Answers

a- Land: The distance between the center of the rivet and the edge of the sheet.

Pitch: The difference between the centers of two adjacent rivets in a row is referred to as pitch.

Spacing: The “spacing" refers to the distance between adjacent rivet rows.

The maintenance personal use these terms to design a rivet pattern. The sphere of influence is the
area that a closed rivet will clamp the sheets in a tight contact with each other, if the rivet is installed
correctly, it will cover an area of 5D (5 times the rivet shank diameter). Generally, both pitch and
spacing would be 4D (4 times the diameter of the shaft) so they will overlap with each other and
clamp the sheet better. But for a different pattern such as staggered lap joint the pitch would be 3D
and the spacing would be 2.25D so the measurements can be change from pattern to pattern. For
the land it is commonly 2D (2 times the dimeter of the shank of the rivet) more than 2D might cause
a bend and the edge of the sheet, less than 2D might cause a rivet to tear through the sheet.

b- In order to remove a rivet damaged or loose rivet first thing first is to file the head of the rivet,
considering the rivet is universal headed. After filing the head and making a flat surface on the head
of the rivet, use a center punch to, punch a guide hole for your drill. After picking the correct sized
drill, start to drill the head of the rivet and keep the pressure light on the head of the rivet. The head
of the rivet should come out, but if not use a flat chisel to knock the head off. After getting rid of the
rivet head, use a parallel pin punch to hit the shaft of the rivet. For countersunk rivet only difference
would be, not filing the head of the rivet since it has a flat head already.

The mistakes that can be done during this process:

1- Not filing the head of the rivet, would cause a slip of drill during the drilling process of drilling the
rivet head.

2- Picking an incorrect sized drill, which should be slightly smaller than the rivet shank. If you pick a
bigger drill, you might damage the sheet or make the hole bigger which would weaken the sheet.

3- Not supporting the underside of the rivet, would cause the shank of the rivet that you took out
from the hole might fall down and get lost in the airplane, which would be a big problem for
everyone.
c- There are two tests, for testing rigid pipes, one of them is bore test the other one is pressure test.

Bore Test: The bore of a rigid pipe means the outer diameter of the pipe and pipe's bore should be
dimensionally accurate and visible. In order to this out by passing a steel ball that is %80 of the
internal diameter of the pipe, through the pipe that needs to be tested out.

Pressure Test: There are two types of pressure test hydraulic and pneumatic, the first one carried
out by using water as the test fluid, while on the latter case compressed air is used at maximum
system working pressure while the pipe is submerged in a water tank. The pipe that is held in water
for pneumatic tested should be held there for five minutes, and the leak will be indicated by
bubbles.

d- General sate of a hose's outer cover can be used to determine its overall condition and the
defects for example there may be sign of an overheating can be recognized by discoloration, scaling
and crazing on the rubber cover. Another defect can be leak on the hose, which can be heard
considering it is an oxygen or air system hose, or leakage of fluid on the ground if it is a water system
hose. Another defect is contamination which is can cause swelling, sponginess or other signs on the
surface of the hose. Kinks can be said as another defect on the hose, generally caused by wrong
installation or mishandling the hose and it can be recognized by a sharp increase in radius at one
point.