Automated seed sowing Machine

Abstract
This project provides information about the various types of innovations done in
seed sowing machine available for plantation. The seed sowing machine is a key
component of agriculture field. Today’s era is marching towards the rapid growth of all
sectors including the agricultural sector. To meet the future food demands, the farmers
have to implement the new techniques which will not affect the soil texture but will
increase the overall crop production. This dissertation deals with the various sowing
methods used in India for seed sowing. The comparison between the traditional sowing
method and the new proposed machine which can perform a number of simultaneous
operations and has number of advantages. As day by day the labor availability becomes
the great concern for the farmers and labor cost is more, this machine reduces the efforts
and total cost of sowing the seeds. In this dissertation we are development of Battery
powered seed sowing.
In the farming process, often used conventional seeding operation takes more time
and more labor. The seed feed rate is more but the time required for the total operation is
more and the total cost is increased due to labor, hiring of equipment. The conventional
seed sowing machine is less efficient, time consuming. Today’s era is marching towards
the rapid growth of all sectors including the agricultural sector. To meet the future food
demands, the farmers have to implement the new techniques which will not affect the soil
texture but will increase the overall crop production. In the farming process, often used
conventional seeding operation takes more time and more labor. The seed feed rate is
more but the time required for the total operation is also more and the total cost is
increased due to labor, hiring of equipment. This machine reduces the efforts and total
cost of sowing the seeds and fertilizer placement. Sowing machine should be suitable to
all farms, all types of corps, robust construction, also it should be reliable, and this is
basic requirement of sowing machine. Thus we made sowing machine which is operated
manually but reduces the efforts of farmers thus increasing the efficiency of planting also
reduces the problem encountered in manual planting. For this machine we can plant
different types and different sizes of seeds also we can vary the space between two seeds
while planting. This also increased the planting efficiency and accuracy. We made it from

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 Automated seed sowing Machine

raw materials thus it was so cheap and very usable for small scale farmers. For effective
handling of the machine by any farmer or by any untrained worker we simplified its
design. Also its adjusting and maintenance method also simplified.

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Index
Chapter No. Title of the Chapter Page No.
Introduction
1 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objective
2 Literature Review
3 Construction & Working of Project
4 Design of the Project
5 Manufacturing process of the project
6 Advantages, Disadvantages and Application of project
7 Future Scope of the project
8 Conclusion
Reference

Chapter-1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction

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 Automated seed sowing Machine

In the current generation most of the countries do not have sufficient skilled man
power especially in agricultural sector and it affects the growth of developing countries.
The main requirement of Automation is to reduce man power in our country; the
buzzword in all industrial firms generally involves electrical, electronic component as
well as mechanical part. Automation saves a lot of tedious manual work and speeds up
the production processes. So it is a time to automate the sector to overcome this problem.
In India there are 70% people dependent on agriculture. Seed has been an important
agricultural commodity since the first crop plant was domesticated by pre-historic man.
In this model seed sowing process is automated to reduce the human effort and increase
the yield. The plantation of seeds is automatically done by using DC motor.
Cropping is important and tedious activity for any farmer, and for large scale this
activity is so lengthy also it needs more workers. Thus agriculture machines were
developed to simplify the human efforts. In manual method of seed planting, we get
results such as low seed placement, less spacing efficiencies and serious back ache for the
farmer. This also limited the size of field that can be planted. Hence for achieving best
performance from a seed planter, the above limits should be optimized. Thus we need to
make proper design of the agriculture machine and also selection of the components is
also required on the machine to suit the needs of crops. The agriculture is the backbone of
India. And for sustainable growth of India development of agriculture plays vital role.
The India has huge population and day by day it is growing thus demand of food is also
increasing. In agriculture we saw various machines. Also there traditional methods are
there. Since long ago in India traditional method is used. Also India has huge man power.
This manual planting is popular in villages of India. But for large scale this method is
very troublesome. The farmer has to spend his more time in planting. But time available
is less for him. Thus it requires more man power to complete the task within stipulated
time which is costlier. Also more wastage happens during manual planting. Hence there
is need of developing such a machine which will help the farmer to reduce his efforts
while planting. This process of using machines is called as mechanization. Along with
mechanization automation also helps to increase the efficiency of the process.

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The robotic system is an electromechanical (conveys a sense that it has agency of its
own) and artificial agent which is steered by DC motor which has four wheels. The farm
is cultivated by the machine, depending on the crop considering particular rows &
specific columns. The infrared sensor detects the obstacles in the path and it also senses
turning position of vehicle at end of land. The seed block can be detected and solved
using water pressure. The machine can be controlled remotely and solar panel is used to
charge DC battery. Assembly language is used in programming the microcontrollers. The
microcontroller is used to control and monitor the process of system motion of vehicle
with the help of DC motor. As agriculture is extensively supported by technical means
like seeding, mowing or harvesting machines, it is widely considered to be a field with a
high potential for robotic application as it is a small step from these semi automatically
operated machines to fully autonomous robots in both greenhouse and open field
applications. Robots are available on all development levels from experimental to
market-ready in several agricultural applications but most of them are in research, where
institutes have made progress to extend the existing agricultural machines to robotic
systems. Most of the robots considered in this publication are developed for harvesting.
Seeding is not yet as important since there are already good tractor based seeding
systems. In horticulture there are significantly less robotic applications as in agriculture.
Now the project mainly concentrates on designing a suitable operating system. To
maintain simplicity and economy in the design the locally fabricated unit has been used.
Our project achieves higher safety, reduces human effort, increases the efficiency,
reduces the work load, reduces the fatigue of workers and reduces maintenance cost.

1.2Objectives
Objective of the project can be stated as

1. Investigation of various types of seed sowing machine

2. Development of Battery powered seed sowing machine.
3. Testing of development of Remote controlled Battery powered seed sowing
machine in actual agricultural farm.

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1.3Scop
Seed sowing machine is a device which helps in the sowing of seeds in a desired
position hence assisting the farmers in saving time and money. So considering these
points related to spraying and seed sowing an attempt is made to design and fabricate
such equipment which will able to perform both the operations more efficiently and also
will results in low cost. Decrease the operational cost by using new mechanism.
• Work reliably under different working conditions.
• Decrease the cost of machine.
• Decrease labor cost by advancing the spraying method.
• Machine can be operated in small farming land (1 acre).
• Making such a machine which can be able to perform both the operation

1.4Methodology
Seed sowing an attempt is made to design and fabricate such equipment which
will able to perform both the operations more efficiently and also will results in low Now
the project mainly concentrates on designing a suitable operating system. To maintain
simplicity and economy in the design the locally fabricated unit has been used.
Our project achieves higher safety, reduces human effort, increases the efficiency,
reduces the work load, reduces the fatigue of workers and reduces maintenance cost.

