Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Technology, PakJET

Multidisciplinary | Peer Reviewed | Open Access

Volume: x, Number: x, Pages: xx- xx, Year: 20xx

Numerical Analysis of Strengthened

Structures
Shuaib, A, Ahmad, I, Ali, M., (2021). Numerical analysis of strengthened structures;
1
Civil Engineering Department, Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Corresponding author: First A. Author (e-mail: afaqktk77@gmail.com).

Abstract- Seismic analysis is a significant prospect in terms of structural strength and stability. The existing non-seismic designed
structures are vulnerable due to inappropriate lateral load bearing capacity. The seismic resistance of existing reinforced concrete
structures may be inadequate due to weaknesses in the structural system and non-ductile detailing. To mitigate the seismic and other
natural hazards, existing inadequate or deteriorating structures should be rehabilitated Provision of structural strength externally
against seismic loads is an effective technique widely used in construction industry and has revolutionized over the years. For this
various Structural strengthening techniques are adopted that includes software based and numerical analysis of the structures which
are discussed in this research paper.
FIRST A. AUTHOR et al.
I.  NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHENED
STRUCTURES
Non-linear static technique or push-over analysis is becoming
a very common method for the analysis of seismic performance
analysis/evaluation of new and existing designed structures,
according to the writers Aaron D Reynolds and Methee
Chiewanichakorn (NSP). The push-over study is believed to
provide adequate/enough data on seismic demands placed on the
structural system and its components by the design ground
motion. In determining the seismic efficiency of buildings for a
given hazard such as earthquake representation, FEMA 356
recommends non-linear pushover analysis, a pre-standard for
seismic rehabilitation of buildings that is currently implemented
in a standard called ASCE 41-06, seismic rehabilitation of
existing buildings. The aim of the research work was to analyze
the benefits and affectivity of NSP for the study of R.C
buildings' seismic response. One of the low-rise hospital
buildings situated in Orange County, California, was the subject
of the study. The building was built in the early 60's with a R.C
shear wall system and it was a non-compliant building per
current building code. In order to meet the code requirements,
the building was first analyzed and then it was retrofitted based
on the results from (NPA) nonlinear pushover analysis. By
implementing this advanced analysis approach, the structural
performance was then better understood which led to the more
efficiently use of retrofit methods.
The performance of a structural system can be evaluated
resorting to non-linear static analysis. This involves the estimation
of the structural strength and deformation demands and the
comparison with the available capacities at desired performance
levels. This study aimed at evaluating and comparing the
response of two R.C building systems by the use of different
methodologies namely the ones described by the ATC-40 and the
FEMA-273 and by the EC8 (Eurocode 8) design code using NSP,
with described acceptance criteria. Some results were also
compared with the (NDA) nonlinear dynamic analysis. The
methodologies were applied to a 4 and 8 storey frames system,
both designed as per the Eurocodes in the context of (PBSD)
Performance Based Seismic Design procedures (Bento et al.2004)
Table 1 Properties of retrofitting materials
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II. . BASICS INVOLVED IN PUSH-OVER ANALYSIS
Several procedures for non-linear static and dynamic analysis
of structures have been developed in recent years. Those
procedures that have been implemented into the latest European
and US seismic provisions: non-linear dynamic time-history
analysis; N2 non-linear static method (Eurocode 8); NSP (FEMA
356) and improved Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) (FEMA
440). The presented methods differ in respect to accuracy,
simplicity, transparency and clarity of theoretical background.
NSP were developed with the aim of overcoming the
insufficiency and limitations of linear methods, whilst at the same
time maintaining a relatively simple application. All procedures
incorporate performance-based concepts paying more attention to
damage control. Application of the presented procedures was
illustrated by means of an example of an eight-story R.C frame
building. The results obtained by Non-linear Dynamic Time-
History analysis (NLDTH) and NSP were compared. It was
concluded that these NSP were sustainable for application. 20
Additionally, it was concluded that recommendations in the Euro
code 8/1 for the capacity curve, should be determined by
pushover analysis for values of the control displacement ranging
between zero and 150% of the target displacement. Maximum top
displacement of the analyzed structure obtained by using dynamic
method with real time-history records corresponds to 145% of the
target displacement obtained using the non-linear static N2
procedure (Causevic,M & Mitrovic.S, 2011)
Figure 1 Push over curves for existing and retrofitted models
(Causevic & Mitrovic, 2011)
III. AVAILABLE SOFTWARE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF
SEISMIC STRUCTURES
Dealing with a large number of complex new structures and
increasingly consuming earthquake-resistant theories, traditional
software can no longer fulfill the measurement and analysis
needs. Meanwhile some international programs of finite elements,
such as ETABS, SAP2000, are modified with time. The response
range, time history and linking slab in-plan stress analysis are
performed by these programs in conjunction with a realistic
project, which is also contrasted following the results of the
analysis. Therefore, ETABS, SAP2000 are used to model,
calculate and analyze buildings. (Hu, K et al. 2012)
APPENDIX
PakJET FIRST A. AUTHOR et al.

Appendixes, if needed, appear before the acknowledgment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
 Wealthiest thanks to Almighty Allah for a tremendous
measure of vitality, power and the miraculous pushes
occurring in a sweetly coordinated manner, only a few to
mention, which drive our lives.
 We need to express our sincere thanks to Eng. Iqbal
Ahmad under whose direction the project was led. His
direction was precious at each progression of this work.
His outstanding showing aptitudes helped us get a
handle on the topic rapidly. His collaboration at every
single phase of our basic choices at Capital University
has been significant.
 We thankfully recognize the affection and financial
support received from our parents for BS studies.
 Last but not the least; we would mention our family and
friends whose prayers have enabled us to complete this
task.
Milani, G., & Valente, M. (2015). Failure analysis of seven
masonry churches severely damaged during the
2012 Emilia-Romagna (Italy) earthquake: Non-
linear dynamic analyses vs conventional static
approaches. Engineering Failure Analysis, 54, 13-
56.
Pinho, R. (2007). Nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures
subjected to seismic action Advanced earthquake
engineering analysis (pp. 63-89): Springer.
Reynolds, A., & Chiewanichakorn, M. (2010). Benefits of
using nonlinear analysis on seismic retrofit from
structural engineering standpoint Improving the
Seismic Performance of Existing Buildings and
Other Structures (pp. 1057-1067).
Vielma-Perez, J.-C., Porcu, M. C., & Fuentes, M. (2020).
Non-linear analyses to assess the seismic
performance of RC buildings retrofitted with FRP.

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