10

English
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Distinguishing Technical Terms
Used in Research
English – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Distinguishing Technical Terms Used in Research
First Edition, 2020

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
better understand the technical terms used in research. The knowledge that you
will acquire in this lesson can be an excellent preparatory tool for the in-depth
discussion of research preparation. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. distinguish the different terms used in research;
2. differentiate primary sources from secondary sources; and
3. use the technical terms in research to a given situation.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. This is referred to as a careful investigation or study of a subject. It is a process

of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data and documentation of critical
information.
A. assignment
B. experiment
C. manuscript
D. research

2. One of the following statements describes a hypothesis. Which of the following

best describes a hypothesis?
A. A variable is any property, a characteristic, a number, or a quantity that
increases or decreases over time or can take on different values.
B. An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review,
conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is
often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.
C. It is a conjectural statement, a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, and
an educated prediction about the nature of the relationship between two or
more variables that we expect to happen in our study.
D. Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data.

3. It is the part of the research paper that provides a brief overview of the study.
A. abstract
B. data
C. research question
D. statistical tool

4. It is the information that can be in the form of numbers or words that is used in
research writing.

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 A. abstract
B. data
C. statistical Tool
D. research questions

5. These are the strategies, processes, or techniques utilized in the collection of data
or evidence for analysis to uncover new information or create better
understanding of a topic.
A. abstract
B. research methods
C. scope and Limitation
D. validity

Lesson
Distinguishing Technical
1 Terms Used in Research

What’s In

Quick Review! In your previous module, you learned about the different approaches
in literary criticism. Let us try to recall these approaches by matching them with
their meaning in the speech bubble. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided.
Formalist Approach Historical Approach Feminist Approach
_____________ _____________ _____________
Reader-Response Marxist Approach Moralist Approach
_____________ _____________ _____________

A. This approach recognizes that B. This approach is concerned

literature both reflects and
shapes stereotypes and other
cultural assumptions. It
examines how works of literature
embody patriarchal attitudes or
undercut them, sometimes both
happening within the same work.
with content, values, truth, and
significance of the text. It seeks
to determine whether a work
conveys a lesson or message and
whether it can help readers lead
better lives and improve their
understanding of the world.

B.

D. This approach is concerned

C. This approach operates on
with content, values, truth, and
the premise that the history of a
significance of the text. It seeks
nation has telling effects on its
to determine whether a work
literature and that a literary
conveys a lesson or message and
piece can be best understood and
whether it can help readers lead
appreciated if one knows the
better lives and improve their
times around its creation.
understanding of the world.

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 E. This theory emphasizes
economic and social conditions.
It is based on the political theory
of Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels. It is concerned with
understanding power, politics,
and money in literary texts.
F. This approach gives emphasis
on the form of the work, the
relationships between the parts-
the construction of the plot, the
contrasts between characters,
the functions of rhymes, the
point of view, and how these all
work.

What’s New

Essential Question: How important is research in the life of man?

Search vs. Research

Do you have any idea why South Korea and North Korea are separated? Or why the
Great Wall of China was built? Or what ultimately brought about the granting of the
right of suffrage to Filipino women?
You will know the answer to these questions when you search them on the Internet or
when you read books or articles about the topic. In other words, when you type these
questions in your favorite search engine, most likely, you will get answers. That process
is called searching. However, if you want to know if all students have the same learning
styles, or if students respond differently to the new normal, or whether the blended
learning modality is effective or not, then you need to make a research about these
topics. Search and research, as illustrated earlier, are two different ideas, though they
seem similar. When we do research, we also search for related literature on studies and
data already available on the Internet which you can use in your research. To search
means to try to find something by looking or otherwise seeking carefully and thoroughly,
whereas research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and
sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
As Grade 10 students, you will be introduced to research in preparation for a more
extensive study of research paper writing in your Senior high school. As a starter, some
technical terms used in research will be discussed to you.

A. Let us Talk about This!

When was the last time you did a simple research in your everyday life?
Write your answer here.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
B. Meaningful Sharing.
After writing your answer to the question in the speech bubble, try to discuss it with
any member of your family. Then open a conversation with him/her about that
research experience of yours. You may also ask him/her the same question you
were asked here.

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 What is It

What is research?

