ANATOMY 1.

1 1st Semester
Anatomy in Motion SY 2013-2014
Dr. Imelda D. Rivera MD,
FPSP June 17, 2013

OUTLINE
I. Anatomical Position  Frontal/Coronal Plane – vertical line passing through the body
II. Anatomical Planes perpendicular to the median plane; divides the body into anterior
III. Relationships
and posterior parts.
IV. Laterality
V. Movement  Transverse/Horizontal Plane – a horizontal line passing through the
A. Terms of Movement body perpendicular to the median and frontal planes; divides the
VI. Bones
A. Classification
body into the superior and inferior parts.
B. Type of bones
C. Bone Markings
VII. Joints
A. Classifications
VIII. Muscles
A. Forms
B. Contraction
C. Functions
IX. Divisions of Anatomy

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to:
1. Describe the anatomical position.
2. Define anatomical planes, and terms of relationship, laterality and
movement.
3. Give the functions of bones.
4. Classify the bones.
5. Define the bone markings. Sections:
6. Classify muscles as to form function.  Longitudinal sections – run lengthwise in the direction of the long
7. Differentiate reflexive, tonic and phasic muscle contraction.
axis of the body or any parts
8. Differentiate regional, systemic and clinical anatomy.
 Vertical sections – are same as the longitudinal sagittal sections
I. ANATOMICAL POSITION except that they are taken through the body or any part, in the
anatomical position.
 Transverse sections – cross-‐sections of the body or any part
 Oblique sections – they slant or deviate from any of the planes
 Head, gaze, toes directed anteriorly
 Arms to the sides with palms facing
anteriorly
 Lower limbs close together with feet
parallel
 Inferior orbital margin at level with the
external acoustic meatus

III. RELATIONSHIPS

II. ANATOMICAL PLANES

 Median Plane – vertical plane passing longitudinally through the
body; divides the body into equal left and right parts; (For the hand-‐
the 3rd digit; for the foot-‐ the 2nd toe)
 Sagittal Plane – vertical line passing through the body parallel to the
median plane (*Paramedian plane-‐ a plane very near the median
plane)

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 ANATOMY Lec#1
 Anterior/Ventral (Front Forward) vs. Posterior/Dorsal (Back) NOTE: elevation and depression can be used for the
o Palmar (Front of Hand/Palm) vs. dorsal (Back of shoulders
Hand)  Opposition -‐ pad of 1st digit brought to another digit pad
o Plantar (Sole of Feet) vs. dorsal (Top of Feet)  Reposition -‐ movement from opposition back to anatomical
 Superior – Area near vertex vs. Inferior – Area near feet (normal) position
o Cephalo (head) vs. Caudal (tail)
 Medial vs. Lateral (Importance of a reference point)
o Medial – closer to the median plane (ex: Heart is
medial to lungs)
o Lateral – farther to the median plane (ex: Lungs
are lateral to Heart)
 Proximal (Nearest) vs. Distal (Farthest) -‐ (Refer to the
trunk/reference point)
 Superficial (Outermost) vs. Intermediate (In between) vs. Deep
(Innermost) – (Layering/Depth) VI. BONES
A. Classification
IV. LATERALITY According to:
 Bilateral – structures occurring in both right and left sides of the  Function
body (e.g. kidneys) o Axial skeleton
 Unilateral – on one side only (e.g. spleen)
 Axis of the body
 Ipsilateral – same side (e.g. right hand and right foot)
 Includes vertebral column and bones of the head, neck,
 Contralateral – on the opposite sides of the body (e.g. right hand
contralateral to the left hand) and trunk (ribs, sternum)
o Appendicular skeleton
V. MOVEMENT  Appendages (connections to the axis)
A. Terms of Movement  Bones of the limbs including those forming the pectoral
and pelvic girdles
 Flexion -‐ bending or decreasing angle bet. bones or parts of the
body  Shape
 Extension -‐ straightening or increasing angle o Long-‐ tubular (e.g. femur, humerus)
 Dorsiflexion -‐ flexion at ankle joint (e.g. climbing uphill); bringing the o Short-‐ cuboidal (e.g. tarsus, carpus)
foot upwards o Flat-‐ has protective function (e.g. skull, capula, sternum, ribs
 Plantarflexion -‐ bends the foot and toes toward the ground; (protective)
bending your ankle joint & point your toes down
o Irregular-‐ various shapes (e.g. vertebrae, ossicles, facial bones)
 Lateral Flexion -‐ right or left flexion of trunk or head
o Sesamoid-‐ develops in tendinous attachment (e.g. patella)
 Abduction -‐ moving away from the median plane
 Adduction -‐ moving toward the median plane
 Circumduction -‐ circular movements that involves sequential B. Type of Bones
flexion, abduction, extension, adduction  Compact
 Rotation -‐ turning or revolving a part of the body around its o Outside/periphery of the bone
longitudinal axis o Strongest part, sturdy
NOTE: lateral rotation of leg means clockwise or away;
 Spongy
medial rotation of leg means counterclockwise or
towards middle o Within the bone, support structure that maintains bone
head: lateral rotation ONLY! especially in weight bearing areas
 Pronation -‐ rotates the radius medially, palm faces posteriorly
 Supination -‐ rotates radius laterally and uncrossing from the ulna C. Bone Markings
(like holding a bowl of soup) -‐ Appear wherever tendons, ligaments and fascias are attached
 Eversion -‐ sole of the feet away from the median plane, turning -‐ May be used as clues in identifying bones and determining laterality
sole laterally  Articulations
NOTE: when the foot is fully everted, it is also
o Condyle-‐ large, round protuberance at the end of a bones
DORSIFLEXED
(e.g., lateral condyle of the femur)
 Inversion -‐ sole towards the median plane, turning sole medially
NOTE: when the foot is fully inverted, it is also o Facet-‐ smooth, flat articular process; usually covered with
PLANTARFLEXED cartilage (e.g., superior articular facet of the vertebra)
*Supinate/Supination = inversion + adduction o Projections, processes: projecting spine-‐like part
*Pronate/Pronation = eversion + abduction o Head-‐ large, round articular projection supported on the neck
 Protrusion -‐ movement anteriorly. Like pouting of lips of a bone (e.g., head of the femur)
 Retrusion -‐ movement posteriorly (backward/protraction)
 Extensions
 Elevation -‐ raises or moves a part superiorly
o Crest-‐ narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent (e.g., iliac crest
 Depression -‐ lowers or moves a part inferiorly
of the hip bone)
o Epicondyle-‐ eminence ocated above

