MATERIALS AND METHOD:

The latest revision of the following standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the
American Association for State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and the American Water Works
Association (AWWA) are hereby made part of this Specification.
A. Corrugated Metal Pipe (CMP)

- Corrugated metal pipe shall only be used in culvert crossings and similar applications. Corrugated
metal pipe is intended to refer to both steel and aluminum. The pipe shall conform to the following
specifications:

a. Steel: Corrugated steel pipe shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M-36.
b. Aluminum: Corrugated aluminum pipe shall conform to the requirements of the AASHTO M-196.
c. Aluminum Coated (Aluminized): Corrugated aluminized pipe shall conform to the requirements of
AASHTO M-36 and AASHTO M-274.

B. Precoated Corrugated Metal Pipe (PCMP)

- All precoated corrugated metal pipe and connecting bands shall be coated to meet the AASHTO
DESIGNATION: M-245 and M-246 and the coating shall be 10 mils minimum thickness each side.
All exposed edges including any perforated hole edges shall be coated with a liquid coating supplied
by the supplier of the precoated corrugated pipe. All metal pipe utilized shall have a nominal wall
thickness of 16 gauge for pipes twenty-one inches (21") and larger and 18 gauge for pipes eighteen
inches (18") and smaller, unless otherwise noted.

C. Frames and Covers

- The requirement for tensile strength of the gray cast iron shall conform to the requirements of
AASHTO M-306. Manhole frames, covers, and grates shall be furnished with machined horizontal
bearing surfaces and shall conform to the Standard Details. The cover or grate shall not rock when
rotated to any position in the frame. Catch basin manhole castings shall conform to the Standard
Details. Gray iron castings shall have appropriate certifications and be individually marked in
accordance with the requirements of AASHTO M-306.

D. Reinforced Concrete Manholes

- Material used in the construction of reinforced concrete manholes shall conform to the requirements of
ASTM C-478 and the Standard Details. Cones shall be eccentric unless otherwise approved. Forty-
eight inch (48") reinforced concrete pipe may be used for manhole riser sections as an alternate. This
pipe shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C-76 with a minimum thickness of five inches (5").

E. Miscellaneous Concrete

- All concrete used in the construction of storm drains with the exception of precast manholes, manhole
risers, cones, and catch basin barrels shall be Class A-3. Concrete Work shall conform to Division 30 –
Portland Cement Concrete.

F. Mortar

- Cement for mortar used in the construction of storm drain shall conform with the requirements of
ASTM C-150, Type II. Sand shall conform with the requirements of AASHTO M-45. The mortar shall
be composed of one (1) part cement and three (3) parts sand. The addition of lime is not permitted.
STANDARDS
The latest revision of the following standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the
American Association for State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and the American Water Works
Association (AWWA) are hereby made part of this Specification.
ASTM A-48: Standard Specifications for Gray Iron Castings
ASTM C-76: Specification for Reinforced Concrete
ASTM C-150: Specification for Portland Cement
ASTM C-478 (AASHTO-199): Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections
ASTM C-990: Standard Specification for Joins for Concrete Pipe, Manholes, and
Precast Box Sections Using Preformed Flexible Joint Sealants
ASTM D 1248: Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials, Type III, High
Density
ASTM D 3035: Polyethylene Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) Based on Controlled Outside
Diameter
ASTM D 3350: Polyethylene Plastics and Fittings Materials
AASHTO M-36: Corrugated Steel Pipe & Fittings
AASHTO M-45: Sand for Cement Mortar AASHTO M-105 Gray Iron Castings
AASHTO M-190: Bituminous Coating of CMP
AASHTO M-196: Corrugated Aluminum Pipe & Fittings
AASHTO M-198: Joints for Concrete Pipe, Manholes, and Precast Box Sections Using
Preformed Flexible Joint Sealants
AASHTO M-245: Precoated Galvanized Steel Culverts and Underdrains
AASHTO M-246: Precoated Galvanized Steel Sheets for Culverts and Underdrains
AASHTO M-274: Corrugated Aluminized Pipe and Fittings
AASHTO M-252: Corrugated Polyethylene Tubing 3"-10" diameter
AASHTO M-294: Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe, 12" diameter and larger
AASHTO M-306: Drainage, Sewer, Utility, and Related Castings Federal Specification
SS-S-210 Sealing Compound, Preformed Plastic, for Expansion Joints
and Pipe Joints

