Appendix AAnswers
NOTE: Answers to Scientific Skills Exercises, Problem-Solving Exercises,
Interpret the Data questions, and short-answer essay questions are available
only for in- structors in the Instructor Resources area of MasteringBiology.
Scientific Skills Exercises, Problem-Solving Exercises, Interpret the Data
questions, and additional questions for the Visualizing Figures can be assigned
and automatically graded in MasteringBiology.
Chapter 1
Figure Questions
Figure 1.4 The scale bar is about 8.5 mm long, and it corresponds to 1 µm. The
pro- karyotic cell is about 2 cm 20 mm long. Dividing by 8.5 mm/scale bar, the
length of the prokaryotic cell is about 2.4 scale bars. Each scale bar represents 1
µm, so the prokaryotic cell is about 2.4 µm long. The eukaryotic cell is about 82
mm across (from lower left to upper right) divided by 8.5 mm/scale bar 9.6 scale
bars 9.6 µm across. Figure 1.10 The response to insulin is glucose uptake by cells
and glucose storage in liver cells. The initial stimulus is high glucose levels,
which are reduced when glucose is taken up by cells.
Figure 1.18
As the soil gradually becomes lighter
brown, beetles that match the color of
the soil will not be seen by birds and
therefore will not be eaten. For example,
when the soil is medium-colored, birds
will be able to see and eat the darker
beetles and any lighter beetles that arise.
(Most or all of the lighter beetles will
have been eaten earlier, but new light
beetles will arise due to variation in
the population.) Thus, over time, the
population will become lighter as the soil
becomes lighter.
5 Environmental change resulting in
survival of organisms with different traits
Concept Check 1.1
1. Examples: A molecule consists of atoms bonded together. Each organelle has
an orderly arrangement of molecules. Photosynthetic plant cells contain organelles
called chloroplasts. A tissue consists of a group of similar cells. Organs such as
the
heart are constructed from several tissues. A complex multicellular organism,
such as a plant, has several types of organs, such as leaves and roots. A
population is a set of organisms of the same species. A community consists of
populations of the various species inhabiting a specific area. An ecosystem
consists of a biological community along with the nonliving factors important to
life, such as air, soil, and water. The biosphere is made up of all of Earth’s
ecosystems. 2. (a) New properties emerge at successive levels of biological
organization: Structure and function are correlated. (b) Life’s processes involve
the expression and transmission of genetic
information. (c) Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and
matter.
3. Some possible answers: Organization (Emergent properties): The ability of a
human heart to pump blood requires an intact heart; it is not a capability of any
of the heart’s tissues or cells working alone. Organization (Structure and function):
The strong, sharp teeth of a wolf are well suited to grasping and dismembering
its prey. Information: Human eye color is determined by the combination of
genes inherited from the two parents. Energy and Matter: A plant, such as a
grass, absorbs energy from the sun and transforms it into molecules that act as
stored fuel. Animals can eat parts of the plant and use the food for energy to
carry out their activities. Interactions (Molecules): When your stomach is full, it
signals your brain to decrease your appetite. Interactions (Ecosystems): A mouse
eats food, such as nuts or grasses, and deposits some of the food material as
wastes (feces and urine). Construction of a nest rearranges the physical
environment and may hasten deg-
radation of some of its components. The mouse may also act as food for a
predator.
Concept Check 1.2
1. The naturally occurring heritable variation in a population is “edited” by
natural selection because individuals with heritable traits better suited to the
environment survive and reproduce more successfully than others. Over time,
better-suited individuals persist and their percentage in the population
increases, while less well-suited individuals become less prevalent—a type of
population editing. 2. Here is one possible explanation: The ancestor species of
the green warbler finch lived on an island where insects were a plentiful food
source. Among individuals in the ancestor population, there was likely variation
in beak shape and size. Individuals with slender, sharp beaks were likely more
successful at pick- ing up insects for food. Being well-nourished, they gave rise
to more offspring than birds with thick, short beaks. Their many offspring
inherited slender, sharp beaks (because of genetic information being passed from
generation to genera- tion, although Darwin didn’t know this). In each
generation, the offspring birds
with the beaks of a shape best at picking up insects would eat more and have
more offspring. Therefore, the green warbler finch of today has a slender beak
that is very well matched (adapted) to its food source, insects.
3.
Appendix A Answers
Concept Check 1.3
1. Mouse coat color matches the environment for both beach and inland
popula- tions. 2. Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific
cases; deduc- tive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.
3. Compared to a hypothesis, a scientific theory is usually more general and
substantiated by a much greater amount of evidence. Natural selection is an
explanatory idea that applies to all kinds of organisms and is supported by vast
amounts of evidence of
various kinds. 4. Based on the mouse coloration in Figure 1.25, you might expect
that the mice that live on the sandy soil would be lighter in color and those that
live on the lava rock would be much darker. And in fact, that is what researchers
have found. You would predict that each color of mouse would be less preyed
upon in its native habitat than it would be in the other habitat. (Research results
also support this prediction.) You could repeat the Hoekstra experiment with
colored models, painted to resemble these two types of mouse. Or you could try
transplanting some of each population to its non-native habitat and counting
how many you can recapture over the next few days, then comparing the four
samples as was done in Hoekstra’s experiment. (The painted models are easier to
recapture, of course!) In the live mouse transplantation experiment, you would
have to do controls to eliminate the variable represented by the transplanted
mice being in a new, unknown territory. You could control for the
transplantation pro- cess by transplanting some dark mice from one area of lava
rock to one far distant, and some light mice from one area of sandy soil to a
distant area.
Concept Check 1.4
1. Science aims to understand natural phenomena and how they work, while
technology involves application of scientific discoveries for a particular purpose
or to solve a specific problem. 2. Natural selection could be operating. Malaria is
present in sub-Saharan Africa, so there might be an advantage to people with
the sickle-cell disease form of the gene that makes them more able to survive
and pass on their genes to offspring. Among those of African descent living in
the United States, where malaria is absent, there would be no advantage, so
they would be selected against more strongly, resulting in fewer individuals
with the sickle-cell disease form of the gene.
Summary of Key Concepts Questions
1.1 Finger movements rely on the coordination of the many structural compo-
nents of the hand (muscles, nerves, bones, etc.), each of which is composed of
elements from lower levels of biological organization (cells, molecules). The
devel- opment of the hand relies on the genetic information encoded in
chromosomes found in cells throughout the body. To power the finger
movements that result in a text message, muscle and nerve cells require
chemical energy that they transform in powering muscle contraction or in
propagating nerve impulses. Texting is in essence communication, an interaction
that conveys information between organ- isms, in this case of the same species.
1.2 Ancestors of the beach mouse may have exhibited variations in their coat
color. Because of the prevalence of visual predators, the better-camouflaged
(lighter) mice in the beach habitat may have survived longer and been able to
produce more offspring. Over time, a higher and higher proportion of
individuals in the population would have had the adapta- tion of lighter fur that
acted to camouflage the mouse in the beach habitat.
1.3 Gathering and interpreting data are core activities in the scientific process,
and they are affected by, and affect in turn, three other arenas of the scientific
process: exploration and discovery, community analysis and feedback, and soci-
etal benefits and outcomes. 1.4 Different approaches taken by scientists studying
natural phenomena at different levels complement each other, so more is learned
about each problem being studied. A diversity of backgrounds among scientists
may lead to fruitful ideas in the same way that important innovations have often
arisen where a mix of cultures coexist, due to multiple different viewpoints.
Test Your Understanding
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. Your figure should show the fol- lowing:
(1) for the biosphere, the Earth with an arrow coming out of a tropical ocean;
(2) for the ecosystem, a distant view of a coral reef; (3) for the community, a
collection of reef animals and algae, with corals, fishes, some seaweed, and
any
other organisms you can think of; (4) for the population, a group of fish of the
same species; (5) for the organism, one fish from your population; (6) for the
organ, the fish’s stomach; (7) for a tissue, a group of similar cells from the
stomach; (8) for a cell, one cell from the tissue, showing its nucleus and a few
other organelles; (9) for an organelle, the nucleus, where most of the cell’s DNA
is located; and (10) for a molecule, a DNA double helix. Your sketches can be
very rough!
appendix a Answers A-1
 Chapter 2 2.2
Figure Questions Both neon and argon have completed
Figure 2.7 Atomic number = 12; 12 protons, 12 electrons; 3 electron shells; valence shells, containing 8 electrons.
They do not have unpaired electrons
2 valence electrons
that could participate in chemical
Figure 2.14 One possible answer: Figure 2.17 bonds.

