LED LIGHTS: ITS EFFECTS TO THE GROWTH AND FEATURE OF OKRA

(Abelmoschus Esculents) PLANTS

Chapter 1
PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction

Plant development is a general term that refers to the different changes that takes

place in a plant during its life cycle. According Thut, H., & Loomis, W. (2000), plant

maturation consists of both growth and differentiation involving quantitative and

qualitative changes. Plant maturation is characterized by change in size, shape, form,

degree of differentiation and state of complexity (Chen Wei, Y. 2016). Differentiation

involves a series of qualitative changes occurring in plants. It is all orderly processes of

change in which structurally simple and genetically identical cells become different by

becoming specialized for certain functions and produces the various tissues and organs of

a plant. The shift into specialized cells occurs due to differential activation of a cell’s

genome (Chitose, K., & Christian, F. 2010). Mineral nutrients, temperature, soil support,

oxygen, water and light are important in the control of plant growth. These provide the

process of photosynthesis to produce the carbohydrates that are needed to retain water in

the cell for growth. The changing light environment strongly affects the entire life cycle

of plant growth because plants are sessile and photo-autotrophic.

The development of light emitting diodes (LEDs) has made it possible to

manipulate spectral quality in ways that have been difficult with conventional electric

light sources. As such, LEDs have been used to confirm the role and importance of light

quality (Murrow, 2008) and the ability to strategically manipulate plant growth and
development. According to the research done byViršilė, A., &Olle, M. (2013), although

red light is the most efficient in driving photosynthesis, alone it does not promote normal

development. Supplementation with blue light is necessary to mitigate the shade

avoidance responses induced by red light, which produces compact plant shape with

shorter stems, and decreased leaf area resulting in decreased growth (Darko, E., &Shoefs,

B., 2014).

This study is conducted to augment present day knowledge regarding the effects

and response of a plant in various colored light environments. According to Darko, E.,

&Shoefs, B., (2014), plants not only transform solar energy into chemical energy through

the process of photosynthesis but also use light as an informational cue to control a

multitude of physiological responses throughout their life cycle. Collectively these

responses are known as photo morphogenesis. In developmental biology, photo gt

morphogenesis is light-mediated development, where plant growth patterns respond to

the light spectrum. This is a completely separate process from photosynthesis where light

is used as a source of energy (Johkan, M., 2010).

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

This study is anchored in the study of Argawal (2018) on the use of artificial

lighting system to the chlorophyll of the plant. Solar radiation is the primary source of

energy that sustains life on earth. The spectral distribution of solar radiation has a broad

waveband ranging from 300 to 1000 nm. However, only 50% of the radiant energy is

available to plants as photo synthetically active radiation (PAR) and comprises the

wavelength region from 400 to 700 nm (Boyle 2004). Specialized photoreceptors present
in the plant leaves capture the photons and convert the sun’s radiant energy to chemical

energy following the process of photosynthesis. The process utilizes light absorbed by

chlorophyll a and b, the most important photosynthetic pigments, at 662 and 642 nm,

respectively. Plants have also developed intricate mechanisms for transducing the

different wavebands of the incoming solar radiation into specific chemical signals for

regulating various complex growth and developmental processes. Other than high-

energy-dependent process of photosynthesis, photo morphogenesis, photoperiodic, and

phototropism are also significantly influenced by the ambient light conditions. Photo

morphogenesis is defined as light-mediated plant development that also includes

differentiation of cells, tissues, and organs and depends on far-red radiation in the range

of 730–735 nm, whereas photoperiodic refers to the ability of plants to sense and respond

to the changes in the photoperiod: the relative lengths of day and night. The growth

movement of the plants toward the direction of its light source is termed as phototropism.

Light in the wavelengths range of 400–500 nm triggers the phototropic processes.

Unpredictable changes in the natural lighting conditions, insufficient daylight

during the winter season, and climate change phenomenon lead to suboptimal yields and

crop failures in many parts of the world. In order to mitigate this lowcrop productivity,

the concept of protected cultivation in greenhouses and controlled environment crop

production facilities with artificial lighting came into existence (Mpelkas 1980). Artificial

light sources are used to augment insufficient sunlight in greenhouse-based open

production system, whereas crop and/or transplant production in closed production

system relies upon electrical lighting as the sole light source. Plant tissue cultures
maintained under in vitro conditions depend entirely upon artificial light sources for

illumination.