Whether you are a student, an employee, a teacher, a manager, a CEO, a politician, a

businessman, an intelligence officer, or an ordinary person, you will most likely write or
do research. Writing a research paper could be both intimidating and engaging.
Research requires a lot of time, effort, and attention.
Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data;
documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that
data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional
fields and academic disciplines. It is conducted to evaluate the validity of a hypothesis
or an interpretive framework; to assemble a body of substantive knowledge and findings
for sharing them in appropriate manners; and to generate questions for further
inquiries, (Hampshire College, n.d).
What benefits do we get from writing a research paper?

Knowing how to write a good research paper is a valuable skill that every Grade 10
student must know which will eventually serve you well throughout your career.
Whether you are developing a new product, studying the best way to perform a
procedure, or learning about challenges and opportunities in your field of employment,
you will use research techniques to guide your exploration. You may even need to create
a written report of your findings. And because effective communication is essential to
any company, employers seek to hire people who can write clearly and professionally.
The following are some of the other benefits of writing/doing a research:

1. It is an opportunity to explore on a topic that interests you.

2. It allows you to gain expertise on a chosen topic during the research process.
3. It helps you recall the knowledge learned and understand it on a deeper level.
4. It serves as an opportunity to learn about the latest trends in the industry, to
know the innovative technological developments, and to find answers to research
gaps.

Technical Terms Used in Research

As a budding researcher, you should get acquainted with the following technical terms
used in research.

Technical Definition
Terms
An abstract is a short summary of your completed research. It is
intended to describe your work without going into detail. Abstracts
Abstract should be self-contained and concise, explaining your work as briefly
and clearly as possible. Usually, an abstract consists of about 150-200
words.
Primary sources provide direct or firsthand information or raw data
about an event, object, person, or work of art, or time/period. They
Primary
can be written or non-written. In scientific research, primary sources
Sources
present original thinking report on discoveries or share new
information.
Copyright is the law. It gives creators an incentive to produce and
share new works by granting them exclusive rights to their work for a
Copyright limited time. Every day you work with copyrighted materials created

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 by other people. Whenever you read a book, download a song, stream
a video, or play a video game, you are potentially dealing with
copyrighted materials. It is important to understand what is and is not
covered by copyright law and the ways you may use these works under
the law.
Examples of copyrighted material in the realms of academia and
Copyright research include:
● articles in academic journals,
● contributions to anthologies and collections,
● monographs and newspaper articles,
● presentations and scientific/conference posters,
● photos,
● examination papers such as dissertations and theses for
diplomas, Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees, and post-doctoral
courses.
Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary
Secondary from other researchers. A secondary source describes, interprets, or
Sources synthesizes primary sources. Secondary sources involve analysis,
synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of primary sources.
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing
data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your
research design. In the methods section, you describe actions to be
taken to investigate a research problem and the rationale for the
application of specific procedures or techniques used to identify,
Research
select, process, and analyze information applied to understanding the
Methods
problem, thereby, allowing the reader to critically evaluate a study’s
overall validity and reliability. The methodology section of a research
paper answers two main questions: How was the data collected or
generated? And how was it analyzed? The writing should be direct and
precise and always written in the past tense.
Respondents are those persons who have been invited to participate in
Respondents a particular study. They generally answer (respond/reply to) the
questions asked by the researcher - no more, no less.
A citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source that
you consulted and obtained information from while writing
your research paper. The way in which you document your sources
Citation depends on the writing style your teacher wants you to use for the
class, for example, American Psychological Association (APA), Modern
Language Association (MLA), or Chicago, which supports two
styles: Notes and Bibliography.

A research hypothesis is a statement of expectation or prediction that

will be tested by research. It is a precise, testable statement of what
the researcher(s) predict will be the outcome of the study. This usually
Hypothesis
involves proposing a possible relationship between two variables: the
independent variable (what the researcher changes) and the dependent
variable (what the research measures).

A variable in research refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon

that you are trying to measure in some way. The best way to
Variable understand the difference between a dependent and
independent variable is that the meaning of each is implied by what
the words tell us about the variable you are using.

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 Research data is any information that has been collected, observed,
generated, or created to validate original research findings. Although
Data
usually digital, research data also includes non-digital formats such as
laboratory notebooks and diaries.

Plagiarism is presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own,

with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work
Plagiarism without full acknowledgment. All published and unpublished material,
whether in manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered under
this definition.

