and a vassal at the
same way as the laity. He held
jurisdiction over his land and dispense
justice; he maintained an army.
3. Evil of Feudalism Here, we can discern how the ecclesiastical

authorities became both the victims and
perpetrators of a system that advocates
injustice and discrimination towards the
servants. And what was more disheartening
was the knowledge that bishops, perceived
as exemplars of justice and equality,
condoned such system.
3. Evil of Feudalism It came to be less than a surprise that

the ecclesiastical position or ranks
became the target of trade and
business when people started to sell
their positions and offices. (Called
Simony)
4.Schism: Separation of Schism is defined as “a division of

the west and the east a church into factions because of
(1054 A.D.)
differences in doctrine”. The
Christian churches of the West and
the East were divided due to a
disagreement of doctrine.
4.Schism: Separation of Historians traced the root of this great division to

the west and the east a disagreement on the understanding of the
(1054 A.D.) person and origin of the Holy Spirit. Roman
Western Church claims that the Holy Spirit
proceeds from the Father and the Son (filioque)
while the Eastern Church maintains that the Holy
Spirit proceeds from the Father but NOT from the
Son, but holds that the Father is the source and
origin of the whole divinity, eventually, the rift
between the two churches worsened;
4.Schism: Separation of In 1040 things heated up again. The pope

the west and the east imposed the Latin rite on Eastern churches in Italy
(1054 A.D.) and the East imposed its rites on Latin churches
in Constantinople. Michael Cerularius, the feisty
Patriarch of Constantinople, refused to help Rome
fight the Normans and condemned the Latin
practices of using unleavened bread, teachingon
“and from the son”, enforcing celibacy on the
clergy.
4.Schism: Separation of The worst thing happened—an exchange of

the west and the east excommunication followed, an action that
(1054 A.D.) would bring long separation between the
Roman Catholic church and the Eastern
Orthodox church for centuries.
4.Schism: Separation of The big year for the final separation between East
the west and the east and West was 1054: the pope sent a delegation to
(1054 A.D.) Constantinople to ease tension. But Cerularius
was so put off by the discourtesy of the papal
delegates that he refused to meet with them
4.Schism: Separation of Outraged, the delegates left a bull of

the west and the east excommunication on the altar of Santa Sophia,
(1054 A.D.) charging the patriarchs with many heresies. The
patriarchs in return proclaimed the west
Anathema for its heresy, burned the Roma bull
and declared that Rome and Constantinople
would now go on their separate ways.
4.Schism: Separation of Since then, the Roman Catholic Church and the
the west and the east Eastern Orthodox Church live in mutual exclusion.
(1054 A.D.) It was only on December 7, 1965 that such
indifference was dispelled through a joint
declaration made by Pope Paul VI and the
Patriarch Athenagoras, by regretting the exchange
of insults in 1054 and the excesses of the past.
4.Schism: Separation of While the two churches have remained

the west and the east distinct and independent,
(1054 A.D.)
reconciliation and forgiveness brought
them again as brothers ‘working in the
‘Lord’s vineyard’
5. Crusaders With a series of foreign invasions

threatening Christianity and taking its
holy places like Palestine, the home
country of Jesus, Christianity became
militant.
Jean Comby writes:

5. Crusaders
At the Council of Clermontin 1095, Pope Urban II
asked the knights of the west to go to the aid of
the Christians in the East and win back the holy
places…The church which, had always had a
horror of blood, organized the holy war, which
was given the name crusade.
Jean Comby writes:

5. Crusaders
The pope granted plenary indulgence to
those who took up the cross from the
moment of their departure: they were
given a dispensation from all penances
required for the pardon of their sins
5. Crusaders It was taught by the ecclesiastical

authorities at that time that if a
crusader dies during the crusade, he is
assured of his salvation because he
was already forgiven from his sins.
6. Inquisitions
Christianity once again fought heresies and
condemned heretics. In an official
document form the council of Toulouse
(1229), The ecclesiastical authorities issued
their vigilant decision against the
recurrence of heresies:
6. Inquisitions
In every parish I the city and outside the
city bishops shall designate a priest and two
or three laymen, or even more if necessary,
of unsullied reputation, who shall be
committed on oath to search out
assiduously and faithfully the heretics living
in the parish…
6. Inquisitions
If they discover heretics or people giving
credence or favor, sanctuary or protection
to heretics, they shall take steps to present
their flights and denounce them as soon as
possible to the bishop and to the lord of the
place.
6. Inquisitions
Once a heretic is found, he/she is given
an appropriate trial and corresponding
measure, depending on the case at hand.
But prudence was exercised, For instance,
Wason, the bishop of Liege, sent a letter to
the bishop of Chalons in 1045 reminding
him that a bishop cannot demand the
death of a heretic.
6. Inquisitions
But the repression of heresies took an ugly
turn. Religious and civil authorities elevated the
heresy as a crime and worst, named it as an act of
high treason.
7. Protestant reformation 15th-16th century
“Stop the abuse! the church must reform” That

was the clamor of the early reformers towards
the Catholic church at that time. Such demand
was only a direct consequence of accumulated
events and actions in the past by some members
of the church’s hierarchy.
7. Protestant reformation 15th-16th century
Events and circumstances leading

the reformation
7.1 Black death (1347-1348)
The population of Europe was almost wiped out

because of a plague. According to Encyclopedia
Britannica, “originating in China and inner Asia,
the plague was transmitted to Europeans (1347),
when a Kipchak army, besieging a Genoese
trading post in the Crimea, catapulted plague-
infested corpses into the town…which resulted
to a 25 million deaths.
7.1 Black death (1347-1348)
Such plague eventually created a

need for the people to be secured
from divine punishment and made
them an easy prey for exploitation.
7.2 Papal Controversy
In 1389, college of cardinals elected

pope Urban VI, but for some reasons,
recanted their previous decision and
formally installed Clement VII as the new
pope by 1394. To make the situation
complicated, a third pope, Alexander V,
was named in Pisa through a council.
7.3 Unworthy Popes on the throne of Peter
Popes, in the middle ages, were

subjects of envy among the
powerful and the ambitious
because of the absolute power and
the wealth of the papacy.
Pope Alexander VI, according to Brennan

Hill, came from a corrupt Borgia
family…infamous for his political intrigues,
mistresses and children. He often used his
children’s marriages to make political
alliances and held lavish orgies in the papal
palace after their weddings.
Innocent III, went beyond his claim in saying that he

is the “Lord of the world” a semi-divine figure who
was below God but above man. The lay people,
aware of the corruption and excesses of their
religious leaders lost their fidelity and respect
towards them. Slowly, this situation led them to sow
seeds of contempt and aversion to their leaders.
7.4 Selling of Indulgence
In the film, entitled, Martin Luther, a scene on

selling of indulgence was shown. It showed a
passionate Dominican priest, Johann Tetzel, calling
people to repent, threatening them with the fire of
hell and its eternal damnation and selling
indulgence with these outrageous words; “For every
coin that rings is a soul in purgatory that springs!”
What is Indulgence?
According to CFC par. 1821 contrary to the negative
reactions by the reformers, the church “helps its
members by granting indulgences that is, by
authoritatively assigning the penitent a portion of
the treasury of merits of Christ and the saints to
remit temporal punishment due to sins already
forgiven.
Today when will we get Indulgence?

Obtainable any time any place
•Reading of Sacred Scripture
•Recitation of the Marian Rosary
•Exercise of the Way of the Cross
•Adoration of the Most Blessed Sacrament

Obtainable on special occasions
•Papal Blessing - even by radio
•Closing Mass of a Eucharistic Congress
•During a Diocesan Synod
•During a Pastoral Visitation

Obtainable on special occasions in one's life
•First Communion
•Attending a mission
•Spiritual Exercises
•First Mass of newly-ordained Priests
•Jubilees of Sacerdotal Ordination
•The Moment of Death
8. Reformers
8.1 Martin Luther