The earliest reports of plant growth under artificial lighting were published in the

1860s by H. Mangon, E. Prilleux, and others. However, commercial application of

artificial lighting for crop production took place only after the development of more

robust and long-lasting electrical lamps in the early twentieth century (Pinho and Halonen

2014). In the present scenario, electrical lamps have become an indispensable tool for

controlled environment agriculture as a steady and reliable source of plant lighting.

Technological advancement in artificial lighting over more than a century has made it

possible to attain the present state of the art in electric lamp designs.

The most preliminary electrical lamps were designed in the first half of the

nineteenth century. The model for an “electric arc” lamp was demonstrated by Sir

Humphry Davy in 1809, whereas the first prototype for an “incandescent” lamp was

revealed by Warren de la Rue in 1840. The era of artificial electric lighting actually

started with the development of incandescent lamp designed by Thomas Edison in 1879.

The proposed models were too costly for commercial application and had very short life

spans. Various “carbon-filament”-based models were designed for the incandescent lamp

in the mid- and late nineteenth century. However, it was only in the first part of the

twentieth century that tungsten-based incandescent lamps were developed. Gas discharge

lamps, the next state of electro-optical advancement, were first fabricated by Heinrich

Geissler in 1857 by using various noble gases in an electric arc tube. The fluorescent

lamp is the most widely used gas discharge lamp and utilized extensively in plant growth

applications due to its reasonable energy efficiency and life span. Afterward, the
introduction of metals such as mercury and sodium into the discharge tube improved the

illumination as the electrical current was channelized through the vaporized metal. The

first widely accepted design for the mercury vapor lamp was produced by P.C. Hewitt in

1901.

This design was further improved by various others, and in 1936, the first modern

high-pressure gas discharge lamp was launched by Philips. In the following decade gas

discharge lamps having higher luminous efficacy and better spectral output such as metal-

halide lamps and high-pressure sodium lamps were developed. High-pressure discharge

lamps have been the preferred light source for crop production in controlled environment

agriculture. The high PAR emission with relatively high percentage of blue radiation,

long life span, and the electrical efficiency in the range of 25–40% make these lamps an

option to replace daylight totally or partially supplementing it for year-round cultivation

(Simpson 2003). However, conventional light sources suffer from the poor ability of

efficient use of energy. Further, the spectral quality specific to photosynthesis as well as

photomorphogenesis cannot be controlled during lighting treatment. Such limitations

ofconventional light sources accelerated the emergence of LEDs as potentially viable and

promising artificial light source in controlled environment agriculture. The practical

implementation of LEDs originated from the experiment of Henry Josef Round, a radio

engineer in Marconi Labs, who observed the emission of light from a silicon carbide

crystal when a current flowed through the material. This was the very first demonstration

of a solid-state lighting, and the light produced is based on an electroluminescence effect

(Round 1907). In spite of this breakthrough, technological advancement of LEDs was

relatively slow until the 1960s (Schubert 2003). Since the invention of the first
commercial LED in the late 1960s, there has been a gradual improvement in LED design

with the advancement of semiconductor technology. The new-generation LEDs have also

become a promising light source for plant growth research and cultivation, besides its

popular applications as indicators and optoelectronic devices.

Impact of electrical lighting on plant growth and development was studied by

many scientists using contemporary incandescent lamps and electric arc lamps. As

reported by Siemens in 1880, plants illuminated by carbon arc lamps in addition to

sunlight displayed improved growth when compared to the naturally growing plants.