CENTER PIVOT SYSTEM

The typical center pivot system consists of a single long irrigating pipeline attached to a central tower and
moves slowly over the field in a circular pattern and irrigates the plants with sprayers, or sprinklers placed on it at
frequent spacing, The central tower with a pivot mechanism and main control panel (electric) is anchored to a small
concrete base at a fixed water supply point (hydrant) at the center of the field. The entire irrigating pipeline is
supported above ground by “A” frame towers move on wheels, long spans, steel trusses and/or cables; the end of the
pipe is overhung with a sprinkler gun. The whole system rotates slowly, at a typical speed (last span) of 2–3 m/min.,
around the fixed pivot, self-propelled, applying water in the form of overhead spray irrigation and covers the area in
a circular pattern. The drive system features small individual power units mounted on each wheeled tower. These
units are electric drive, but can be hydraulic (water, oil) or mechanical drive. An automatic alignment system keeps
always the irrigating pipeline straight

THE PIPELINE
The long irrigating pipeline (Lateral) with water emitters (sprinklers, bubblers, or sprayers) can be from
140 to 250 mm diameter, according to the system flow and the length; standard sizes of approximate 160 mm (6
inches) and 200 mm (8 inches) are very common. The length of the pipeline can be from 50 to 750 meters according
to the design. It is made of high tensile material galvanized light steel, or aluminum, with extra strong couplers to
stand the system operating pressures. The pipeline is placed on wheeled “A frame” towers of typically 3 meters
minimum height above ground and spaced 35–55 meters distance apart (length of spans). The common or
“standard” length of spans is 40 m. Truss rod arches maintain the even distribution of weight and loads between the
towers. On level ground the ground clearance varies from 2.75 to 4.5 meters for high profile machines. The spans
are equipped with flexible joints at the ends allowing the pipeline to articulate and to allow side-to-side, up and
down and rotational movement with no stress on the pipeline.

THE WATER EMITTERS

The water emitters, computerized sized and spaced for high uniformity of application, are mounted on the
pipeline at spacing of 1.5 to 3.0 m, and 6 m approx. according to the type and coverage of the sprayer emitters, and
operate when the system is in motion. The emitters in the past were fullcircle rotating sprinklers. Since the early
eighties the Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) mode is using sprayers, bubblers or angle mist sprayers,
fitted on flexible “hose drops” hanging down from the lateral at a height above ground of about 20 to 45 cm for the
bubblers and 1.0–1.8 m for the sprayers. The “hose drops” are connected to the pipeline by a “gooseneck” or furrow
arm and operate at lower pressures of about 0.5 to 1.5 bars. Goosenecks and drops are usually installed alternately
on each side of the Lateral to even stresses on the line when used on high profile crops. There are several models of
sprayers with excellent performance, long radius and uniform rain precipitation. Pressure/flow regulators are used in
most cases. The discharge rate of the emitters along the pipeline is not the same along the line, but varies from lower
values near the center to higher ones towards the outer end by the use of small and large nozzles along the line
accordingly and sometimes variable spacing. Good overlapping is essential. Part circle sprayers are used near the
towers to avoid over wetting the area along the wheels. The most common sprayers in use the last few years are the
Senninger’s wobblers and the Nelson’s rotators.

REFERENCES:
MDOT. 2001a. Drainage Structures. Standard Plan R-1-D. Sheet 2 of 5. Obtained from
mdotwas1.mdot.state.mi.us/public/design/files/englishstandardplans/files/R001D.pdf.
MDOT. 2001b. Sewer Trap. Standard Plan R-19-B. Obtained from
mdotwas1.mdot.state.mi.us/public/design/files/englishstandardplans/files/R019B.pdf.
MDOT. 2004a. Cover E. Standard Plan R-10-C. Obtained from
mdotwas1.mdot.state.mi.us/public/design/files/englishstandardplans/files/R010C.pdf.
MDOT. 2004b. Cover G. Standard Plan R-12-D. Obtained from
mdotwas1.mdot.state.mi.us/public/design/files/englishstandardplans/files/R012D.pdf.