Belonging to a well to do family, Martin
Luther had a good educational background.
In fact, he decided to pursue law at the
university of Erfurt (one of the most
distinguished in Germany). But after his
conversion he decided to abandon law and
entered monastery in order to become
Augustinian monk.
8.1 Martin Luther

According to Richard Mcbrien:
Luther was a monk who took the last things
very seriously: death, judgement, heaven
and hell. He was tormented by the thought
of God’s judgement as he reflected on his
creatureliness and unworthiness.
8.1 Martin Luther

According to Richard Mcbrien:
Traditional modes of mortification and penance did
not work for him. He was still without peace. He
concluded that he had to relinquish all forms of self-
reliance. God alone would save him if only he would
trust in God’s power and readiness to save him.
8.1 Martin Luther

Because of Luther’s dismay and
dissatisfaction in the church, he nailed
his famous 95 theses on the door of
the church at Wittenberg as his protest
to the Catholic church.
8.1 Martin Luther

An act that would bring Luther to separation from
the church and to an eventual birth of protestant
movements. He abhorred and condemned the
practice of selling indulgences preach by the church
at that time, especially since it involves the
monetary purchase of a certificate, among other
things.
His enduring legacies to Protestantism are the

following:
8.1 Martin Luther
*the condemnation of the sale of Indulgence,
*the translation of the Bible into the vernacular
(German Language) In order to make it available to
the ordinary people,
*consideration of the Baptism and Eucharist as the
only valid sacraments,
8.1 Martin Luther

His enduring legacies to Protestantism are the
following:
*his attack on the veneration of Saints and Marian
devotions,
*the sacred scripture as the only authority of
Christian teaching (sola Scriptura—scripture alone)
*his famous doctrine on justification by faith alone
(sola fide—faith alone).
8.2 Ulrich Zwingli (1531) But the reformers had their differences
concerning their understanding and
conviction about their protest against the
church, as well as their basic teachings and
practices. More radical than Luther in terms
of his teachings, Ulrich Zwingli of Zurich,
Switzerland
8.2 Ulrich Zwingli (1531) He began to abolish the mass itself. He also
Challenge the legitimacy of some of the
sacraments. He began to seize church
property rejected celibacy and the convents
and monasteries were suppressed. He even
claimed as far as saying that the Holy
Eucharist is just an ordinary, memorial meal:
thus, Jesus was not really present in the
Eucharist.
8.3 John Calvin (1564)

John Calvin was the Protestant
reformer known for his influential
writing, “Institute of the Christian
Religion”, which eventually became a
handbook of protestant doctrines
8.3 John Calvin (1564)

Like his protestant counterparts, he put primacy
on the sacred scripture as the source of belief,
rejected the papacy and stressed on divine grace
for salvation. But he went to the extreme in his
teaching on PREDESTINATION. He taught that God
had already determined our destiny…and that
God indeed allows many to be damned to
manifest divine justice. Thus, the church, for
Calvin, is the company of the elect.
9. Counter-reformation: The Catholic response
With the problem inherent in the church

and the external controversies caused by
the Protestants reformers, the Catholic
church brace itself to resolve its own
concerns and carefully addressed the valid
points raised by the reformers.
According to Scholars, reforms was already

underway in the church, even before the
emergence of the reformers.
there was great development in the field of

Christian mission and education especially
the ones initiated by Ignatius of Loyola and
his companions, (known today as Society
of Jesus), who “sought to be the servant of
the church par excellence.
there was the flowering of spirituality and

rise of religious orders, like the order of the
Carmelites in Spain (notable among them
were St. Teresa of Avila and John of the
Cross). Fairly, we may say that the church
was conscious of its own problems and
made independent progress prior to the
reformation.
9.1 Council of Trent
The council of Trent opened on December

13, 1545 with the intention of clarifying
the church’s doctrines, imposing
disciplinary measures, fighting heresies
and affirming fundamental beliefs of the
catholic church:
1. Trent affirms the due recognition of the Sacred

Scripture and tradition: The Holy council,
following the examples of Orthodox fathers,
receives and venerates with equal pious
affection and reverence, all the books both of
the new and Old testament, since one God is
the author of both, together with the said
tradition as well as those pertaining to morals.
2. It emphasizes that salvation comes from