1.5 Problem Statement:

In the present scenario most of the countries do not have sufficient skilled man
power in agricultural sector and that affects the growth of developing countries.
Therefore farmers have to use upgraded technology for cultivation activity (digging, seed
sowing, fertilizing, spraying etc.). So it’s a time to automate the sector to overcome this
problem which in turn will also eliminate the requirement of Labors and also avoid the
wastage of seeds.
Chapter-2
Literature Review

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Mahesh R. Pundkar and A. K. Mahalle are presented review provides brief

information about the various types of innovations done in seed sowing machine
available for plantation. The seed sowing machine is a key component of agriculture
field. The performance of seed sowing device has a remarkable influence on the cost and
yield of agriculture products. Presently there are many approaches to detect the
performance of seed-sowing device. Depth of seeding has shown to be an important
factor affecting seeding vigour and crop yield. Seed metering device is a heart of seed
sowing machine which is evaluated for seed distance, seed size between seed varieties.
High precision pneumatic planters have been developed for many varieties of crops, for a
wide range of seed sizes, resulting to uniform seeds distribution along the travel path, in
seed spacing.
Laukik P. Raut and et. al., studied to meet the food requirements of the growing
population and rapid industrialization, modernization of agriculture is inescapable.
Mechanization enables the conservation of inputs through precision in metering ensuring
better distribution, reducing quantity needed for better response and prevention of losses
or wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization reduces unit cost of production through
higher productivity and input conservation. Farmers are using the same methods and
equipment for the ages. In our country farming is done by traditional way, besides that
there is large development of industrial and service sector as compared to that of
agriculture. The spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack type sprayer
which requires more human effort. The weeding is the generally done with the help of
Bulls which becomes costly for farmers having small farming land. So to overcome these
above two problems a machine is developed which will be beneficial to the farmer for the
spraying and weeding operations.
D. Ramesh and H. P. Girishkumar presented review provides brief information
about the various types of innovations done in seed sowing equipments. The basic
objective of sowing operation is to put the seed and fertilizer in rows at desired depth and
seed to seed spacing, cover the seeds with soil and provide proper compaction over the
seed. The recommended row to row spacing, seed rate, seed to seed spacing and depth of
seed placement vary from crop to crop and for different agro-climatic conditions to

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achieve optimum yields. Seed sowing devices plays a wide role in agriculture field.
Pranil V. Sawalakhe and et. al., are investigated the today’s era is marching
towards the rapid growth of all sectors including the agricultural sector. To meet the
future food demands, the farmers have to implement the new techniques which will not
affect the soil texture but will increase the overall crop production. This Paper deals with
the various sowing methods used in India for seed sowing and fertilizer placement. The
comparison between the traditional sowing method and the new proposed machine which
can perform a number of simultaneous operations and has number of advantages. As day
by day the labor availability becomes the great concern for the farmers and labor cost is
more, this machine reduces the efforts and total cost of sowing the seeds and fertilizer
placement.
Sridhar H, studied the every year in INDIA, an average of 1980 Cr of rupees is
wasted due to weeds. Our country faces the total loss of 33% of its economy from Weeds.
The Losses are due to some of the following reasons, total loss of 26% from Crop
Diseases, total loss of 20% from Insects and Worms, total loss of 6% from Rats. Has
been Surveyed. Shrinking farm lands, acute labour shortage, decreasing income per acre
of cultivation, and economic frustration are some of the key factors hurting a farmer's
confidence in continuing farming. Weeding control is done by: mechanical weeding,
thermal weeding: flaming, biological control, chemical control, and by farming pattern. It
has always been a problem to successfully and completely remove weeds and other
innocuous plants. Invariably, weeds always grow where they are not wanted. This work
involved the design and construction of mechanical weeder, after discovering that tools
such as cutlass and hoes require high drudgery, time consuming and high labour force. As
a solution to these problems, mechanical weeder was designed and constructed. The
mechanical weeder was made of two implements attachment i.e. the primary cutting edge
which is in front to loose soil above and the secondary cutting edge which is behind to do
cutting and lifting of weeds. The overall machine field efficiency was 98.67%. The
Single Wheel Weeder being manufactured is the equipment, which is used for very
special purpose when the weeding is required at narrow places or between rows. The
blade is thin but very sturdy and tough besides, it is very safe to use and offers zero threat

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of hurting to the user, Other than the wheel, there is nothing mechanical in this single
wheel weeder but, it works wonderfully under the condition where it is put into. This
hassle free equipment requires no special maintenance. It is necessary to design the
weeder which minimize the human effort and provide efficient work output. The tool
which is designed is able to fulfill the present requirement for the weed control. The
present design is directed to an improved manual tilling, mulching and weeding tool.
D. Ramesh and H .P. Girishkumar discussed the information about the various
types of innovations done in seed sowing machine available for plantation. The seed
sowing machine is a key component of agriculture field. The performance of seed sowing
device has a remarkable influence on the cost and yield of agriculture products. Presently
there are many approaches to detect the performance of seed-sowing device. Depth of
seeding has shown to be an important factor affecting seeding vigor and crop yield. Seed
metering device is a heart of seed sowing machine which is evaluated for seed distance,
seed size between seed varieties. for a wide range of seed sizes, resulting to uniform
seeds distribution along the travel path, in seed.
Varikuti Vasantha Rao and et. al. are presented the design and implementation of
multiple power supplied fertilizer sprayer has been presented. The proposed system is the
modified model of the two stroke petrol engine powered sprayer which minimizes the
difficulties of the existing power sprayer such as operating cost, changing of fuel etc. The
two stroke petrol engine has been replaced by a direct current motor and operated by the
electrical energy stored in the battery attached to the unit. The battery can be charged by
Battery panel during the presence of sun. It could also be operated on direct current
during rainy and cloudy weather conditions. This system can be used for spraying
pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers and paints. The proposed system has been tested and
compared with theoretical values of current and charging time. From the results it is
found that the time taken to charge the full battery of capacity 12V, 7Ah has required
16.67 hours. The fully charged battery could be used to spray 575 liters pesticides. Which
is approximately covers 5-6 acres of land. It is also found that, if we charge the battery
for a day, then it covers approximately 200 liters of pesticides which in turn covers 2 to
2.5 acres of land. The developed systems initial cost is little more as compared to

