metal

ceramic

polymer

composite material

advanced material

ferrous alloy-are known as steels and they consist of iron (Fe - Ferrum) alloyed with carbon (C)

iron

steel

low carbon steel - .05% to .29% (steel pipe)

medium carbon steel - .25% to .60% (steam turbine impellers)

high carbon steel - (ductile) .60% to 2.0%

Adolf Marterns - discovered martensite

Martensite is a very hard form of steel crystalline structure.

toughness increases, hardness decreases

heat treatment - so that toughness increases also hardness increases

(adding carbon)

shaft and gear

Nitriding - is a heat-treating process that diffuses nitrogen into the surface of a metal to create a case-
hardened surface.

These processes are most commonly used on high-carbon, low-alloy steels.

main disadvantage of ferrous materials is corrosion.