Studies on various food crops under tungsten-based incandescent lamps suggested that it

could be possible to grow crops independent of sunlight and could be made to reach

maturity and set seed even during the winters (Harvey 1922). In 1926, Pfeiffer reported

that the duration of artificial lighting had a significant impact on the phyto-constituents of

various plants. Over the years, various electrical lamps such as incandescent lamps (ILs),

fluorescent lamps (FLs), high-pressure mercury vapor lamps (HPMLs), high-pressure

sodium vapor lamps (HPSLs), and metal-halide lamps (MHLs) were employed for

experimental plant growth applications and commercial plant cultivation. However, the

potential of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a photosynthetic radiation source for plant

growth was first explored in the early 1990s (Bula et al. 1991, 1992). The outcome of

these studies unveiled some of the advantageous features of LEDs and clarified certain

plant morphogenic responses related to the spectral quality of lighting source. A major

breakthrough in the LED technology was attained with the development of first viable

high-brightness blue LED by Shuji Nakamura in 1993 (Nakamura and Fasol 1997;
Nakamura et al. 2000). This achievement paved the way for utilization of LEDs in plant

growth and development.

In totality, the theory present the reader a basic introduction to artificial lighting

systems used in plant growth and development with their technological advancement

over time, working principles and attributes with respect to spectral quality, luminous

efficacy, power consumption, heat generation, and life span. Finally, a comparative

assessment of the various performance parameters of the different light sources has been

presented to highlight the advantageous features of LEDs and its potential as a

photosynthetic radiation source for growing plants in controlled environment. With a

basic understanding of the electrical and optical properties of the artificial lighting

system, readers with plant science background will be well placed to comprehend the

specific function and applications of LEDs discussed in the rest of the book.
Use of LED Lights Collection of samples Growthof Okra Plant
(AbelmoschusEscule
nt’s)
Observation

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the study

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the effect to the primary growth of Okra

(Abelmoschus Esculent’s) by different color of light.

In this regard, there searcher is determined to answer the following questions:

1. How is the growth of the Okra plant (Abelmoschus Esculent) affected by the

different colors of LED Lights in terms of the following:

a. Length of the plant body (cm),

b. Number and size (cm) of leaves, and

c. Size of the stem?

2. Is therea significant difference on the growth of Okra plant (Abelmoschus

Esculent) with different colours of LED Lights?

3. Istherea significant difference between the growth of Okra plant (Abelmoschus

Esculent) with different colours of LED Lights and a control plant?

Hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference on the growth of Okra plant (Abelmoschus

Esculent) with different colours of LED Lights?

2. There is no significant difference between the growth of Okra plant (Abelmoschus

Esculent) with different colours of LED Lights and a normal plant?

Scope and limitations of the study

The scope of the studylimited to the use of Okra (AbelmoschusEsculentus) seed

and theuseofdifferent colours of LED Lights (green, blue and red). Some plants may take
longer to germinate or sprout depending on the type of plant and the conditions they are

likely to grow in. The researcher lacks the facilities to experiment the use of two or more

different plants and the use of four or more colored light. The researcher can only

monitor the plant growth through time intervals. The researchwill onlycover the growth

rate of okra plants under different color of light but does not cover the growth quality of

the plant.

Significance of the study

This biggest beneficiary of this study will be florists. Florists may benefit from

the study as they could apply the method used for growing okra seeds in their own

business and/or their own homes. The findings of this study could be used by florists

when they grow their okra as okra is also a flowering plant. Cooks or chefs who want to

use okra green pods as ingredients for a certain meal or dish can gain a much similar

benefits. Should they need to procure more in less time, the method used in this study

could be used to achieve their goals.

Definition of terms

The following terms are operationally defined for a better understanding on the

study:

Okra. In this study, the term refers to the independent variable of the study.

Albelmochus esculents, known in many English countries as ladies fingers or okra, is a

flowering plant in the mallow family. It is valued for its edible green seed pods. The

geographical origin of okra is disputed.

 LED lights. Led stands for lightemittingdiode, a semiconductor device that

converts electricity into light. LED lights are super energy efficient, using approximately

85% less energy than halogen or incandescent lightingmeaning significant savings on

your power bills.

Growth and Feature. In this study the term refers to height of the plant, number

of leaves, size of the stem.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Literature

A light-emitting diode (or LED) is a semiconductor that emits light as electric

currents flow through it (Philips, 2017.). These sources are considered “directional” light

sources as LEDs emit light at a singular and specific direction, rather in all directions

(Energy Star, 2016). Due to theirmany and various capabilities, LED bulbs are well

suited for a wide array of research applications (Murrow, 2008). Not only that, LED are

efficient since they have the ability to control their spectral composition and option to

pick specific wavelengths, small mass and volume, durability, relatively cool emitting

surfaces, and minimum heating and well as having a lifetime of over 50,000 hours. (Lin

K. 2012) Because of these advantages, LED bulbs are more suitable for horticultural

practices when compared to other light sources (Massa G., 2010).