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conventional sprayer but the running cost of the system is all most zero in other words
minimum.
Sankaranarayanan M and Nzamwitakuze A. studied the farmers in Rwanda
perform agriculture mostly with manual operation. The pain involved in doing each and
every operation has to be reduced by the way of introducing simple technology. The aim
of the present study is to develop a seed drill to suit the varied topographic condition of
Rwanda. The specific objective of the study is to develop a seed drill and test the
performance of the seed drill. It is also compared with manual seeding for its benefit cost
analysis. The study reveals the following vital points in the development and testing of
seed drill. 1) A manually drawn single row seed drill is developed to sow the maize seeds
at the spacing of 30 cm from plant to plant and 70 cm between row to row.
2) The seed drill is tested on 25 m2 area in concrete floor, actual field and it is compared
with the manual sowing of same area. The sowing efficiency of seed drill in ideal
concrete floor is 98% because the concrete floor does not have slippage for wheels.
3) Sowing efficiency of the seed drill on actual field condition evaluated by germination
test is 88 %. Sowing efficiency of manual method on actual field condition is 96 %.
4) The actual field capacity of seed drill is found to be 60 hours / hectare whereas the
field capacity by manual method is 247 hours / hectare.
5) The ergonomic study gives the conclusion that the human drudgery can be saved by 10
times by using seed drill than by working manually in sowing the seeds. It is found that
ratio of body movement of using seed drill and manual method is estimated to be 1: 10.
6) The benefit cost study reveals the fact that the cost of sowing of land by seed drill is
3900 Frw /hectare and the manual sowing gives 12350 Frw /hectare. Hence, it is
advantageous to go in for using seed drill for sowing. Sowing by seed drill gives 3 times
saving in cost.
Ayesha Akhtar and et. al., studied the brief information about the various different
types of innovations done in seed sowing machine available for plantation. The machine
for seed sowing is a key component of agriculture field. Cotton is a significant beneficial
harvest and extensively traded commodity across the world. This paper aims at
promoting a new method of sowing cotton seeds through punching mechanism. The

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efficiency rate of the mechanism is higher than the usually undertaken manually
operating methods. The basic objective of sowing operation is to put the seed and
fertilizer in rows at desired depth and seed to seed spacing, covering of seeds with soil
and to provide proper compaction over the seed.
Mohd Taufik Ahmad, are presented the weed management is one of the tedious
operations in vegetable production. Because of labor costs, time and tedium, manual
weeding is unfavorable. The introduction of chemical weed control methods has
alleviated these undesirable factors. However, the emergence of herbicide-resistant
weeds, environmental impact and increasing demand for chemical free foods has led to
investigations of alternative methods of weed control. Most implements employing
mechanical cultivation cannot perform weed control close to the crops, and existing intra-
row weeders have limitations. A mechanical weeding actuation system was designed, and
a prototype was constructed. This actuator was developed to mechanically control intra-
row weed plants. The mechanical weeding actuator consisted of a belt drive system
powered by an integrated servo motor and a rotating tine weeding mechanism powered
by a brushless dc motor. One of the major challenges in this project was to properly
design the actuator and its weeding mechanism for effective intra-row weed control. A
prototype actuator was manufactured and a series of tests was conducted to determine
actuator efficacy and the corresponding force and speed requirements of the actuator. The
actuator would be combined with a machine vision system for detecting crop plant
locations and guiding the weeding actuator to execute mechanical weeding operations
without damaging crops. In the first field experiment, the performance of the first version
of the intra-row weeder was investigated across three factors: working depth, travel speed
and tine mechanism rotational speed.
R. Joshua, V. Vasu and P. Vincent are discussed the Energy - demand” is one the
major thread for our country. Finding solutions, to meet the “Energy - demand” is the
great challenge for Social Scientist, Engineers, Entrepreneurs and Industrialist of our
Country. According to them, Applications of Non-conventional energy is the only
alternate solution for conventional energy demand. Now-a-days the Concept and
Technology employing this Non-conventional energy becomes very popular for all kinds

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of development activities. One of the major area, which finds number applications are in
Agriculture Sectors. Battery energy plays an important role in drying agriculture products
and for irrigation purpose for pumping the well water in remote villages without
electricity. This Technology on Battery energy can be extended for spraying pesticides,
Fungicides and Fertilizers etc., using Battery Sprayers. This paper deals how a ‘Power
Sprayer’ which is already in use and works with fossil fuel can be converted into Battery
sprayers works without any fossil fuel.
Kyada A. R and Patel D. B, have discussed basic requirements for small scale
cropping machines are, they should be suitable for small farms, simple in design and
technology and versatile for use in different farm operations. A manually operated
template row planter was designed and developed to improve planting efficiency and
reduce drudgery involved in manual planting method. Seed planting is also possible for
different size of seed at variable depth and space between two seed. Also it increased
seed planting, seed/fertilizer placement accuracies and it was made of durable and cheap
material affordable for the small scale peasant farmers. The operating, adjusting and
maintaining principles were made simple for effective handling by unskilled operators.
Ibukun B. Ikechukwu et al., focused on the design and fabrication of a manually
operated single row maize planter capable of delivering seeds precisely in a straight line
with uniform depth in the furrow, and with uniform spacing between the seeds. The work
demonstrates the application of engineering techniques to reduce human labour
specifically in the garden. The results obtained from the trial tests showed that the planter
functioned properly as expected with a planting capacity of 0.0486 hectare/hr. Visual
inspection of the seeds released from the planter’s metering mechanism showed no
visible signs of damage to the seeds.
Roshan V Marode et al., In the farming process, often used conventional seeding
operation takes more time and more labor. The seed feed rate is more but the time
required for the total operation is more and the total cost is increased due to labor, hiring
of equipment. The conventional seed sowing machine is less efficient, time consuming.
Today’s era is marching towards the rapid growth of all sectors including the agricultural
sector. To meet the future food demands, the farmers have to implement the new

