Linear Inequalities:

Each of the following carries five marks each:

1. Solve the system of equations graphically.

𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 8, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 8, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

Solution: Consider𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 8 … … . . (1)

Draw the graph for 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8 by a line .It passes
through (8,0) and (0,4).Join these points, put
𝑥 = 0 And 𝑦 = 0 in(1), we get 0 + 0 ≤ 8 which
is true.∴ Solution set of (1) is containing the
origin.
Consider𝟐𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 8 … … . . (2)
Draw the graph for 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 by a line. it passes Binomial Theorem:
through (4,0) and (0,8) .Join these points, Each of the following carries five marks each:
Put 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0 in we get 0 + 0 ≤ 8 which is 1. State and prove the Binomial Theorem.
true. ∴ Solution set of (2) is containing the Solution:
Solution of 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 is every point in the first
quadrant.

2. Solve the system of equations graphically.

5𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 40, 𝑥 ≥ 2, 𝑦 ≥ 3 .

Solution: Consider𝟓𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 40 … … . . (1)

Draw the graph for 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 40by a line
It passes through (8,0) and (0,10)
Join these points, put 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0 in (1)
We get 0 + 0 ≤ 8 which is true.
∴ Solution set of (1) is containing the origin.
Consider𝑦 ≥ 3 … … . . (2)
Draw the graph for 𝑦 = 3by a line Relations and Functions
∴ Solution set of (2) is not containing the origin.
Consider𝑥 ≥ 2 … … . . (3) Each of the following carries one mark each:
Draw the graph for 𝑥 = 2 by a line
1. Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Find the
∴ Solution set of (3) is not containing the origin.
number of relations from A to B.
Solution: We have, A XB = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2,
4)}. Since n (AXB ) = 4, the number of subsets of A X B
is 24 . Therefore, the number of relations from A into B
will be 24 .
 2. Let A = {a,b,c} and B = {7,15}. Find the Solution: Let R be the set of real numbers.
number of relations from A to B. Modulus function is a real valued function f : R
Solution: We have, A XB = {(a,7), (a,15), R given by ,
(b,7), (b,15), (c,7), (c,15)}. Since n (AXB ) = f(x) = |x| for each x R.
4, the number of subsets of A X B is 26 .
Therefore, the number of relations from A into For each non-negative value of x, f(x) is equal to
B will be 26 . x. But for negative values of x, the value of f(x) is
the negative of the value of x, i.e.,
Each of the following carries five marks each:
𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓 𝑥 =
1. Define Identity function, draw the graph −𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
and write the domain and range. Here,
Solution: Let R be the set of real numbers. Domain of f is : R
Define the real valued function f : R R by Range of f is : 𝑹+ including {0}.
y = f(x) = x for each x R.
Such a function is called the identity function.
Here the domain and range of f are R.
The graph is a straight line. It passes through the
origin.

2. Define Constant function, draw the graph 4. Define Signum function, draw the graph
of y=3 and write the domain and range. and write the domain and range.
Solution: Let R be the set of real numbers. Solution: Let R be the set of real numbers.
Signum function is a real valued function f : R
Define the real valued function f : R R by
R defined by ,
y = f(x) = c ; where c is a constant and x R.
Here domain of f is R and its range is {c}.
Graph: y = 3, The graph is a line parallel to x-
axis. Here domain of f is R and its range is {3}. 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
−1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
The domain of the signum function is R
and the range is the set {–1, 0, 1}. The
graph of the signum function is given by,

3. Define Modulus function, draw the graph

and write the domain and range.
 Solution: Angle subtended at the centre by an arc of
length 1 unit in a unit circle (circle of radius 1 unit) is
5. Define Greatest integer function, draw the said to have a measure of 1 radian.
graph and write the domain and range.
Solution: Let R be the set of real numbers. Each of the following carries three marks each:
Greatest integer function is a real valued function 1. If cos x = – 3/5, x lies in the third quadrant,
f : R R defined by , f(x) = [x], x R. find the values of other five trigonometric
which assumes the value of the greatest integer, functions.
less than or equal to x. Such a function is called Solution:
the greatest integer function. The graph of the Since cos x = -3/5, we have sec x = -5/3
function is, Now 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 , i.e. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 −
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
9 16
Or 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − 25 = 25
4
Hence sin x = ±
5
Since x lies in third quadrant, sin x is negative.
Therefore
sin x = - 4/5
which also gives cosec x = - 5/4
Further, we have,
sin 𝑥 4
tan x = cos 𝑥 = 3.
and cot x = 3/4.

