Surface Logging Systems

Basic Mud Logging Course - Introduction

Presenter’s Name
Date
 How Can We start the Right Way

• Our Safety procedures for

– Fire and other Emergencies
– Emergency Exits
• Administrative
– Breaks and lunch
– Refreshments
R f h t and
d ttoilets
il t
• Respecting each other and learning together
– Ground Rules for punctuality, cell-phones

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 INTRODUCTIONS

• Name
• Job Position
• Length of time with Weatherford SLS
• Length of time in Oil industry
• Country (if relevant)

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2
 WHY ARE YOU HERE?

• Why are you attending training?

• What do you hope to get out of this course?
• What are YOUR Objectives?

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3
 SAFETY MOMENT

• SHARE A SAFETY INCIDENT, NOT NECESSARILY

WORK RELATED
RELATED, WITH THE REST OF THE CLASS

• WHO HAS ONE THEY CAN SHARE?

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4
 TIME FOR A GAME

• DO NOT turn over these sheets until told to

• You have 10 minutes to find as many words as possible
• Highlight each word found in a box e
e.g.
g PIT LEVEL

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5
 Seminar Objectives

• How hydrocarbons are formed

• The search for oil and gas
• Present the parts of the rig
• Outline the steps taken in drilling and completing a well
• Overview of basic mud logging operations

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6
 How Are Hydrocarbon
y Deposits
p Formed
And Trapped?

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 Life and Geologic Time

• The presence of C,H,N and O created the conditions of life on Earth

• First bacteria appeared 3.5 billion yrs ago
• Oil and gas derived entirely from decayed organic matter

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 Death, Decomposition and Burial

• Most organic waste is destroyed by bacteria

• Some are deposited in oxygen-poor aquatic milieus and are
protected from bacterial action
• S
Sedimentary
di t llayers sink
i k naturally
t ll or are b
buried
i dddeeper b
by
tectonic forces
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 Maturation

• Maturation is the “cooking”

g of organic
g matter trapped
pp in sedimentary
y layers
y
• Increasing heat and pressure causes kerogen to form
• Source rocks are rocks that contain sufficient substances to generate oil and gas
• When a source rock starts to generate oil or gas it is said to be mature

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10
 Kerogen

• Dark-colored
• Indefinite and complex mixture of
compounds with large molecules
containing mainly H and C but also O,
N, and S
• IInsoluble
l bl iin water
t and
d petroleum
t l
solvents
• It may consist of compacted organic
material
• Source of most hydrocarbons
g
generated

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11
 Oil Window

• Special environment where oil is generated

• The temperature in the oil window:
– 65º and 150º C

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 Gas Window

• Special environment where gas is generated

• Temperature range: 120 to 225° C

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 Oil and Gas Windows

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 Migration

• Mi
Migration
ti isi the
th tendency
t d to
t move about
b t andd
away from the source rock.
• A sslow
ow pprocess
ocess
• 2 types: (primary migration) and (secondary
migration)
• Triggered by natural compaction and the
processes of oil and gas formation
• Oil and gas migrate upward and through porous
and permeable beds
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 Primary Vs. Secondary Migration

• Primary Migration – release of oil from kerogen and its

movementt in
i the
th narrow pores andd capillaries
ill i off th
the
source rock
• Secondary Migration – movement of hydrocarbons
away from the source rock

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 Porosity and Permeability

• Porosity is the amount of void space in a rock

• Permeability is the degree of interconnectivity of these
voids (pores)

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 Reservoir Rock

• A subsurface body of rock having sufficient porosity

(usu. 5% to 30%) and permeability to store and
transmit fluids.
• Contains little,, if any,
y, insoluble organic
g matter
• Most hydrocarbons are found in clastic reservoirs
(sandstones and siltstones) followed by carbonate
reservoirs
• P
Petroleum
t l accumulations
l ti are rarely
l ffound
d iin shales,
h l
igneous and metamorphic rocks

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 Entrapment

• Oil and gas fields need to be trapped in permeable

reservoir rocks and capped by a seal called a cap
rockk

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 Traps

• 2 main types of traps:

– Structural traps
– Stratigraphic traps
• Traps must exist before hydrocarbon generation ceases

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 Structural Traps

• Traps formed by Earth movements

• Examples:
– Fault traps
– Anticlinal traps (80% of the world’s
oilfields are in this category)
– Rocks are domed over rising salt masses

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 Stratigraphic Traps

• Traps that result when the reservoir bed

is sealed by
y other beds or byy a change
g in
porosity or permeability within the
reservoir bed itself
• Examples:
– a tilted or inclined layer of petroleum-
b i rock
bearing k iis cutoff
t ff or ttruncated
t d by
b
an essentially horizontal,
impermeable rock layer
– petroleum-bearing formation pinches
out
– reservoir bed is surrounded by
impermeable rock
– change in porosity and permeability
in the reservoir itself
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 A Final Word