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techniques which will not affect the soil texture but will increase the overall crop
production. Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks second
worldwide in farm output. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic
sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India. This
paper deals with the various sowing methods used in India for seed sowing and fertilizer
placement. The comparison between the traditional sowing method and the new proposed
machine which can perform a number of simultaneous operations and has number of
advantages. As day by day the labor availability becomes the great concern for the
farmers and labor cost is more, this machine reduces the efforts and total cost of sowing
the seeds and fertilizer placement.
H. Navid, S. Ebrahimian et al., presented the Seed-metering system is an
important component in row-crop planters in terms of uniform seed distribution.
Numerous field and laboratory methods have been developed and used for evaluation of
planter performance; each method having its own advantages and shortcomings. In the
present study, a digital camera (Nikon, D70) was used for laboratory evaluation of
vertical-rotor seed-metering device performance, indices such as multiple planting,
feeding quality, miss planting and seed space uniformity being the major criteria. To
validate the results from image processing method, the more conventional, grease-belt
method, was used. The experiments were conducted on the basis of factorial randomized
complete design with two types of seed-metering devices, with different numbers of cells
and four levels of seed-metering speeds in three replications. Captured images were
transferred to the computer via USB port and were processed by program written in
MATLAB software environment. The results from two methods, namely, image
processing and grease belt methods were in good agreement and analysis of variances
showed that seed-metering device with 15 cells in 40 rpm performed better than seed-
metering device with 21 cells and in other speeds. Comparison of the number of spaces
that fell in normal domain in different seed-metering speeds showed that image
processing method had higher value than grease-belt method. Since the initial falling
velocity of seed and angle of its exit from metering device was unknown, thus the
precision of space index was different in two methods.

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Chapter-3
Working of Project

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3.1 Working principle:

Why we used seed sowing machine?

The Automated seed sowing technology is a method design in order to reduce the
human efforts as it requires less amount of manmade labour and can be handle efficiently
without a skilled operator. Seeding manually requires lots of time, therefore this
technology develops which eradicated much amount of time with proper efficiency, less
time consuming, accuracy in sowing seed at specific distance.
It works on simple mechanism, a battery operated D.C. motor is used transmits
the rotary motion to the shaft with the help of chain drive, and there is another connection
of sprocket and chain to the rotary motion. When the farmer puts seeds into the hopper.
As the seed rotates, seed drops in the seed pipe, which is connected to the furrow opener
for the seeding; there is furrow closer for covering the seeds by soil.

3.2 Experimental Setup:

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Battery charger Battery DC Motor

3.3 Front axle shaft

Seed Sowing Mechanism

Component parts:
1. Battery Charger:

UPG d1724 sealed lead acid battery charger (6v/12v switchable single-stage with
alligator clips). For use with sealed lead acid batteries, 6v/12v switchable singe

stage charger, alligator clips, 500 MAH

2. Battery:

The D.C. motor is operated on 12V with 100 rpm. The graph shows torque speed
characteristics of D.C. motor to full load. It is obtained by increasing armature voltage

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from 1V to 12V linearly. Current of DC motor is 100mA. As speed is increases then

torque is also decreasing. A 12v dc battery is being used for our autonomous robot used
for driving the dc motors. 5 volt supply is being used by the controller, LCD and for
driving the relays.

3. Chain Drive:

In our project there are two chain drives one which used to control the flow rate of
seeds and another which is used to transmit the power from motor to peg wheel. The
chain are made up of no. of rigid links which are hinges together by pin joints in order to
provide. The necessary flexibility for wrapping round the driving & driven wheels. These
wheels have projecting teeth of special profile a fact into the corresponding recess. Links
of the chain. The toothed wheel are known as sprockets wheel. Which transfer the
motion.

4. Gears:

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 Automated seed sowing Machine

Gears are used to transmit the power from one shaft to another mechanism. In our
machine we are using 4-5 gears which having bucket teeth. It has no. of teeth on
different steps which is used for control the speed of disc.

5. Wheel:
The rim of the wheel is made from a flat metal plate made up of steel. It is bent
and welded to form a circular form diameter. The periphery is fitted with 12 numbers of
lugs at equal spacing. The lugs are of square form of side. It reduces the slippage while
moving in the field. The distance between the holes in the seed metering disc depends
upon the diameter of the ground wheel.

7. Seed storage tank:

Storage device is one of the important device of the system. And is designed
according to weight sustained by the robot as well as the required capacity for planting.
This component is stationary. To the bottom of this tank seed sowing disc is arranged.
This disc serves the function of distribution of the seeds, as for each complete rotation of
the rotating wheel, seeds falls from the tank. Also number of seeds falling from tank is
varied according to requirements. This disc evenly opens the way to seed hence planting
is done smoothly and accurately.

8. Hopper:
Hopper is made by mild C. R. Sheet which contains Seed. There are two hopper
mounted on frame on each side. The seeds in the seeds storage tank inserts from the
hopper. It is the component from which desired amount of seed can be placed in required
field.

9. Shaft:
It is made of C. I. on which disc and four gear sprocket is mounted. It is used to
transfer the power from ground wheel to each disc.

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10. DC Motor:
Stepper DC motor a dc motor is a device that converts direct current (electrical
energy) into mechanical energy. Two dc motors are used for driving the wheels
connected to the robot. L293d is a dc motor driver used for driving dc motors. 200RPM
Centre Shaft Economy Series DC Motor is high quality low cost DC geared motor. It has
steel gears and pinions to ensure longer life and better wear and tear properties. The gears
are fixed on hardened steel spindles polished to a mirror finish. The output shaft rotates in
a plastic bushing. The whole assembly is covered with a plastic ring. Gearbox is sealed
and lubricated with lithium grease and require no maintenance. The motor is screwed to
the gear box from inside. Although motor gives 200 RPM at 12V but motor runs
smoothly from 4 V to 12V and gives wide range of RPM, and torque.
Tables below gives fairly good idea of the motor’s performance in terms of RPM and no
load current as a function of voltage and stall torque, stall current as a function of voltage.