2. If cot x = – 5/12 x lies in the second quadrant,

find the values of other five trigonometric
functions.
Here, Solution:
Since cot x = -5/12, we have tan x = -12/5
Domain of f is : R 144 169
Range of f is : Z Now, 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 1+ 25 = 25
13
sec x = ±
5
Since x lies in second quadrant, sec x is negative.
Trigonometric Functions. Therefore
sec x = - 13/5
Each of the following carries one mark each: Which also gives
cos x = - 5/13
1. Convert 40° 20' into radian measure. Further, we have
Solution: We know that 180° = πradian. sin x = tan x cos x = 12/13
Hence, and cosec x = 1/sin x = 13/12.
1 𝜋 121 𝜋 121
40° 20'= 403degree = 180 3 degree = 180 3
121𝜋 Each of the following carries six marks each:
radian = 540 radian.
Therefore, 1. Prove geometrically that cos (x + y) = cos x
121𝜋
40° 20' = 540 radian. cos y – sin x sin y, hence 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 −
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2. Convert 6 radians into degree measure. Solution: Consider the unit circle with centre at the
Solution: We know that 180° = π radian. origin. Let x be the angle P4OP1 and y be the angle
Hence, P1OP2. Then (x + y) is the angle P4OP2. Also let (– y)
180 180×6×7 be the angle P4OP3. Therefore, P1, P2, P3 and P4 will
6 radian= 𝜋 × 6degree = 22 degree =
7 7
have the coordinates P1(cos x, sin x), P2 [cos (x + y),
34311 degree = 343˚ + 11 minute (because 1˚= 60') sin (x + y)], P3 [cos (– y), sin (– y)] and
2 P4 (1, 0)
= 343˚ + 38' + 11
minute (because 1'= 60'')

= 343˚ + 38' + 10.9'' = 343˚ 38' 11''

approximately.
Hence 6 radian=343˚ 38' 11'' approximately.

3. Define Radian measure.

 2. Find the coordinates of the focus, axis, the
equation of the directrix and latus rectum of the
parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥.
Solution: The given equation involves 𝑦 2 , so the axis
of symmetry is along the x-axis.
The coefficient of x is positive so the parabola opens to
the right. Comparing with the given equation 𝑦 2 =
4𝑎𝑥, we find that a = 2. Thus, the focus of the parabola
is (2, 0) and the equation of the directrix of the
parabola is x = – 2 . Length of the latus rectum is 4a =
4 × 2 = 8.

3. Find the coordinates of the foci, the vertices, the

Consider the triangles P1OP3 and P2OP4. They are length of major axis, the minor axis, the
congruent (SAS). Therefore, P1P3 and P2P4 are equal. eccentricity and the latus rectum of the ellipse
By using distance formula, we get 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
(P1P3) 2 = [cos 𝑥 – cos (– 𝑦)]2 + [sin 𝑥 – sin(– 𝑦)]2 25 9
𝑥2
= (cos x – cos y)2 + (sin x + sin y) 2 Solution: Since denominator of is larger than the
25
= [cos 𝑥 – cos 𝑦]2 + [sin 𝑥 + sin𝑦]2 𝑦2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + denominator of
9
, the major axis is along the x-axis.
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 Comparing the equation with the standard equation,
= 2 – 2 (cos x cos y – sin x sin y) 𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
Also Here, a = 5, b = 3 and 𝑐 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 25 − 9 = 4
(P2P4) 2 = [1 – cos (x + 𝑦)]2 + [0 – sin(x + y)]2 Therefore, the coordinates of the foci are (– 4,0) and
= 1 – 2cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 + cos2 x + y + sin2 (x + y) = (4,0), vertices are (– 5, 0) and (5, 0).
2 – 2 cos (x + y) Length of the major axis is 10 units length of the minor
axis 2b is 6 units.
Since P1P3 = P2P4, we have (P1P3) 2 = (P2P4) 2 The eccentricity : 𝑒 = 5.
4

Therefore, 2 –2 (cos x cos y – sin x sin y) = 2 – 2 cos

(x + y). 2𝑏 2 18
Hence cos (x + y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y The latus rectum : =
𝑎 5
When x = y in the above equation, we get,
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 Each of the following carries six marks each:

1. Define ellipse and derive its equation in

Conic Sections. standard form
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎2
+ 𝑏 2 = 1.
Each of the following carries three marks each: Solution: An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane,
the sum of whose distances from two fixed points in
1. Find the coordinates of the foci and the vertices,
the plane is a constant.
the eccentricity, the length of the latus rectum of
We will derive the equation for the ellipse with foci on
the hyperbola
the x-axis.
𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1
9 16
Solution: Comparing the equation with the standard
equation,
𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
Here, a = 3, b = 4 and 𝑐 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 9 + 16 = 5
Therefore, the coordinates of the foci are (±5, 0) and
that of vertices are (±3, 0).
𝑐 5
The eccentricity : 𝑒 = 𝑎 = 3.

2𝑏 2 32
The latus rectum : 𝑎
= 3
Let F1 and F2 be the foci and O be the midpoint of the
line segment F1F2. Let O be the origin and the line
from O through F2 be the positive x-axis and that
through F1as the negative x-axis. Let, the line through
O perpendicular to the x-axis be the y-axis. Let the
𝑐
coordinates of F1 be (– c, 0) and F2 be (c,0) as shown PF1 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥
in the figure.
Let P(x, y) be any point on the ellipse such that the 𝑐
Similarly PF2 = 𝑎 − 𝑎 𝑥
sum of the distances from P to the two foci be 2a so
given Hence PF1 + PF2 = 2a.
𝑥2 𝑦2
PF1 + PF2 = 2a. --- (1) So, any point that satisfies 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 = 1, satisfies the
Using the distance formula, we have geometric condition and so P(x, y) lies on the ellipse.
(𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎 Hence, we proved that the equation of an ellipse with
i.e. (𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎 − (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + 𝑦 2 centre of the origin and major axis along the x-axis is
Squaring both sides, we get 𝑥2 𝑦2
2 + =1
(𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + 𝑦 2 = {2𝑎 − 𝑥 − 𝑐 2 + 𝑦 2 }2 𝑎2 𝑏 2
(𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎2 − 4𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑐 2 + 𝑦 2 2. Define hyperbola and derive its equation in
+ 𝑥 − 𝑐 2 + 𝑦2 standard form
which on simplification gives 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑐 𝑎2
− 𝑏 2 = 1.
𝑥 − 𝑐 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑎 − 𝑥
𝑎 Solution: A hyperbola is the set of all points in a
Squaring again and simplifying, we get plane, the difference of whose distances from two
2 2 2 2
𝑐2 2 fixed points in the plane is a constant.
𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 − 2𝑥𝑐 + 2 𝑥
𝑎
2
𝑐
𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
𝑎
𝑐2
𝑥 2 {1 − 2 } + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
𝑎
2
𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
𝑥 { } + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
𝑎2

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2

Since 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 , we have 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 Let F1 and F2 be the foci and O be the mid-point of the
i.e. line segment F1F2. Let O be the origin and the line
𝑥2 𝑦2 through O through F2 be the positive x-axis and that
+ =1 through F1 as the negative x-axis. The line through O
𝑎2 𝑏 2
Hence any point on the ellipse satisfies perpendicular to the x-axis be the y-axis. Let the
𝑥2 𝑦2 coordinates of F1 be (– c,0) and F2 be (c,0). Let P(x, y)
+ =1 be any point on the hyperbola such that the difference
𝑎2 𝑏 2 of the distances from P to the farther point minus the
Conversely, let P (x, y) satisfy the above equation with
0 < c < a. Then closer point be 2a.
𝑥2
𝑦 2 = 𝑏 2 {1 − 2 } So given, PF1 – PF2 = 2a
𝑎 Using the distance formula, we have
Therefore,
(𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + 𝑦 2 − (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎
PF1= 𝑥 + 𝑐 2 +𝑦 2
i.e. (𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎 + (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + 𝑦 2
2
𝑎2 − 𝑥2 Squaring both sides, we get (𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + 𝑦 2 =
= 𝑥 + 𝑐 2 +𝑏 2 { } {2𝑎 + 𝑥 − 𝑐 2 + 𝑦 2 }2
𝑎2
(𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎2 + 4𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑐 2 + 𝑦 2
2
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑐 2 + 𝑦2
= 𝑥+𝑐 + (𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 ){ }
𝑎2 which on simplification gives
𝑐
𝑥 − 𝑐 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑐2𝑥2 𝑎
= 𝑎2 + + 2𝑥𝑐 Squaring again and simplifying, we get
𝑎2
𝑐2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑥𝑐 + 2 𝑥 2
𝑐2𝑥2 𝑥𝑐 𝑎
= 𝑎2 + 2
+ 2𝑎 𝑐 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
𝑥𝑐 𝑎
= {𝑎 + }2
𝑎
 𝑐2 Statistics.
𝑥 2 {1 − } + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
𝑎2
𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 Each of the following carries five marks each:
𝑥2{ } + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 1. Find the mean deviation about the mean
𝑎2
for the following data.
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1 ; − =1
𝑎2 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 𝑎2 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
Solution We make the following table from the
Since, 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 given data :
i.e.
𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
Hence any point on the ellipse satisfies
𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
Conversely, let P (x, y) satisfy the above equation with
0 < a < c. Then
2 2
𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑦 =𝑏 { }
𝑎2
Therefore,
PF1= 𝑥 + 𝑐 2 +𝑦 2

