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Program Outcome: Leadership and Systems Management

Mojdeh Amini
HCIN-548-02-SP21 - HCI Seminar
University of San Diego
Professor Dorothy O’Hagan
March 26, 2021
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Program Outcome: Artifacts and reflections Leadership and Systems Management

The relevant competencies to Leadership and Systems Management were vital to have a

better vision and goals while improving my knowledge, skills, and experiences for initiating and

completing projects during our healthcare informatics program (HCI) and future opportunities.

Using those competencies as tools helped me to work and encourage collaborative teamwork

among members and engaging all the stakeholders. Also, learning from the history of leadership

and its pioneers was useful and practical for introducing changes and managing conflict in different

stages of the projects.

Particularly, that led us towards the successful implementation phase of using new

technologies and injecting them into the systems. However, we were focusing on better outcomes

by controlling the financial components of the projects, especially for wastes prevention and

reduction, as well as increasing patient and end-user satisfaction.

I have selected three artifacts for this assignment as follows:

• Application of change management theory to organizational and system changes.

• Applying the concepts of ethical leadership principles to solving human systems issues.

• Ability to interpret and apply health-related financial statements to the development of a

health care financing plan.

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Artifact 1

Application of change management theory to organizational and system changes.

Why did you select this artifact?

Leaders and pioneers can initiate and shape new management theories to significantly change an

organization at a local, national, and international level, such as Bill Gates.

Bill Gates remains one of the most inspiring and self-made entrepreneur leaders in modern

history, despite the current controversial ideas and targets for coronavirus and microchip

conspiracy theories (Huddleston, 2021). He amid his profession as a technologist, business leader,

and philanthropist. At the age of 13, he found his interest in computers. To continue and pursue

his passions and strong visions, such as creating the technological needs of people at an affordable

price, he became the co-founder of Microsoft Corporation when he was 15 years old, in 1975. He

utilized his influential and competitive characteristics to encourage his coworkers to make

computer technology accessible to everyone in real-time (Bellis, 2021; Northouse, 2019).

Under his empowering leadership styles, Microsoft has developed significantly. To date,

Microsoft is one of the largest software designers and developers worldwide and worth above $1

trillion. Microsoft functions through Productivity and Business Processes, Personal Computing,

and Intelligent Cloud, such as hybrid service products and cloud services for modern business.

Globally, Microsoft involves the progress of software, services, devices, and solutions (Bellis,

2021).

In 2000, as philanthropists, Gates and his wife Melinda initiated the Bill & Melinda Gates

Foundation to address the global health and educational concerns, such as HIV/AIDS and

tuberculosis. The Giving Pledge (TGP) was established in 2006 by the couple to donate half of

their fortune for solving humanitarian and environmental issues internationally. The program
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encouraged over 150 billionaires worldwide to spend their wealth on great causes. However, some

critics believe TGP is well supported by super-wealthy people and can control other charities and

create gaps. However, TGP stated that wealth is a benefit as well as a responsibility (Thomas &

Zhang, 2020).

In the COVID-19 era, the Foundation emphasizes the universal accessibility of the vaccine

after its approval. Bill Gates is a legendary leader and role model for many people around the

universe by his distinguishing traits and characteristics styles, such as strong Vision, Focus,

Creativity, Passionate, Caring, and Education.

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References

Bellis, M. (2021). Biography of Bill GATES, co-founder of Microsoft.

https://www.thoughtco.com/bill-gates-biography-and-history-1991861

Huddleston, T. (2021). Bill Gates is the top target for CORONAVIRUS conspiracy theories.

https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/17/bill-gates-is-top-target-for-coronavirus-conspiracy-

theories-report.html

Northouse, P. G. (2019). Introduction to leadership: Concepts and practice. Sage Publications.

Thomas, E., & Zhang, A. (2020). ID2020, Bill Gates and the Mark of the Beast: how Covid-19

catalysis existing online conspiracy movements. Australian Strategic Policy Institute.

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Artifact 2

Applying the concepts of ethical leadership principles to solving human systems issues.

Why is ethical leadership important in organizations?

The concept of ethics in leadership is an essential first step for determining and endorsing purpose

and ethical values and principles of the team regardless of their race, gender, and social status are

central and the whole team or market effectiveness, and responsibility toward team members or

stakeholders, for example, rights and dignity of others, honesty, integrity, trust, and fairness.

Leasers should demonstrate ethical values and share these values among the team.

I did notice that almost everyone in our classes believes in democratic leadership, which

emphasis more on the right of sharing ideas and giving opportunities to everyone to speak up to

protect the integrity of ethical values to remain intact and improve team productivities and

preferences towards achieving their goals and objectives. I embrace ethics at any level of

leadership from a group of two people to a giant organization because it represents our high

threshold and tolerance in listening actively to other people's opinions with opposing points of

view and preferences. That will help in any steps of any project such as brainstorming, and finding

the gaps, and filling with the best solution possible for a project or research question, as well as

controlling and maintaining the success of the project after the completion (Nabi et al., 2021.;

Watzlaf & Forrestal, 2017).

Also, the leaders should deliver all the promises that are made to keep their accountability,

dignity, and humanity. I did learn to put all these ethical principles into practice could be

challenging, due to limitations and lack of resources and may require experiences to solve the

problem. Therefore, we may need to be prepared for addressing those limitations or lack of
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resources by skills like the lean six sigma (LSS) with its relevant critical process and tools such as

to define, measure, analyze, improve, and control (DMAIC).

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References

Nabi, J., Adam, A., Kostelanetz, S., & Syed, S. (2021). Updating Race-Based Risk Assessment

Algorithms in Clinical Practice: Time for a Systems Approach. The American Journal of

Bioethics, 21(2), 82-85.