Chapter-4

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Design and design consideration of the project

4.1. Design consideration of the project
4.1.1 Introduction:
Project design may be defined as the iterative decision making activity to create a
plan or plans by which the available resources are converted, preferably optimally, into
systems, processes or devices to perform the desired functions and to meet human needs.
In fact project design has been defined in many ways but the simplest ways to define
project design as
“An iterative decision making process to conceive and implement optimum
systems to solve society’s problems and needs.”
Project design is practical in nature and must be concerned with physical
reliability, or economic and financial feasibility Design is essentially a decision-making
process. If we have a problem, we need to design a solution. In other words, to design is
to formulate a plan to satisfy a particular need and to create something with a physical
reality.
4.1.2 Basic concept of project design:
Decision making comes in every stage of design. Consider two cars of different
makes. They may both be reasonable cars and serve the same purpose but the designs are
different. The designers consider different factors and come to certain conclusions
leading to an optimum design. Market survey gives an indication of what people want.
Existing norms play an important role. Once a critical decision is made, the rest of the
design features follow. For example, once we decide the engine capacity, the shape and
size, then the subsequent course of the design would follow. A bad decision leads to a
bad design and a bad product.
Design may be for different products and with the present specialization and
knowledge bank, we have a long list of design disciplines e.g. ship design, building
design, process design, bridge design, clothing or fashion design and so

4.1.3 Types of project design:

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There may be several types of design such as

1. Adaptive design
This is based on existing design, for example, standard products or systems
adopted for a new application. Conveyor belts, control system of projects and
mechanisms or haulage systems are some of the examples where existing design systems
are adapted for a particular use.
2. Developmental designs
Here we start with an existing design but finally a modified design is obtained. A
new model of a car is a typical example of a developmental design .
3. New design
This type of design is an entirely new one but based on existing scientific
principles. No scientific invention is involved but requires creative thinking to solve a
problem. Examples of this type of design may include designing a small vehicle for
transportation of men and material on board a ship or in a desert. Some research activity
may be necessary.
 Types of design based on methods
4. Rational design:
This is based on determining the stresses and strains of components and thereby
deciding their dimensions.
5. Empirical design:
This is based on empirical formulae which in turn are based on experience and
experiments. For example, when we tighten a nut on a bolt the force exerted or the
stresses induced cannot be determined exactly but experience shows that the tightening
force may be given by P=284d where, d is the bolt diameter in mm and P is the applied
force in kg. There is no mathematical backing of this equation but it is based on
observations and experience.
6. Industrial design:
These are based on industrial considerations and norms viz. market survey,
external look, production facilities, low cost, use of existing standard products.

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4.1.4 Factors to be considered in project design

There are many factors to be considered while attacking a design problem. In many
cases these are a common sense approach to solving a problem. Some of these factors are
as follows:
(a) What device or mechanism to be used? This would decide the relative
arrangement of the constituent elements.
(b) Material
(c) Forces on the elements
(d) Size, shape and space requirements. The final weight of the product is also a
major concern.
(e) The method of manufacturing the components and their assembly.
(f) How will it operate?
(g) Reliability and safety aspects
(h) Inspectibility
(i) Maintenance, cost and aesthetics of the designed product.

 What device or mechanism to be used:

This is best judged by understanding the problem thoroughly. Sometimes a
particular function can be achieved by a number of means or by using different
mechanisms and the designer has to decide which one is most effective under the
circumstances. A rough design or layout diagram may be made to crystallize the thoughts
regarding the relative arrangement of the elements.
1. Material:
This is a very important aspect of any design. A wrong choice of material may
lead to failure, over or undersized product or expensive items. The choice of materials is
thus dependent on suitable properties of the material for each component, their suitability
of fabrication or manufacture and the cost.
2. Load:
The external loads cause internal stresses in the elements and these stresses must be
determined accurately since these will be used in determining the component size.

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Loading may be due to:

i) Energy transmission by a project member.
ii) Dead weight.
iii) Inertial forces.
iv) Thermal effects.
v) Frictional forces.
4.1.5. Steps in project design
Project Design or mechanical design is primarily concerned with the systems by
which the energy is converted into useful mechanical forms and of mechanisms required
to convert the output of the project to the desired form. The design may lead to an
entirely new project or an improvement on an existing one. Thus project design is the
production or creation of the right combination of correctly proportioned moving and
stationary components so constructed and joined as to enable the liberation,
transformation, and utilization of energy.
The basic procedure of project design (Mechanical Project Design) consists of a
step by step approach from given specifications of functional requirement of a product to
the complete description in the form of blue prints of the final product. The following
steps are involved:

First Step:
In the very first step a complete list of specifications for the functional
requirement of the product is to be prepared. The requirement may include, for example:
(a) Output capacity;
(b) Service life;
(c) Cost;
(d) Reliability; etc.
In consumer products, in addition appearance, noiseless operation, and simplicity in
control are important requirements. Depending upon the type of product, various
requirements are given Weight age and a priority list of specifications is prepared.

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Second Step:
After a careful study of the requirements the designer prepares rough sketches of
different possible mechanisms of project and depending upon the cost competitiveness,
availability of raw material, and manufacturing facilities, the possible mechanisms are
compared with each other and the designer selects the best possible mechanism for the
product

Third Step:
In the third step of the design procedure a block diagram is to be prepared which
showing the general layout of the selected configuration. In this step designer specifies
the joining methods, such as riveting, bolting, and welding to connect the individual
components. Rough sketches of shapes of individual parts are prepared.

Fourth Step:
 After selecting the required or deciding the configuration of mechanism / project
in third step above. The design of individual components of the selected
configuration is to be done in this step. It consists of the following stages:
 Determine the forces acting on each component;
 Selecting the proper material for the component depending upon the functional
requirement, such as strength, wear, rigidity, hardness and bearing properties etc.
 Determine the likely mode of failure & select the criterion of failure like, yield
strength, ultimate strength, deflection etc.
 Determine the geometric dimensions of the components using suitable factor of
safety and modify the dimensions from manufacturing considerations. This stage
involves the detailed stress analysis.

Fifth Step:
The last stage in design process is to prepare the blue prints of assembly and
individual component. On these drawings, the material of the components, dimensions
and tolerances, surface finish and machining methods are specified.

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The designer prepare two separate lists of components

 Standard components to be purchased directly from the market;
 Special components to be projects in the factory;
Thus the project design or mechanical design process is a systematic step-by-step
approach from known specification to unknown solution

4.1.6. Planning for project design

Project design is the chronological vertical structure of the various phases or steps
together from the project analysis to the retirement of the product. Thus Project of design
includes the following steps:
(i) Feasibility Study:
The aim is to produce a number of feasible and useful solutions. Here the
alternatives are assessed in stages. The first stage is made on the basis of common sense.
Many of the broad solutions may not be worth consideration. Considering technical
feasibility some of the solutions can be eliminated. The last stage is the economic
assessment. Systematic technical, economic, social and legal considerations provide a
rapid convergence towards the useful solutions.
(ii) Preliminary Design:
Feasibility study yields a set of useful solutions. The aim in this phase is to choose
the optimal solution. To do this, criterion of optimization must be explicitly delineated.
The chosen alternative is then tested and predictions are made concerning its
performance.
(iii) Detailed Design:
The purpose of the detailed design is to produce a complete project description of
a tested and producible design for manufacture. A detailed design includes manufacturing
drawings with tolerances. Planning for Manufacturing- A procedure sheet is to be made
which contains a sequence of manufacturing operations that must be performed on the
component. It specifies clearly the tooling, fixtures and production projects. This phase
may include planning, and inventory control, quality control system, the fixing of

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standard time and labor cost for each operation.