7 7
𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 Here, 𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 = 40, 𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 1800
= 𝑥+𝑐 2 +𝑏 2 { } 7
𝑎2
𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥 = 400
2
𝑥2 − 𝑎2 𝑖=1
= 𝑥+𝑐 + (𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 ){ } Therefore,
𝑎2 1 1800
7
𝑥=𝑁 𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = = 45
45
and
𝑐2𝑥2 7
= 𝑎2 + + 2𝑥𝑐 1 1
𝑎2 𝑀. 𝐷. 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥 = 400
𝑁 40
𝑐2𝑥2 𝑥𝑐 𝑖=1
= 𝑎2 + 2
+ 2𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 2. Calculate the mean deviation about median
𝑥𝑐 2 for the following data:
= {𝑎 + }
𝑎
𝑐
PF1 = 𝑎 + 𝑥
𝑎
Solution Form the following Table 15.6 from the
𝑎
Similarly ,PF2 = 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑐
given data
In hyperbola c > a; and since P is to the right of the
𝑐
line x = a, x > a,𝑎 𝑥 > a, Therefore,
𝑐 𝑐
𝑎 − 𝑥 becomes negative. Thus, PF2 = 𝑥 − 𝑎.
𝑎 𝑎

Therefore PF1 – PF2 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 2𝑎

Also, if P is to the left of the line x = – a, then
𝑐 𝑐
PF1 = −{𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥} and PF2 = 𝑎 − 𝑎 𝑥.
In that case P F2 – PF1 = 2a. So, any point that
𝑥2 𝑦2
satisfying 𝑎 2 − 𝑏 2 = 1 lies on the hyperbola. Thus, we 𝑁 𝑡ℎ
proved that the equation of hyperbola with origin (0,0) The class interval containing 2 or 25𝑡ℎ item is
and transverse axis along x-axis is 20-30. Therefore, 20–30 is the median class. We
𝑥2 𝑦2 know that,
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑁
−𝐶
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + 2 ℎ
𝑓
Here l = 20, C = 13, f = 15, h = 10 and N = 50 Substituting the values of area (PQR) and QR in
Therefore, (1), we get
𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
25 − 13 𝑃𝑀 =
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 20 + 10 = 20 + 8 = 28 𝐴2 + 𝐵 2
15 Or,
Thus, Mean deviation about median is given by,
6 𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
1 1 𝑑=
𝑀. 𝐷. 𝑀 = 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑀 = × 508 𝐴2 + 𝐵 2
𝑁 50 Thus, the perpendicular distance (d) of a line Ax +
𝑖=1
= 10.16 By+ C = 0 from a point (x1, y1) is given by the
above equation.

Straight lines 2. Derive the Normal Form of a line.

Each of the following carries five marks each.
1. Derive a formula to find the Distance of a
Point From a Line.
Solution The distance of a point from a line is the
length of the perpendicular drawn from the point
to the line. Let L : Ax + By + C = 0 be a line, whose
distance from the point P (x1, y1) is d.
Solution Suppose a non-vertical line is known to us
with following data:
(i) Length of the perpendicular (normal) from origin to
the line.
(ii) Angle which normal makes with the positive
direction of x-axis.
Let L be the line, whose perpendicular distance from
origin O be OA = p and the angle between the positive
x-axis and OA be XOA = ω. The possible positions
of line L in the Cartesian plane are shown in the Fig.
Now, our purpose is to find slope of L and a point on
it. Draw perpendicular AM on the x-axis in each case.