Leaf Bubbles of O2
2.3 Electrons are shared equally between the two atoms in a nonpolar covalent
bond. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are drawn closer to the more electro-
negative atom. In the formation of ions, an electron is completely transferred from
one atom to a much more electronegative atom. 2.4 The concentration of prod-
ucts would increase as the added reactants were converted to products.
Eventually, an equilibrium would again be reached in which the forward and
reverse reactions were proceeding at the same rate and the relative concentrations
Appendix A Answers

of reactants and products returned to where they were before the addition of
more reactants.
Test Your Understanding
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. D
9.

Concept Check 2.1

1. Table salt (sodium chloride) is made up of sodium and chlorine. We are able
to eat the compound, showing that it has different properties from those of a
metal (sodium) and a poisonous gas (chlorine). 2. Yes, because an organism
requires

Chapter 3 δ+H
δ+
Figure Questions H
trace elements, even though only in small amounts 3. A person with an iron Figure 3.2 One possible answer:
O
deficiency will probably show fatigue and other effects of a low oxygen level in δ–
δ–
the blood. (The condition is called anemia and can also result from too few red Hydrogen
blood cells or abnormal hemoglobin.) 4. Variant ancestral plants that could δ+ bond
tolerate elevated levels of the elements in serpentine soils could grow and
reproduce there. (Plants that were well adapted to nonserpentine soils would not H
be expected to survive in serpentine areas.) The offspring of the variants would Polar covalent
also vary, with bonds
those most capable of thriving under serpentine conditions growing best and δ+ δ– O H
reproducing most. Over many generations, this probably led to the serpentine- δ– δ+
adapted species we see today.
δ+ δ–
Concept Check 2.2
15
1. 7 2. N 7 3. 9 electrons; two electron shells; 1s, 2s, 2p (three orbitals); 1 electron
is needed to fill the valence shell. 4. The elements in a row all have the same
number of electron shells. In a column, all the elements have the same number
of electrons in their valence shells.
Figure 3.6 Without hydrogen bonds, water would behave like other small mol-
Concept Check 2.3 ecules, and the solid phase (ice) would be denser than liquid water. The ice
1. In this structure, each carbon atom has only three covalent bonds instead of would sink to the bottom and would no longer insulate the whole body of water,
the required four. 2. The attraction between oppositely charged ions, forming which would eventually freeze because of the freezing temperatures in the
ionic bonds 3. If you could synthesize molecules that mimic these shapes, you Southern Ocean near Antarctica. The krill would not survive. Figure 3.8 Heating
might be able to treat diseases or conditions caused by the inability of affected the solu- tion would cause the water to evaporate faster than it is evaporating at
individuals to synthesize such molecules. room tem- perature. At a certain point, there wouldn’t be enough water
molecules to dissolve the salt ions. The salt would start coming out of solution
Concept Check 2.4 and re-forming crystals. Eventually, all the water would evaporate, leaving
1. behind a pile of salt like the original pile. Figure 3.12 Adding excess CO2 to the
oceans ultimately reduces the rate at which calcification (by organisms) can
occur.
Concept Check 3.1
1. Electronegativity is the attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent
bond. Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, the oxygen atom
in H2O pulls electrons toward itself, resulting in a partial negative charge on
the oxygen atom and partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms. Atoms
in neighboring water molecules with opposite partial charges are attracted to
each other, forming a hydrogen bond. 2. Due to its two polar covalent bonds,
a water molecule has four regions of partial charge: two positive regions on
the two hydrogens and two negative regions on the oxygen atom. Each of these
2. At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate. can bind to a region of opposite partial charge on another water molecule.
3. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy. Glucose and oxygen react to form 3. The hydrogen atoms of one molecule, with their partial positive charges,
carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy. We breathe in oxygen because we would repel the hydrogen atoms of the adjacent molecule. 4. The covalent
need it for this reaction to occur, and we breathe out carbon dioxide because it bonds of water molecules would not be polar, so no regions of the molecule
is a by-product of this reaction. (This reaction is called cellular respiration, and would carry partial charges and water molecules would not form hydrogen
you will learn more about it in Chapter 9.) bonds with each other.

Summary of Key Concepts Questions Concept Check 3.2

2.1 A compound is made up of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio, 1. Hydrogen bonds hold neighboring water molecules together. This cohesion
while an element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances. helps chains of water molecules move upward against gravity in water-
conducting

A-2 appendix a Answers