(iv) Planning for Distribution, Use of the Product:
The success of a design depends on the skill exercised in marketing the product.
Also the user-oriented concern such as reliability, ease of maintenance, product safety,
and convenience in use, aesthetic appeal, economy and durability must meet. The product
life considering actual wear or deterioration, and technological obsolescence must be
planned.

Chapter-5

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Manufacturing process of the project

5.1Introduction
Manufacturing is the backbone of any industrialized nation. Manufacturing and
technical staff in industry must know the various manufacturing processes, materials
being processed, tools and equipments for manufacturing different components or
products with optimal process plan using proper precautions and specified safety rules to
avoid accidents. Beside above, all kinds of the future engineers must know the basic
requirements of workshop activities in term of man, machine, material, methods, money
and other infrastructure facilities needed to be positioned properly for optimal shop
layouts or plant layout and other support services effectively adjusted or located in the
industry or plant within a well planned manufacturing organization.
The complete understanding of basic manufacturing processes and workshop
technology is highly difficult for any one to claim expertise over it. The study deals with
several aspects of workshops practices also for imparting the basic working knowledge of
the different engineering materials, tools, equipments, manufacturing processes, basic
concepts of electro-mechanical controls of machine tools, production criteria’s,
characteristics and uses of various testing instruments and measuring or inspecting
devices for checking components or products manufactured in various manufacturing
shops in an industrial environment. It also describes and demonstrates the use of different
hand tools (measuring, marking, holding and supporting tools, cutting etc.), equipments,
machinery and various methods of manufacturing that facilitate shaping or forming the
different existing raw materials into suitable usable forms. It deals with the study of
industrial environment which involves the practical knowledge in the area of ferrous and
non ferrous materials, their properties and uses. It should provide the knowledge of basic
workshop processes namely bench work and fitting, sheet metal, carpentry, pattern
making, mould making, foundry, smithy, forging, metal working and heat treatment,
welding, fastening, machine shop, surface finishing and coatings, assembling inspection
and quality control. It emphasizes on basic knowledge regarding composition, properties
and uses of different raw materials, various production processes, replacement of or
improvement over a large number of old processes, new and compact designs, better

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accuracy in dimensions, quicker methods of production, better surface finishes, more

alternatives to the existing materials and tooling systems, automatic and numerical
control systems, higher mechanization and greater output.
Manufacturing is derived from the Latin word manufactus, means made by hand.
In modern context it involves making products from raw material by using various
processes, by making use of hand tools, machinery or even computers. It is therefore a
study of the processes required to make parts and to assemble them in machines. Process
Engineering, in its application to engineering industries, shows how the different
problems related to development of various machines may be solved by a study of
physical, chemical and other laws governing the manufacturing process. The study of
manufacturing reveals those parameters which can be most efficiently being influenced to
increase production and raise its accuracy.

5.2.Manufacturing Process
Manufacturing process is that part of the production process which is directly
concerned with the change of form or dimensions of the part being produced. It does not
include the transportation, handling or storage of parts, as they are not directly concerned
with the changes into the form or dimensions of the part produced.

5.2.1. Classification of Manufacturing Processes

In the manufacturing processes used in manufacturing concern for changing the
ingots into usable products may be classified into six major groups as primary shaping
processes, secondary machining processes, metal forming processes, joining processes,
surface finishing processes and processes effecting change in properties. These are
discussed as under.
1. Primary Shaping Processes
Primary shaping processes are manufacturing of a product from an amorphous
material. Some processes produces finish products or articles into its usual form whereas
others do not, and require further working to finish component to the desired shape and
size. Castings need re-melting of scrap and defective ingots in cupola or in some other

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melting furnace and then pouring of the molten metal into sand or metallic moulds to
obtain the castings. The parts produced through these processes may or may not require
undergoing further operations.
Some of the important primary shaping processes is:
(1) Casting, (2) Powder metallurgy, (3) Plastic technology, (4) Gas cutting, (5) Bending
and (6) Forging.
2. Secondary or Machining Processes
As large number of components require further processing after the primary
processes. These components are subjected to one or more number of machining
operations in machine shops, to obtain the desired shape and dimensional accuracy on flat
and cylindrical jobs. Thus, the jobs undergoing these operations are the roughly finished
products received through primary shaping processes. The process of removing the
undesired or unwanted material from the workpiece or job or component to produce a
required shape using a cutting tool is known as machining. This can be done by a manual
process or by using a machine called machine tool (traditional machines namely lathe,
milling machine, drilling, shaper, planner, slotter). In many cases these operations are
performed on rods, bars and flat surfaces in machine shops.
These secondary processes are mainly required for achieving dimensional
accuracy and a very high degree of surface finish. The secondary processes require the
use of one or more machine tools, various single or multi-point cutting tools (cutters), job
holding devices, marking and measuring instruments, testing devices and gauges etc. for
getting desired dimensional control and required degree of surface finish on the
workpieces. The example of parts produced by machining processes includes hand tools
machine tools instruments, automobile parts, nuts, bolts and gears etc. Lot of material is
wasted as scrap in the secondary or machining process. Some of the common secondary
or machining processes are:
(1) Turning, (2) Threading, (3) Knurling, (4) Milling, (5) Drilling, (6) Boring, (7)
Planning, (8) Shaping, (9) Slotting, (10) Sawing, (11) Broaching, (12) Hobbing, (13)
Grinding, (14) Gear cutting, (15) Thread cutting and (16) Unconventional machining