Draw a perpendicular PM from the point P to the

line L. If the line meets the x-and y-axes at the
points Q and R, respectively. Then, coordinates of
𝐶 𝐶
the points are 𝑄 − 𝐴 , 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 0, − 𝐵 . Thus,
the area of the triangle PQR is given by In each case, we have OM = p cos ωand MA = p sin
1 ω, so that the coordinates of the point A are
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑀. 𝑄𝑅 , 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑃𝑀 (p cos ω, p sin ω).
2 Further, line L is perpendicular to OA. Therefore
2 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔
= … … … … . (1) The slope of the line 𝐿 = − 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝐴 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜔 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔
𝑄𝑅
and point Apcosω,
1 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔
Also, 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 2 𝑥1 0 + 𝐵 + Thus, the line L has slope −
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔

−𝐴
𝐶 𝐶
− 𝐵 −𝑦1 + 0(𝑦1 − 0) psinωon it. Therefore, by point-slope form, the
equation of the line L is
1 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔
= 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 + 𝑦 − 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔 = − 𝑥 − 𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔  𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔
2 𝐵 𝐴 𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔
𝐶 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔 = 𝑝(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔)
or 2𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = . 𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
𝐴𝐵 or 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔 = 𝑝
𝐶 2 𝐶 2
and 𝑄𝑅 = 0+𝐴 + −0 = Hence, the equation of the line having normal distance
𝐵
𝐶
𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 p from the origin and angle ω which the normal makes
𝐴𝐵 with the positive direction of x-axis is given by the
above equation.
 1 1 1
Limits and derivatives 𝑟 2 sin θ ≤ 𝑟2θ ≤ 𝑟 2 tan 𝜃
2 2 2
Each of the following carries five marks each. 1
Dividing by 𝑟2
2
sin 𝜃
1.Prove that lim𝜃→0 = 1 and hence deduce
𝜃
tan 𝜃
⟹ sin θ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ tan θ
that lim𝜃→0 = 1. (𝜃 is in radians)
𝜃 𝜃 1
⟹ 1 ≤ ≤ (Dividing by sin 𝜃)
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Proof:
sin 𝜃
Consider a circle with centre O and radius 𝑟 units. ⟹1≥ ≥ cos 𝜃
𝜃
Let ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝜃 𝑐 . Join AB. sin 𝜃
⟹ cos 𝜃 ≤ ≤ 1
𝜃
From A draw AD ⊥ OA, meeting OB produced at
D. Let OB = OA = 𝑟 units (radius). Applying limit 𝜃 → 0,
sin 𝜃
⟹ lim𝜃→0 cos 𝜃 ≤ lim𝜃→0 ≤ lim𝜃→0 1
𝜃

sin 𝜃
⟹ 1 ≤ lim𝜃→0 ≤ 1
𝜃

sin 𝜃
By sandwich theorem, lim𝜃→0 =1
𝜃

tan 𝜃 sin 𝜃 1
Now lim𝜃 →0 = lim𝜃→0 . cos 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃
sin 𝜃 1
= lim𝜃→0 lim𝜃→0
𝜃 cos 𝜃

= 1. 1 = 1
Hence proved.

From the figure, we have Area of Δ𝑂𝐴𝐵 ≤ Area

of sector OAB ≤ Area of ΔOAD ……… (1)
1 1 1
Area of Δ𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 2 OA.BC= 2 OA.OB sin θ = 2
𝐵𝐶
𝑟 2 sin θ [From ∆𝑙𝑒 BOC, sin 𝜃 = 𝑂𝐵

∴ BC = OB sinθ = 𝑟sin θ]

1
Area of sector OAB = 2 𝑟 2 θ

1 1
Area of ΔOAD= 2 OA.DA = 2 OA.OA tan
1 𝐷𝐴
𝜃 = 2 𝑟 2 tan 𝜃 [From ∆𝑙𝑒 DOA, tan 𝜃 = 𝑂𝐴

∴ DA = OA tan 𝜃 = 𝑟 tan 𝜃]

Substituting in (1)