Primary Sources Vs. Secondary Sources

Research Field Primary Source

● Letters and diaries
History ● Biographies and autobiographies
● Photographs and video footage
● Official documents and records, such as birth
certificates
● Physical objects
● Novels and poems
Art and literature ● Paintings and art installations
● Films and performances
● Creative art works, literary works
Communication and ● Interview transcripts
social studies ● Recordings of speeches
● Newspapers and magazines
● Social media posts
Law and politics ● Court records, trial transcripts
● Legal texts, constitutions, regulations, case law,
legislations
● Government documents
Sciences ● Empirical studies
● Statistical data

● Books, articles, and documentaries that synthesize

information on a topic
Secondary Sources ● Synopses and descriptions of artistic works
● Encyclopedias and textbooks that summarize
information and ideas
(Note: A secondary ● Reviews and essays that evaluate or interpret
source is anything that something
describes, interprets, ● article analyzing a novel
evaluates, or analyzes ● Biography of a historical figure
information from ● Exhibition catalog explaining the painting
● Textbook summarizing the philosopher’s idea
primary sources).
● Documentary about the historical event
● Newspaper article about the new policy
● Academic book about the musical style
● Blog post interpreting the results of the poll
● Literature review that cites the study

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 What’s More

ACTIVITY 1: TWO TRUTHS AND A LIE!

Read the three statements in each number that are connected to technical terms used
in research. Then, identify which two statements are true and which one is not. Encircle
the letter of the statement that tells a lie.
1. Which statement is a lie?
A. Citation is used to give credit to a source of information in your paper.
B. Research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and
sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
C. Plagiarism is anything that another author or critic writes about the primary
source.

2. Which ones are used in citing your sources? Which one is the lie?
A. APA-American Psychological Association
B. Chicago
C. MLA-Manila Language Association

3. Which statement is the lie?

A. Primary source- is a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else
and is presented as being your own work (has no citation).
B. Thesis statement is a strong statement that can be proven with evidence - must
be specific and provable and include author, title, genre.
C. Works Cited-is an alphabetical list that gives the full bibliographic information
for all the sources you have cited in your paper so that a reader can find the
books and databases you read.

4. Which statement is the lie?

A. An abstract is an overview of the study.
B. A primary source is anything that gives you direct evidence about the people,
events, or phenomena that you are researching.
C. Secondary source refers to the information that can be numbers or words that
is used in research writing.

5. Which statement is the lie?

A. A variable in research simply refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon
that you are trying to measure in some way. The best way to understand the
difference between a dependent and independent variable is that the meaning
of each is implied by what the words tell us about the variable you are using.
B. Research methodology is not an essential part in research. In other words, your
research can be developed even without using any specific method or
procedure.
C. Validity refers to the accuracy where the extent of which a test or study
measures what it is supposed to measure.

ACTIVITY 2: GUESS WHAT I AM! Primary or Secondary Source?

Study the image below and write whether each is an example of primary or
secondary source. Write your answer below the image.
1. 2. 3.

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 4. 5. 6.

What I Have Learned

EXIT TICKET

3, 2, 1 GO…!
3- Important words you learned by heart in this module:
__________________, __________________, ____________________

2- Adjectives describing the worth of this topic:

__________________, __________________

1 -Question you want to ask about this topic:

__________________________________________________________?

What I Can Do

Activity 1: BUILDING THE FOUNDATION

(Technical Terms in Practical Use)

Directions: Suppose you are asked to make a research on the topic below, what possible
preparations will you include on the given aspects?

Topic: Live streaming Video Game

List down 3 possible secondary sources that you will use:
List down at least 3 possible primary sources that you will use:
List down possible reference materials that you will use:
List down two questions about the topic which you want to find answers with:
Possible respondents including their age level:
3 technical terms about the topic:

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. This part of the research states a conjectural statement, a logical supposition, a
reasonable guess, and an educated prediction about the nature of the relationship
between two or more variables that we expect to happen in our study.
A. research
B. hypothesis
C. references
D. citation

2. This is a formal reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted

and obtained information from while writing your research paper. The way in which
you document your sources depends on the writing style such as, APA, MLA, Chicago,
Turabian.
A. citation
B. hypothesis
C. research
D. references

3. This is the practice of taking credit for someone else's words or ideas. It is an act of
intellectual dishonesty. It also comes with serious consequences.
A. plagiarism
B. sources
C. validity
D. variable

4. This is conducted to evaluate the validity of a hypothesis or an interpretive

framework; to assemble a body of substantive knowledge and findings for sharing
them in appropriate manners; and to generate questions for further inquiries.
A. respondents
B. variable
C. research
D. primary sources

5. This is a kind of source that provides first-hand information to researchers. Examples

include surveys, interviews, observations, and ethnographic research.
A. references
B. research
C. respondents
D. primary