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processes namely machining with Numerical Control (NC) machines tools or Computer
Numerical Control (CNC) machines tools using ECM, LBM, AJM, USM setups etc.
3. Joining Processes
Many products observed in day-to-day life, are commonly made by putting many
parts together may be in subassembly. For example, the ball pen consists of a body, refill,
barrel, cap, and refill operating mechanism. All these parts are put together to form the
product as a pen.
More than 800 parts are put together to make various subassemblies and final
assembly of car or aero-plane. A complete machine tool may also require to assemble
more than 100 parts in various sub assemble or final assembly. The process of putting the
parts together to form the product, which performs the desired function, is called
assembly. An assemblage of parts may require some parts to be joined together using
various joining processes. But assembly should not be confused with the joining process.
Most of the products cannot be manufactured as single unit they are manufactured as
different components using one or more of the above manufacturing processes, and these
components are assembled to get the desired product.
Joining processes are widely used in fabrication and assembly work. In these
process two or more pieces of metal parts are joined together to produce desired shape
and size of the product. The joining processes are carried out by fusing, pressing,
rubbing, riveting, screwing or any other means of assembling. These processes are used
for assembling metal parts and in general fabrication work. Such requirements usually
occur when several pieces are to be joined together to fabricate a desired structure of
products. These processes are used developing steam or water-tight joints. Temporary,
semi-permanent or permanent type of fastening to make a good joint is generally created
by these processes. Temporary joining of components can be achieved by use of nuts,
screws and bolts. Adhesives are also used to make temporary joints. Some of the
important and common joining processes are:
(1) Welding (plastic or fusion), (2) Brazing, (3) Soldering, (4) Riveting, (5)
Screwing, (6) Press fitting, (7) Sintering, (8) Adhesive bonding, (9) Shrink fitting, (10)

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Explosive welding, (11) Diffusion welding, (12) Keys and cotters joints, (13) Coupling
and (14) Nut and bolt joints.
4. Surface Finishing Processes
Surface finishing processes are utilized for imparting intended surface finish on
the surface of a job. By imparting a surface finishing process, dimension of part is not
changed functionally; a very negligible amount of material is removed from the certain
material is added to the surface of the job. These processes should not be misunderstood
as metal removing processes in any case as they are primarily intended to provide a good
surface finish or a decorative or protective coating on to the metal surface. Surface
cleaning process also called as a surface finishing process. Some of the commonly used
surface finishing processes are: (1) Honing, (2) Lapping, (3) Super finishing, (4) Belt
grinding, (5) Polishing, (6) Tumbling, (7) Organic finishes, (8) Sanding, (9) Debarring,
(10) Electroplating, (11) Buffing, (12) Metal spraying, (13) Painting, (14) Inorganic
coating, (15) Anodizing, (16) Sheradising, (17) Parkerizing, (18) Galvanizing, (19)
Plastic coating, (20) Metallic coating, (21) Anodizing and (22) Sand blasting.

5.3. Product development process

A product development has to go through the following concepts of product
engineering which are given as under.
 Product functions
 Product specifications
 Conceptual design
 Ergonomics and aesthetics
 Standards
 Detailed design
 Prototype development
 Testing
 Simulation
 Design for manufacture
 Design for assembly

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 Drafting

5.4 Manufacturing process of the project

1. Measurement of the material required dimension:
Measurement is the foundation of scientific inquiry. In order to test our
hypotheses, we must observe our theoretical concepts at the operational level. In simple
words, we must measure what we have defined. But there are different levels of
measurement, which provide differing amounts of information about the theoretical
construct. There are also some basic issues about the adequacy of measurement which we
must address.
2. Cutting operation as per dimension:
Cutting processes work by causing fracture of the material that is processed.
Usually, the portion that is fractured away is in small sized pieces, called chips. Common
cutting processes include sawing, shaping (or planning), broaching, drilling, grinding,
turning and milling. Although the actual machines, tools and processes for cutting look
very different from each other, the basic mechanism for causing the fracture can be
understood by just a simple model called for orthogonal cutting.
In all machining processes, the workpiece is a shape that can entirely cover the
final part shape. The objective is to cut away the excess material and obtain the final part.
This cutting usually requires to be completed in several steps – in each step, the part is
held in a fixture, and the exposed portion can be accessed by the tool to machine in that
portion. Common fixtures include vise, clamps, 3-jaw or 4-jaw chucks, etc. Each position
of holding the part is called a setup. One or more cutting operations may be performed,
using one or more cutting tools, in each setup. To switch from one setup to the next, we
must release the part from the previous fixture, change the fixture on the machine, clamp
the part in the new position on the new fixture, set the coordinates of the machine tool
with respect to the new location of the part, and finally start the machining operations for
this setup. Therefore, setup changes are time-consuming and expensive, and so we should
try to do the entire cutting process in a minimum number of setups; the task of
determining the sequence of the individual operations, grouping them into (a minimum

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number of) setups, and determination of the fixture used for each setup, is called process
planning.
3. Machining operation on required parts:
Turning is a cutting operation in which the part is rotated as the tool is held
against it on a machine called a lathe. The raw stock that is used on a lathe is usually
cylindrical, and the parts that are machined on it are rotational parts – mathematically,
each surface machined on a lathe is a surface of revolution. Machining is an essential
process of finishing by which work pieces are produced to the desired dimensions and
surface finish by gradually removing the excess material from the preformed blank in the
form of chips with the help of cutting tool(s) moved past the work surface(s).Most of the
engineering components such as gears, bearings, clutches, tools, screws and nuts etc.
need dimensional and form accuracy and good surface finish for serving their purposes.
Performing like casting, forging etc. generally cannot provide the desired accuracy and
finish. For that such preformed parts, called blanks, need semi-finishing and finishing and
it is done by machining and grinding.
 Grinding is also basically a machining process.
 Machining to high accuracy and finish essentially enables a product:
 Fulfill its functional requirements.
 Improve its performance.
 Prolong its service
3. Drilling and tapping the material as per dimension:
These four methods all produce holes of different types. Drilling produces round
holes of different types; reaming is used to improve the dimensional tolerance on a drilled
hole; boring uses a special machine operating like a lathe, to cut high precision holes; and
tapping creates screw-threads in drilled holes. Drilling: The geometry of the common
twist drill tool (called drill bit) is complex; it has straight cutting teeth at the bottom –
these teeth do most of the metal cutting, and it has curved cutting teeth along its
cylindrical surface. The grooves created by the helical teeth are called flutes, and are
useful in pushing the chips out from the hole as it is being machined. Clearly, the velocity
of the tip of the drill is zero, and so this region of the tool cannot do much cutting.