• Only about 2% of the organic matter dispersed in

sediments
di t b
become petroleum
t l
• Only 0.5% of it gets accumulated in reservoirs

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 The Search for Oil

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 Buried Treasure

• Oil seeps used for medicinal

purposes lighting fuel
purposes, fuel,
caulking boats and for military
purposes
• Industrial Revolution – saw a
need for better source of fuel
• First oil well completed by
Edwin Drake in 1859

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 Buried Treasure

• Oil exploration involves science, creativity, and also good

l k
luck

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 The Decision to Explore

• Oil Exploration is undertaken by a variety of people for a

variety
i t off reasons such
h as:
– Governments
• Development of local resources reducing
dependence upon others
• Development of industry / Employment
– Private Companies
• Financial Gain

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 Government Run Companies

• Examples of National Oil Companies include:

• PTT Thailand 1978

• Pertamina Indonesia 1957
• Petronas Malaysia 1974
• PetroBras
P t B B il
Brazil 1950
• Saudi Aramco Saudi Arabia 1980

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 Private Oil Companies

• Majors
– Shell
– Exxon Mobil
– BP-Amoco-Arco
– Chevron-Texaco
Chevron Texaco

• Independents (range from Multi-national to local)

– Lasmo
– Gulf Resources
– Unocal

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 Economic Framework

• Production Sharing Contracts (P.S.C.)

– A system whereby a Government “leases”
leases acreage for
Private Oil Companies or National Oil Companies to
explore.
– Economic Terms vary dependant upon a wide variety
of factors including:
• Country tax system
• Location of acreage
• Duration of agreement
• And many more !
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 Where to Drill?

• This decision is made at a variety of levels:

– Global:
• Which Country/Basin should we drill in?
– Economic Terms?
– Political Stability?
– Availability of prospective acreage?
– Market
M k / Infrastructure?
I f ?

• This decision is part of a companies overall

strategy,
t t made
d byb upper managementt and d “N“New
Ventures” explorationists.

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 Where to Drill?

• Local:
– Which basin?
– Which province / block?
– Which structure?
– Where on the structure?
– Which
Whi h fformations
ti are prospective?
ti ?

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 Sedimentary Basins

• Areas of extensive and prolonged subsidence where large

accumulations of sediments occur and are hosts of
hydrocarbon deposits
• 600 known sedimentary basins of which 160 sedimentary
basins have yielded oil but only 26 are significant
producers
p
• Exploration has occurred in another 240 basins,, but no
discoveries
• The most predominant sedimentary basin is the Arabian-
Iranian basin (>20 super giant fields)

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 Sedimentary Basins

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 The Job of the Geologist

• Observe, explore and record any

clues related to hydrocarbons
• Reconstitute a scenario to
id tif places
identify l off oil/gas
il/
accumulations
• Work
W k with
ith other
th specialists
i li t

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 The Job of the Geophysicist

• Initially use gravimetry and

magnetometry
t t andd later
l t seismic
i i
surveys
• First 2 are regional in scale, less costly
than seismic and are used to identify
potentially
t ti ll oil-bearing
il b i sedimentary
di t
basins

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 Gravimetry

• Gravity surveys can be used to map the extent or depth

off sedimentary
di t basins
b i or even iindividual
di id l hhydrocarbon
d b
prospects.
• Gravimetry - the measurement of gravitational
acceleration over an area, usually presented as a map or
profile
fil off Bouguer
B or free-air
f i anomalies
li

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 Magnetometry

• Generally performed from the air

(aeromagnetic survey)
• Measures variations in the magnetic
fi ld Thi
field. This gives
i an idea
id off ththe ddepth
th
distribution of crystalline terrains that
have NO chance of containing g anyy oil.

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 Seismic Survey

• Measure the travel time of sound waves generated by a

“shock”
shock applied to the ground or sea
• More costly than gravimetry and magnetometry
• But essential to discovering oil and gas fields

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 Seismic Survey

1. Signal emitted by
vibrator truck
2. Reflected waves
are received by
geophones
3
3. Data transmitted to
laboratory truck

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 Offshore Seismic

1. Seismic vessel
2. Hydrophones

– More data obtained

offshore than
onshore

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 The Job of the Geophysicist

• Use gravimetry, magnetometry and

l t seismic
later i i surveys
• Create an image of the subsurface
deposits and their deformations, to
help geologists identify traps.
• In coordination with the geologist they
interpret the image to extrapolate the
geometry of the trap.

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 Seismic Interpretation

1. Isochronic lines – points on the

ground at which the waves take
exactly the same time to be
reflected / refracted at the
surface
2. 3-D Seismic Maps

Seismic profile

Depth section based on

seismic profile

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 Arriving At The Decision

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 Where to Drill

• The decision where to drill is based

partly
tl on science
i and
d partly
tl on
gambling.
• The site for a wildcat (exploration
well) is usually above the thickest
partt off the
th stratum
t t thought
th ht to
t
contain hydrocarbons.

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