According to Olle and Viršilė (2013), red LED lights are the basal component in

lighting spectra and are enough for normal growth and photosynthesis in plants. Recent

papers declare that ~640 nm or ~660 nm of the red LED lights is to be used for effective

cultivation of lettuce and other green vegetables. Johkan M. (2010) attempted to raise

seedlings under different lights, mainly red, blue and a combination of both, and study its

effects on the seedling quality and yield of red leaf lettuce plants after transplanting. The

results of their study showed that the lettuce seedlings raised under blue-containing LED

lights yielded high polyphenols and antioxidants activities when compared to those under
fluorescent and red lights. As stated by Snowden (2015), green light is likely

morebeneficial than red and blue lights when it comes to increasing the photosynthesis of

the whole plant. This statement was further confirmed in an experiment of Snowden

(2015), which concluded that the green light drives leaf photosynthesis effectively when

compared to both red and blue lights.

Spectral light changes evoke different morphogenetic and photosynthetic

responses that can vary among different plant species. Such photo-responses are of

practical importance in recent plant cultivation technologies, since the feasibility of

tailoring illumination spectra purposefully enables one to control plant growth,

development, and nutritional quality. Plant development is strongly influenced by the

light quality, which refers to the color or wavelength reaching a plant’s surface (Johkan

M., 2010). Red (R) and blue (B) lights have the greatest impact on plant growth because

they are the major energy sources for photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in plants. Past

studies exam-ined the action spectra for photosynthesis of higher plants. It is well known

that action spectra have action maxima in the B and R ranges (Yuan, C. , 2016).

Combined RB LED lights were proven to be an effective lighting source for producing

many plant species, including lettuce, in controlled environments (Lin, K, 2012)

Okra or okro, known in many English-speaking countries as ladies' fingers or

ochro, is a flowering plant in the mallow family. It is valued for its edible green seed

pods. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of West African,

Ethiopian, and South Asian origins. The plant is cultivated in tropical, subtropical and

warm temperate regions around the world (National Research Council 2006). Okramay

not be the most conventional vegetable in the garden, but it has a rich content of vitamins
and minerals, including vitamins A, B, C, E, and K, as well as calcium, iron, magnesium,

potassium, and zinc. Furthermore, okra contains high levels of mucilaginous fiber. Most

of the health benefits of okra are due to the minerals, vitamins, and organic compounds

found in it. Okra is frequently used in dishes from the Caribbean to China, and its

popularity is increasing all the time, particularly because of its various uses. This

vegetable pod can be used as a pickled vegetable, or an ingredient in soups, and side

dishes, and is also utilized for its oil, which can be extracted and used as a vegetable oil

(Organic Facts 2018). One thing you do need to worry about while consuming okra is its

high levels of oxalates. Oxalates bind to existing kidney and gallstones and cause them to

grow and may worsen the associated conditions. Frying okra can also increase your

cholesterol intake for the day, so cooking it in other ways is wise if you want to maintain

a good cholesterol balance.

Okra is a cultigen, a plant that has been altered by humans through a process of

selective breeding. The exact origin of okra is unknown, but it is thought to have come

from Africa, where it has been grown as a crop for centuries. Today it is widely

cultivated for its edible green fruits, which are harvested when immature (after 3–5 days

of development), and are infamous for their slimy mucilage. Abelmoschusesculentus is

also known by the synonym Hibiscus esculentus and the common name.

LED (Light emitting-diode) lamps are a promising technology that has

tremendous potential to improve irradiance efficiency and to replace traditionally used

horticultural lighting (Kozai et al., 2015). LED provides precise light spectrum and close

illumination. Their small size, durability, long lifetime, and cool emitting temperature are

more suitable for plant-based uses than many other light sources. Although equipment
costs are still high, as is the case with most new technologies, growers are very keen to

use LED lamps to substantially decrease their energy use and reduced carbon emissions.