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2017-B1 Group 1 Llanto, Llorin, Lobederio, Lopez, Lua, Lugtu, Lumban, Luy, Malabanan, Magno
 ANATOMY Lec#1
the condyle (e.g., (sagittal & frontal) bduction,
(e.g. acromioclavicular,
medial epicondyle of so, biaxial
 sternoclavicular) flexion/ext
the femur) Hing (e.g. ension;
o Line-‐ long, narrow e-‐ permit flexion/extension carpometacarpal
rotation is
ridge or border joint/thumb)
ONLY IMPOSSIBL
(e.g., linear aspera  Condyloid
-‐ movement: along 1 E
of the femur) -‐ permit
plane only (sagittal) (e.g. wrist)
o Protuberances-‐ bone adduction/a
so, uniaxial
projection bduction,
(e.g. ankle, knee, elbow
o Spines-‐ sharp, thorn-‐ joints) flexion/exte
like processes (e.g., nsion w/
spine of the scapula) small
o Trochanter-‐ large,  amount of
blunt elevation (e.g., Sad
-‐ permit rotation
great trochanter of dle
adduction/abduction,  Ball and Socket
-‐
the femur) flexion/extension -‐ permit
movement:
o Tuberosities-‐ large -‐ movement: along 2 axes @ free
biaxial
rounded, usually 90° w/ each other movemen
(greater @
roughened ts-‐
projection 1 plane
adduction/
(e.g. ischial sharp, than the
abduction,
tuberosity of the slender other)
hip bone) flexion/ext
projection -‐
 Depressions ension,
(e.g., spinous circumducti
o Alveolus-‐ socket of circumduc
process of a on is
teeth tion,
vertebra) possible in a
o Fossa-‐ basin-‐like medial/lat
o Trochlea bit
depression; eral
o Tubercle-‐ small restricted
serves as articular rotation
rounded way than
surface (e.g., (highly
projection (e.g., the saddle
coronoid fossa of mobile)
REMINDERS great tubercle of joints
the humerus) -‐ movement:
Bone Markings -­‐ important guides for you to identify whichthe humerus)
is the right and left bone (e.g.
o Sulci-‐ a shallow READ IN MOORE!!! metacarpopharyngea @ multiple
depression (e.g., l, knuckle joints) axes & plane
arterial sulci -‐  Ellipsoid (from Snell) (multi-‐axial);
grooves on the -‐ permit (e.g.
internal surfaces of adduction/a shoulder and
the cranial bones hip joints)
for the meningeal ial fluid for a
arteries.) smoother or
 Passages less frictional
o Canals movement)
VII. (e.g.
o Meatus-‐ canal-‐like o
passageway (e.g., JOINTS
periosteum)
external auditory  aka articulations;
Major types
unions/junctions between
o meatus) of synovial
2 or more bones
o Foramen -‐ joints based on
 some can freely move;
round/ oval shape of
some only exhibit slight
passage through articulating
movement; some don’t
a bone (e.g., surfaces/move
move at all
optic foramen of
ment they
the sphenoid
A. Classifications (based on permit:
bone)
type of material uniting  Plane
 Other
them)
o Capitulum
 Synovial (most numerous;
o Malleolus
joints of locomotion)
o Notch
o united by a joint
o Spinous capsule which
process-‐
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2017-B1 Group 1 Llanto, Llorin, Lobederio, Lopez, Lua, Lugtu, Lumban, Luy, Malabanan, Magno
 ANATOMY Lec#1
 Pivot rotatio ent;
promote
growth in
length; NO
movement
possible
(e.g.
femur)