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 Automated seed sowing Machine

Therefore it is common to machine a small hole in the material, called a center-hole,

before utilizing the drill. Center-holes are made by special drills called center-drills; they
also provide a good way for the drill bit to get aligned with the location of the center of
the hole. There are hundreds of different types of drill shapes and sizes; here, we will
only restrict ourselves to some general facts about drills.
 Common drill bit materials include hardened steel (High Speed Steel, Titanium
Nitride coated steel); for cutting harder materials, drills with hard inserts, e.g.
carbide or CBN inserts, are used;
 In general, drills for cutting softer materials have smaller point angle, while those
for cutting hard and brittle materials have larger point angle;
 If the Length/Diameter ratio of the hole to be machined is large, then we need a
special guiding support for the drill, which itself has to be very long; such
operations are called gun-drilling. This process is used for holes with diameter of
few mm or more, and L/D ratio up to 300. These are used for making barrels of
guns;
 Drilling is not useful for very small diameter holes (e.g. < 0.5 mm), since the tool
may break and get stuck in the workpieces;
 Usually, the size of the hole made by a drill is slightly larger than the measured
diameter of the drill – this is mainly because of vibration of the tool spindle as it
rotates, possible misalignment of the drill with the spindle axis, and some other
factors;
 For tight dimension control on hole diameter, we first drill a hole that is slightly
smaller than required size (e.g. 0.25 mm smaller), and then use a special type of
drill called a reamer. Reaming has very low material removal rate, low depth of
cut, but gives good dimension accuracy;
 large and deep holes are made by spade drills;
 Countersink/counter bore drills have multiple diameters – they make a
chamfered/stepped hole, which is useful for inserting screws/bolts – the larger
diameter part of the hole accommodates the screw/bolt head;

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 Internal threads can be cut into holes that mate with screws/bolts. These are cut by
using tapping tools.
4. Welding the material as per dimension:
Welding is a process for joining two similar or dissimilar metals by fusion. It
joins different metals/alloys, with or without the application of pressure and with or
without the use of filler metal. The fusion of metal takes place by means of heat. The heat
may be generated either from combustion of gases, electric arc, electric resistance or by
chemical reaction. During some type of welding processes, pressure may also be
employed, but this is not an essential requirement for all welding processes. Welding
provides a permanent joint but it normally affects the metallurgy of the components. It is
therefore usually accompanied by post weld heat treatment for most of the critical
components. The welding is widely used as a fabrication and repairing process in
industries. Some of the typical applications of welding include the fabrication of ships,
pressure vessels, automobile bodies, off-shore platform, bridges, welded pipes, sealing of
nuclear fuel and explosives, etc. Most of the metals and alloys can be welded by one type
of welding process or the other.
However, some are easier to weld than others. To compare this ease in welding term
 ‘Weld ability’ is often used. The weld ability may be defined as property of a
metal which indicates the ease with which it can be welded with other similar or
dissimilar metals.
 Weld ability of a material depends upon various factors like the metallurgical
changes that occur due to welding, changes in hardness in and around the weld,
gas evolution and absorption, extent of oxidation, and the effect on cracking
tendency of the joint. Plain low carbon steel has the best weld ability amongst
metals. Generally it is seen that the materials with high cast ability usually have
low weld ability.
5. Grinding the project welding joints:
There are several types of grinding machines. The main ones are surface grinders,
grinding wheels, cylindrical grinders and center less grinders. The figure below shows
examples of a few of these. Surface grinders produce flat surfaces. The part is held on the

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 Automated seed sowing Machine

flat table (steel parts can be held by a magnetic force – this is called magnetic chucking).
The table moves in a reciprocating motion, and the rotating wheel is lowered so that it
just scrapes along the surface.
To improve dimension control on cylindrical parts, center less grinders, which use
long cylindrical wheels, are employed. The axis of the regulating wheel and grinding
wheel are slightly misaligned, causing the part to travel slowly in the axial direction, and
after some time, the part automatically moves beyond the length of the wheel.
Controlling the angle of misalignment can control the time that the part is subjected to
grinding. If a turned part of complex shape (e.g. stepped shafts) are to be ground, then
cylindrical grinding is used, which employs specially made grinding wheels, whose
profile fits the profile of the part to be ground.

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Chapter-6
Advantages and Application of the project
6.1. Advantages of the project
Advantages of the project as per following like as:
1. These machines are adequately designed with auto seed feeding system
planting channel for optimal growing conditions.
2. Adjustable seeding rate.
3. Seed monitor and hectare counter.
4. Spring loaded plunger for seed dropping.
5. No extra manpower required.
6. It is compact in size.

6.3. Application of the project

Our project should use for following various applications like as:
1) Farming the design of furrow openers of seed drills varies to suit the soil conditions of
particular region. Most of the seed cum fertilizer drills are provided with pointed tool to
form a narrow slit in the soil for seed deposition.

2) Gardening Seeds are broadcasted on the soil which results in the loss and damage of
the seeds. As the cost of seeds is more and cannot be affordable for the farmers so there is
the need for the proper placement of seeds in the soil.

3) Sport’s Stadium The fluted roller seed cup is having the arrangement of seed cut-off
and controlling flap to control the amount of seeds and fertilizers.

4) Agri Universities the harrow is one of the important agricultural equipment which is
used in the fields of agriculture for seed bed preparation and weed control. This is used
before the seeds are sown in the field. This helps in the leveling of the soil and seeds can
be sown in the prepare bed easily Poly-house Seeds are broadcasted on the soil which
results in the loss and damage of the seeds

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 Automated seed sowing Machine

Chapter-7
Future Scope of the project
1) Introduction of Cutter in place of drill can be used as grass cutter equipment.
2) Using remote control machine can be made automatic.
3) Addition of multi-hopper can be attached side by side for sowing of large farm.
4) Water dripping unit could be included in seed sowing machine.

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Chapter-8
Conclusion
This seed plantation machine has great potential for increasing the productivity of
the planting. Till now tractor was the main traction unit for nourishment in farming. With
the adaptation of this seed planting machine its purpose will be done. Hence there is need
to promote this technology and made available to even small scale farmers with
affordable prices. This machine can be made by raw materials also which saves the cost
of whole project and is easily manufactured in available workshops. The only cost is of
metering device and sensors. Hence by using this machine we can achieve flexibility of
distance and control depth variation for different seeds, hence usable to all seeds.

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Reference
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2005 edition, McGraw Hill
6) PSG, “Design Data Book” 8th edition, PSG College of Technology Coimbatore
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12) V. K. Mehta, “Principles of Electrical and Electronics Engineering” S. Chand and
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13) R. Savan Kymar, K.V. Inoth Kumar and V. Jegathesan “Basic Electrical and
Electronics” Wiley Precise publisher

College of Engineering, Malegaon (Bk), B.E. Mechanical 40