Photosynthesis of horticultural crops use mainly the wavelength of 610mm ~ 720nm red

light, whose energy absorption equals approximately 55% of the total physiological

radiation. That is followed by the wavelength of 400 ~ 510nm of blue-purple light, which

accounts for approximately 8% of the total usage. Plants respond to spectral quality (i.e.

colour) by altering their morphology (eg. Leaf area and stem length). This creates

canopies that permit the plant to intercept light at high efficiency and drive

photosynthesis to produce adequate yield. Current research on the effects of LED light

has mainly focused on plant morphology, less is known about the effect of LED light on

the response of the photosynthetic system and changes in crop quality.

Plant life depends on light in two ways: light provides the energy for the

production of organic matter in photosynthesis, and it is perceived as a morphogenetic

stimulus. Photomorphogenetic responses include growth effects (such as seed

germination, phototropism, and organ elongation) and differentiation (for example flower

bud and leaf formation, and the regulation of photosynthetic pigments). Light also

induces movements of leaves, stomata, and chloroplasts, which are involved in the

regulation of photosynthesis. Major factors affecting plant growth are light quality, light

intensity, photoperiodic, and the day/night cycle. These parameters can be controlled

under greenhouse conditions using artificial light sources. Moreover, application of light

pulses and short-term changes of the spectral composition are effective ways to stimulate

plants and to induce desired morphological development. Controlling spectral qualities of

the irradiation applied enables faster growth or higher yield at a given radiation energy,
and the production of plants of optimized nutritional value. Therefore it is hardly

surprising that large-scale plant production under controlled light conditions has become

common in industrialized countries, effects of light quality on plant growth have been

studied for more than 50 years. McCree (1972) measured the action spectrum, absorbance

and quantum yield of photosynthesis in crop plants and Inada (1976, 1977) determined

action spectra for photosynthesis inseveral higher plant species. These studies triggered

research into photosynthesis and dry matter production under irradiation of different

spectral qualities. Recent developments of lighting technology have enabled not only

researchers but also farmers to control spectral qualities by combinations of various light

sources with different waveband emissions. This review summarizes previous papers and

evaluates significant effects of the quality of artificial light on growth and development

of higher plants, especially crops.

Light is a vital requirement for plants: it is necessary for photosynthesis, for

information (i.e. when to bud, flower, germinate, etc.) and for their growth form. Natural

light varies daily and seasonally. Artificial light sources interrupt that natural cycle —

and may disrupt both the plants and the ecology they support. These manmade light

sources are concentrated along road verges and hedgerows, in gardens and in urban

environments, which may represent a significant and potentially hitherto overlooked

threat. A new European-funded1 study poses the following questions: 1.How much

artificial light is there in the environment? 2. How do plants sense light? 3. How do plants

respond to artificial light at night.

Artificial lights sources (e.g. street lighting, vehicle headlights and faint

‘skyglow’2) vary in intensity, duration and spatial distribution. In this study, these
sources were compared using a measure of intensity (illuminance, measured in units of

lux) and distance from source. For example, the leaves of a tree adjacent to a street lamp

may be exposed to up to 100 000 lux (a value comparable to daylight), yet roadside

vegetation may experience only around 50 lux. Illuminance is a useful proxy for the

biological effects of light when information on the spectral power distribution of light is

also available.

Plants have different behavioral responses to different wavelengths of light —

with flowering, germination and photosynthesis being associated with exposure to

different parts of the visible light spectrum. Photoreceptors in plants use light to sense

information about the season and even the time of day, which controls germination,

growth and shade avoidance.

Light is the most complex and variable of the limiting factors affecting plant

growth, and for our purposes, there are two types: natural light (sunlight) and artificial

light. Sunlight is the common name for electromagnetic radiation that originates from our

sun, which is approximately 93 million miles away. The quantity and quality of sunlight

differs significantly from the artificially produced light that we use in our homes and

greenhouses. Managing light is particularly challenging due to its subjective nature. The

sunlight that your crops “see” is much different in terms of wavelength (color) and

intensity that what we humans perceive. In fact, the term “light” only refers to one small

part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye (Figure 1). And, to

make matters even more complicated, our iris controls the diameter of the pupil.
 Crop growing use the light from the LEDs. A variety of plants are used in

everyday cooking, such as salads and vegetables. We humans have started to turn their

attention to a healthier diet. Growing vegetables without chemicals. The wide use of

chemicals over a number of years to control pests, and to accelerate growth of crops has

started to have an effect on are health. In the market place we see products grown

chemical free but comes with a relatively high price. Growing plants using artificial light

and not in soil can be achieved easily, added advantage of using limited space unlike

conventional crops. You do not the environmental, external factors also affecting the

growth of crops. The response to these factors did not differ whether crops with

conventional natural conditions or hydroponics that control the growth and development

of plants. But there is an important factor

Lighting is another factor that affects the growth and development of plants.