Secondary – strong,
sligh
tly
mov
able  Types:
(e.g. o Skeletal striated muscle –
inter voluntary somatic muscle
n ONLY
vert o Cardiac striated muscle
- so,
ebra – involuntary visceral
- uniaxia
l muscle that forms the
‐ l (e.g.
discs walls of the heart
atlanto
) o Smooth muscle –
p axial,
Involuntary visceral
e superio Figure 1. A.Fibrous
muscle that forms
r r B.Cartilaginous
C.Synovial most vessels and
m radioul
hollow organs
i nar
VIII. (viscera)
t capsul
MUSCLES
es) A. Forms
 Functions:
-‐ flat liding  Flat – have parallel fibers (e.g.,
o Movement
surface; -‐ limited external obliques)
small, o Stability
movement  Pennate – feather-‐like
numero due to tight o Communication
us o Unipennate
joint o Control of body
-‐ Figure 2. opening and passages o Bipennate
movem Six types o Heat production o Multi-‐pennate
ent: of
sliding/g synovial
joints.
References: Snell’s  Cartilaginous
Clinical Anatomy by o united by
Regions (9th ed), hyaline
Clinical Oriented (primary
Anatomy by Moore cartilaginous
(6th ed) joints/synch
ondroses) or
 Fibrous fibrocartilag
o by a fibrous e (secondary
tissue (amount cartilaginous
of movement joints/symph
depends on yses)
length of
fibers) –  Primary –
usually very responsib
little le for
movement slight
possible (e.g. bending
sutures of at early
cranium) developm

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2017-B1 Group 1 Llanto, Llorin, Lobederio, Lopez, Lua, Lugtu, Lumban, Luy, Malabanan, Magno
 ANATOMY Lec#1
 Fusiform – it you don’t control it, it (e.g. biceps) fic
spindle will contract. Muscles of  Fixator – steady are
shaped respiration proximal parts while as
 Tonic – slight
with a movements are of
contraction. Does not
round, occurring in distal the
produce movement
thick belly parts. bod
but gives muscle
and  Synergist – compliments action of y
certain firmness.
tapered prime mover. (e.g. brachialis)  Systemic Anatomy – study of the of
Even when you are in  Antagonist – opposes the action different organ systems and
ends (e.g.,
a relaxed position, of another muscle. (e.g. triceps) how they are
biceps
the muscles are all
brachii)
always in a tonic interrelated.
 Convergent – wide sheet
converging in one action – slightly IX. DIVISIONS (e.g. Nervous,
always contracted OF ANATOMY Skeletal,
attachment
Muscular
 Quadrate – have four equal -‐ maintenance of
systems etc.)
sides (e.g., pronator posture  Regional Anatomy –
-‐ absent: unconscious  Clinical Application – The
quadratus) b
or in paralysis combination of regional and
 Circular – surround o systemic
 Phasic – active muscle
a body d anatom
contraction
opening or y y and
o Isotonic – muscle
orifice,
changes in length in how
constricting
relationship to the s they are
it when
production of e used in
contracted
movement g clinical
 Multi-‐
Kinds: m applica
head
 Cocentric – e tion.
ed/M muscle shortening n
ulti-‐ that causes t
bellie movement
s “If you fall behind, run
d– produces faster. Never give
more energy;
have up, never
produces a
more
movement surrender, and
n
than rise up against
 Eccentric – d
one the odds.”
muscle
head
lengthening
of t
by
attach h
undergoing
ment/ e
slow
contr
relaxation of
actile s
muscle until
belly t
it steadies.
(e.g, u
o Isometric – No
gastro d
change in muscle
cnemi y
length. No
us)
movement
occurs. But o
B. Contraction
muscle tension is f
-‐ muscles function by increased above
contraction, they pull and never t
tonic levels. h
push.
 Reflexive – certain e
C. Functions
aspects of muscle
 Prime
activity are s
Mover/Agonist –
automatic (e.g., p
respiratory main muscle
e
movements of the responsible for
c
diaphragm) producing specific
i
Even if you don’t will body movements

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2017-B1 Group 1 Llanto, Llorin, Lobederio, Lopez, Lua, Lugtu, Lumban, Luy, Malabanan, Magno