Piano, S. L. (2020). Ethical principles in machine learning and artificial intelligence: cases from

the field and possible ways forward. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications,

7(1), 1-7.

Roberts D. E. (2021). Abolish race correction. Lancet (London, England), 397(10268), 17–18.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32716-1

Watzlaf, V. J., & Forrestal, E. J. (2017). Health Informatics Research Methods: Principles and

Practice (2nd ed.). AHIMA.

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Artifact 3

The ability to interpret and apply health-related financial statements to the development of

a health care financing plan.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the costliest and deadliest disease despite being

80% preventable with proper cardiovascular screening (Kim et al., 2018). According to the Centers

of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2020), every 37 seconds, one person dies in the United

States from CVD; and is estimated that 647,000 people die each year from the deadly disease,

costing the country $219 billion annually. Access to cardiac services is difficult for many people

in the United States, especially those with limited financial resources and living in rural areas may

experience more challenges. A concerning report from Gooch (2018) shows cardiologists have

been on the decline. Because of a growing, aging population with CVD prevalence, the demand

for a cardiologist is expected to grow as much as 18 % by 2025. The integration of telecardiology

as a guided practice model into primary care settings may be the answer to the shortage of

cardiologists.

The main purpose of the telecardiology integration model is to provide and extend high-

skilled cardiac expertise to patients at anytime and anywhere, with lowering cost (Bhatt, 2020).

Notably, the integration model is not a traditional telecardiology where a cardiologist takes care

of a cardiac patient but instead is a guided practice model where a PCP retains responsibility for

managing the cardiac patient (Satou et al., 2017). For instance, in the case of a complex

electrocardiogram (ECG) or tele-echocardiogram (Echo), the PCP uses digital multi-point video

technology, and a cardiologist serves as a mentor and both determining the treatment. Over time,

the PCP can develop more skills and self-efficiency to detect pre-hospital ECG arrhythmias and

heart attack therapy timelier to reduce the time-to-stent, decreasing mortality rate (Heijden, 2015;
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Satou et al., 2017). Furthermore, the integration model can reduce physical referrals to the second

care minimum by 36% (Heijden, 2015). As a result, cardiologists with a high rate of 24.1 % are at

one of the top users of virtual, remote patient monitoring (Robeznieks, 2019).

Integrating the telecardiology model is an opportunity for PCP and cardiologists to import

their expertise in caring for cardiac patients who would not otherwise receive proper care. This

can have a positive financial benefit to the patient and the healthcare system, as well as save lives.

It empowers PCP and provides robust diagnostic tools such as ECG and Echo to facilitate the

management of cardiac patients in their communities. Yet, there are fundamental issues that need

to be considered, such as data safety in the cloud and, the interoperability of data among hospitals.

Further research and study are needed to adequately guide telecardiology into practice. Since the

outbreak of COVID-19, it is imperative such resources such as telecardiology be streamlined into

health care systems. Healthcare settings, for example, small hospitals and clinics desperately need

this resource to improve patient quality of care and satisfaction.

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References

Bhatt, A. B.; Winchester, D. E. (2020). The intersection of telemedicine and cardiovascular

patient care: Implementing a practical and effective program. American College of
Cardiology.https://www.acc.org/education-and-meetings/meetings/meeting-
items/2020/02/06/22/54/telemedicine-and-electronic-consultation-course
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, December 2). Heart disease facts.
https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm
Elflein, J. (2019, August 13). U.S.: Number of active physicians in the U.S. in 2019, by specialty
areas.https://www.statista.com/statistics/209424/us-number-of-active-physicians-by-
specialty- area/
Gooch, K. (2018, July 25). Cardiologist shortage is coming: 5 things to know. Becker’s Hospital
Review.https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/workforce/cardiologist-shortage-is-
coming-5-things-to-know.html
Kim, I., Youn, J., & Kobashigawa, J. (2018, July). The past, present, and future of heart
transplantation from Korean Circ J. 48(7), 565-590.
http://doi.org/:10.4070/kcj.2018.018910.4070/kcj.2018.0189
Lin, M., Yuan, W., Huang, T., Zhang, H., Mai, J., &; Wang, J. (2017). Clinical effectiveness of
telemedicine for chronic heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of
Investigative Medicine, 65(5), 899-911. https://jim.bmj.com/content/65/5/899
Heijden, J. (2015, May 08). TeleCardiology: Results of highly successful service in the
Netherlands. Health Management, 15(1).
https://healthmanagement.org/c/healthmanagement/issuearticle/telecardiology-results-of-
a-highly-successful-service-in-the-netherlands-1
Robeznieks, A. (2019, January 11). Which medical specialties use telemedicine the most?
American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-
management/digital/which-medical-specialties-use-telemedicine-most
Satou, G., Rheuban, K., Alverson, D., Lewin, M., Mahnke, C., Marcin, J., Martin, G.R., Mazur,
L. S., Sahn, D. J., Shah, S., Tuckson, R., Webb, C. L., & Sable, C. A. (2017) -
Telemedicine in pediatric cardiology: A scientific statement from the American Heart
Association. Circulation, 135(11), e648-e678.
https:///doi.org//10.1161/CIR.0000000000000478
Statista. (2019). The statistics portal. https://www.statista.com/search/?q=cardiovascular
Vimalananda, V. G., Dvorin, K., Fincke, B. G., Tardiff, N., & Bokhour, B. G. (2018). Patient,
primary care provider, and specialist perspectives on specialty care coordination in an
integrated health care system. The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 41(1), 15–
24. https://doi.org/10.1097/JAC.000000000000021