net

__________ Force
Forces
• The overall force exerted on an object 3N+2N=5N
• Measured in Newtons (N)
• If the net force is 0, then a change in motion will not occur
• If the net force is greater than 0, then a change in motion will occur
balanced Net Force
_______________ Forces
• Equal forces that do not cause a change in an object’s motion
• The net force (overall force) on an object must be calculated in order to determine if it is balanced or
unbalanced
• Subtract the forces if the arrows are pointed toward each other or pointed away from each other
• Add the forces together if the arrows are all pointed the same direction

BALANCED FORCES
Subtract the Forces Subtract the Forces Add and Subtract the Forces

3N
10 N 10 N 5N 5N 8N

5N

0N
Net Force = ________
0N
Net Force = ________ Net Force = ________
0N
unbalanced
_______________ Forces
• Unequal forces that cause a change in an object’s motion
• Cause a change in speed and/or direction of an object
• The net force (overall force) on an object must be calculated in order to determine if it is balanced or
unbalanced
• Subtract the forces if the arrows are pointed toward each other or pointed away from each other
• Add the forces together if the arrows are all pointed the same direction
• The object will move in the direction of the greater force

UNBALANCED FORCES
Subtract the Forces Subtract the Forces Add and Subtract the Forces

3N
15 N 10 N 20 N 10 N 5N

5N

Net Force = ________

5N 10 N
Net Force = ________ Net Force = ________
3N
right
Direction of Movement = _______ left
Direction of Movement = _______ left
Direction of Movement = _______

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 Newton’s Laws
Newton’s 1st Law
Inertia
• The Law of _______________
• _______________
inertia – an object’s tendency to resist a change in motion
unbalanced force
• An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an _______________
• An object in motion will remain in motion with constant velocity unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force
_______________
• Create 2 of your own examples of Newton’s 1st Law - ______________________________________________

A golf ball continues to roll until A picture hanging on the wall

friction and gravity stop it. does not move.

Newton’s 2nd Law

Acceleration
• The Law of _______________
• Acceleration
_______________– the rate of change of velocity
• The force of an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration
• Force, mass, and acceleration are all related: Force = _______________
mass X _______________
Acceleration
• Create 2 of your own examples of Newton’s 2nd Law - ______________________________________________

A full grocery cart requires more It takes less force to move a

force to push than an empty cart. bicycle than a motorcycle.

Newton’s 3rd Law

• The Law of Action reactiom
_______________
• For every _______________there is an equal and opposite _______________.
reaction
action
• Forces come in pairs when acting on two interacting objects
• The size of the force on one object is equal to the size of the force on a second object
• Create 2 of your own examples of Newton’s 3rd Law - ______________________________________________

action
reaction

A swimmer pushes back on the A fireman turns on a hose and is

water and moves forward. knocked backwards.

35 © The Science Duo

 Speed, Velocity,
Speed
and Acceleration
time
• The distance an object travels per unit of _______________
distance
• Speed = _______________ ÷ _______________
time
• Average Speed = _______________
total Distance ÷ _______________
total Time
• Create 2 of your own examples of speed - _________________________________________________________

A car traveling 300 miles in 5 hours. A person walking 50 meters per minute.

Velocity
direction
• Speed in a given _______________
• The speed and _______________of
direction an object’s motion
• Create 2 of your own examples of velocity - _______________________________________________________

A ball rolling west at 5 cm per second. A plane traveling 500 miles per hour north.

Acceleration
velocity
• The rate of change of _______________
• Includes an ____________
increase in speed, ____________ change
decrease in speed, or ___________in direction of an object
• Create 2 of your own examples of acceleration - __________________________________________________

A subway speeds up A truck slowing down Turning a corner on a

to leave the station. to stop at a red light. motorcycle.

36 © The Science Duo

Calculating Average
Speed
Calculating Average Speed From a Word Problem
• Formula: Average Speed = Total Distance ÷ Total Time
• Steps for solving an Average Speed problem:
1. Read the word problem
2. Identify the distance and plug it into the equation (with distance unit)
3. Identify the time and plug it into the equation (with time unit)
4. Divide the distance by the time
5. Write the correct unit that belongs with the answer
Practice Problem #1:
Julie took a road trip to Canada. She traveled a total of 1,750 miles in 25 hours. Calculate Julie’s
average speed.

Practice Problem #2:

An airplane can travel 2,700 miles from New York to Los Angeles in 6 hours. Calculate the average
speed of the airplane.

Calculating Average Speed From a Distance/Time Graph

• Formula: Average Speed = Total Distance ÷ Total Time
• Steps for calculating Average Speed from a graph:
1. Analyze the graph
2. Identify the total distance and plug it into the equation (with distance unit)
3. Identify the total time and plug it into the equation (with time unit)
4. Divide the total distance by the total time
5. Write the correct unit that belongs with the answer
Example:
Distance vs. Time
Total Distance = _____ meters
Distance (meters)

Average Speed = _______________

Total Time = _____ seconds

Time (seconds)
37 © The Science Duo
 Graphing Changes
in Motion
Distance vs. Time Graph
• Also called a Speed Graph
• The steeper the slope of the line, the faster the object is moving
• Curved slope = Acceleration
• No slope = No Motion
Constant Speed Acceleration No Motion

Speed vs. Time Graph

• Also called an Acceleration Graph
• The steeper the slope of the line, the faster the object is accelerating
• Line sloping up = Increasing Speed; Line sloping down = Decreasing Speed
• No slope = Constant Speed
• No slope at the bottom of the graph (Speed = 0) = No Motion
Constant Speed Acceleration No Motion

Balanced or Unbalanced Forces?

• Constant Speed = Balanced Forces
• No Motion = Balanced Forces
• Increasing Speed (Acceleration) = Unbalanced Forces
• Decreasing Speed (Deceleration) = Unbalanced Forces
What is the difference between Distance and Displacement?
• Distance - how far an object has traveled
• Displacement - how far an object is away from where it started
• Example: Bob walks 5 meters North, then 5 meters East, then 5 meters South, and then 5 meters West.
What is Bob’s distance traveled and displacement?

Bob’s Distance Traveled: 5m Bob’s Displacement:

5m
5m

5m

38 © The Science Duo