God as a pure gift, but that it requires
some measures of human cooperation,
which is a middle course between
Pelagianism (everything depends on
human efforts) and Protestantism
(everything depends on God)
3.It teaches the seven sacraments to be

instituted by Christ and the Holy Eucharist
to be an encounter of the real presence of
Christ in the consecrated bread and wine.
To believe otherwise would mean taking
the risk of being excommunicated
(anathema)
4. It maintains its practice of venerating

the Saints, its devotion to Mother Mary
and its recitation of the Rosary.
5. It mandates the formation of seminaries where

young people are educated…trained in piety and
religion. Such action was truly necessary and fruitful
because it advocates a careful system in the
selection and formation of candidates to the
priesthood; counters the selling of Ecclesiastical
office (Simony); prevents the culture of appointing
relatives or giving them favors within particular
priest’s jurisdiction (nepotism and corruption); and
the ordination of illiterate, unqualified priests
6.It establishes the index of forbidden books

which refers to the heretical writings against
the church.
9.2 Post-Tridentine Era
The declaration and decisions promulgated

by the council of Trent exercised lasting
influence on the catholic church for the next
four hundred years, until the time of the
second Vatican council was convened.
9.2 Post-Tridentine Era
Trent, indeed, brought changes in the church

leading to the recovery of its own credibility among
its members, restoration of lost territories to the
protestants: Poland, large parts of Germany, France
and the Netherlands, advancement of Christian
education, improvement in liturgy, formation of
priests and the definition of essential Catholic
teachings.

Chapter 4 Cagas

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4 Cagas

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Go to Menti.

1. the Germanic Invasion

1. Fall of Rome and the

With Rome, the mighty empire of the

St. Jerome Lamented

To those who were faithful to old pagan

Rejected by the people of his tribe in

With only the exhausted and the

The expansion of Islam

3. Evil of Feudalism In the 10th century, a social

3. Evil of Feudalism concept of Feudalism (Comby):

3. Evil of Feudalism Here, we can discern how the ecclesiastical

3. Evil of Feudalism It came to be less than a surprise that

4.Schism: Separation of Schism is defined as “a division of

4.Schism: Separation of Historians traced the root of this great division to

4.Schism: Separation of In 1040 things heated up again. The pope

4.Schism: Separation of The worst thing happened—an exchange of

4.Schism: Separation of Outraged, the delegates left a bull of

4.Schism: Separation of While the two churches have remained

5. Crusaders With a series of foreign invasions

Jean Comby writes:

Jean Comby writes:

5. Crusaders It was taught by the ecclesiastical

7. Protestant reformation 15th-16th century

“Stop the abuse! the church must reform” That

7. Protestant reformation 15th-16th century

Events and circumstances leading

7.1 Black death (1347-1348)

The population of Europe was almost wiped out

7.1 Black death (1347-1348)

Such plague eventually created a

7.2 Papal Controversy

In 1389, college of cardinals elected

7.3 Unworthy Popes on the throne of Peter

Popes, in the middle ages, were

7.3 Unworthy Popes on the throne of Peter

Pope Alexander VI, according to Brennan

7.3 Unworthy Popes on the throne of Peter

Innocent III, went beyond his claim in saying that he

7.4 Selling of Indulgence

In the film, entitled, Martin Luther, a scene on

7.4 Selling of Indulgence

7.4 Selling of Indulgence

Today when will we get Indulgence?

7.4 Selling of Indulgence

Today when will we get Indulgence?

7.4 Selling of Indulgence

Today when will we get Indulgence?

8.1 Martin Luther

8.1 Martin Luther

8.1 Martin Luther

8.1 Martin Luther

8.1 Martin Luther

His enduring legacies to Protestantism are the

8.1 Martin Luther

8.3 John Calvin (1564)

8.3 John Calvin (1564)

9. Counter-reformation: The Catholic response

With the problem inherent in the church

9. Counter-reformation: The Catholic response

According to Scholars, reforms was already

9. Counter-reformation: The Catholic response

there was great development in the field of