Because light is an important factor in building a food or photosynthesis of plants with

chlorophyll this sensor uses energy to change carbon dioxide and water into

carbohydrates and oxygen exposure other factors that affect the growth of plants,

including wavelength, light intensity, duration of the light on the crop are features that

affect the growth of plants grown with the hydraulic system. Hydroponics Inc. is a light

intensity reference that if too much or too little light will result in reduced plant

photosynthesis. Plants are growing in the tropics. Exposure to high intensity light and

cropping in the open must be shaded to reduce light.

 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study utilizes the sampling descriptive comparative method of research. This

method attempts to find the prevailing conditions and sought to answer questions to the

real facts relating to the existing conditions. It used to show the status of the situation and

interpreted the present condition thereby satisfying the desire to gain increased

knowledge about the phenomenon of interest, in such ways, comparing various samples

from different quadrants and determining the extraneous variables. In addition, this may

provide a basis for future experimentations. Macro-invertebrates play a vital role in the

ecology of stream ecosystems being responsible for much of the transfer of organic

matter from various sources inside or outside of the stream through the stream food web.

Macro-invertebrates are commonly used as indicators of the biological condition of water

bodies. They are reliable indicators because they spend all or most of their lives in water,

are easy to collect and differ in their tolerance to pollution. A fine mesh net (0.35 mm)

measuring 1x1m2 was utilized in the collection of specimen. The study was conducted

one shot sampling and was done in the month of June 2020.
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

For the convenience of the researcher, this is research is conducted at the

researcher’s house located at Corrales, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental. Okra seeds were

bought from the market and were planted on every set-ups that are prepared. Set-ups are

placed at the researcher’s backyard each having the same amount of sunlight and shade.

The table below shows the location of the research’s place.

Table 3.1 Research Location: Corrales, Jimenez , Misamis Occidental

SAMPLING PROCEDURE

Four setups of Okra (Abelmoschus E sculentus) seeds were prepared. Each setup

consisted of a pot with loam soil and three to three seeds planted two inches from the

surface of the soil. Three of the four setups will be labeled as setups R (with red light), G

(with green light), and B (with blue light), which corresponded to the color of light to
which they were exposed. The fourth setup served as the control setup and was exposed

to direct sunlight. The pots were separated by and covered by carboard (Figure 2). This is

to focus on their corresponding pots and not affect the plants in the other setups. Setups

R, G, and B, exposed to the colored lights (5 W) every night for one week. The four

setups were exposed to sunlight from 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM. The setups were kept at room

condition from 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM, away from direct sunlight. The plants watered at

6:00 AM and 6:00 PM daily. To speed up germination process, the seeds were submerged

in water for 14 - 18 hours. Seeds that sunk to the bottom will be the seed that is ready to

be planted while the ones that floated could not be used or would not be germinated.

OBSERVATION AND COLLECTION OF DATA

To measure the growth of okra, a standard 30-cm ruler was used to monitor the

plants’ height (in centimeters) was recorded daily directly after exposure to the colored

lights and the difference between the heights (in centimeters) were compared daily as

well. The setups were also compared in terms of leaf count and leaf size. To determine

the effect(s) of the different colored lights, the mean of daily differences of each

parameter.

PREPARATION OF SAMPLES
 CONTROL

P1 P2 P3

EXPERIMENTAL

P1 P2 P3

Figure 2. Steps of Preparation of Sample

Observation of the samples may vary every first week and counting. The number of

leaves, the height of the plant and size of the stem will then observe.

Analysis of Data
 The ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was used to test the significant difference on

the three led light applied in okra plant. The computation was done using the Statistical

Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) ver.20.