The Impact of Using Dam for Flood Control in the Philippines:

A Case Study

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ABSTRACT(AIRA)

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these were analysed. Summarize the outcomes and relevant findings of the study. Significant results should be
clearly described. Include conclusions on the basis of the evidence presented and how they compare to what is
currently known about the topic.

Keywords: dams, floods, flood control, 2 pa mga bhiieeee

1. INTRODUCTION Moreover, one of the solutions for water shortage

Construction of flood management infrastructures
like dams are one of the key factors to solve the
never-ending problem of community in flooding.
Flood can cause rapid water run off wherein soil
can be destroyed and humans can be put into
danger. These are mostly due to too much rain,
poor urban drainage system or caused by the
sudden discharge and water run-off from a dam.
Philippines, as a tropical country
experienced different climate-vulnerability where
certain weather conditions affect lives, properties
and sources of livelihood on an almost regular
basis. These makes us, Filipinos prone to several
natural disasters and calamities like flood from
heavy rainfall and draught during summer season.
Dams are made not only to sustain water
but also to provide electricity, irrigation, as well as
store and deliver potable water to the community.
Dams have always been important particularly for
the development of areas with limited direct access
to fresh water sources. It helps keep drinking water
free of human waste and other contamination and
thus greatly improved public health in cities with
primitive sewerage systems. Construction of multi-
purpose dam by trapping rainfall or making use of
rainwater as reservoir was no doubt improves
quality of life around it. Water scarcity issue was a
major problem in many parts of the world affecting
the environment, industry, and the economies of
developing nations. Water conservation and the
usage of dams to collect rainwater seems to be an
effective solution, knowing that our country,
Philippines was frequently visited by typhoons.
was building of aqueduct. It was used to deliver
water to people in a particular community as it
conveys water from its source to its main
distribution point. To tap water from a river, often
a dam and reservoir were constructed to create an
intake for the aqueduct that would not run dry
during periods of low water. Aqueducts have been
important particularly for the development of areas
with limited direct access to fresh water sources.
Historically, aqueducts helped keep drinking water
free of human waste and other contamination and
thus greatly improved public health in cities with
primitive sewerage systems.
On the other hand, dams on contrary, can
also create a huge flood risks if not manage
properly. An area that turned into a reservoir can
suffer several geological damages with continuous
water displaced and excessive sedimentation.
Overflowing of dams brought by heavy rains may
lead to flood. Flood affect the community through
damaging buildings and structures, loss of power
because of damage power transmission,
destruction of crops and environment, deterioration
of health conditions owing to waterborne diseases
and even worst, loss of life.
This case study aims to deals with the
effectiveness of building dams by answering
questions and providing enough information on
how reservoirs deal with flood brought by heavy
rains and typhoons? How to approach damages and
destruction of infrastructures caused from the
sudden outburst of water from an overflowing
dam? What are the risks, advantages and
disadvantages and the overall engineering
application involved in solving the usefulness of
dams in flood management?
Nonetheless, dams have greater positive
returns and advantages than to its flaw. To solve
the never-ending problem of community in
flooding, construction of various flood
management infrastructures such as dams became
necessary. Through this research study, more
people will be aware on how dams work together
with its impact not only in flood management but
in sustaining life and environment.
2. OBJECTIVES
The overall objective of this study is to distinguish
the impact of using dam for flood control in the
Philippines. This overall goal encompasses a
hierarchy of more specific objectives such as:
a) To determine the effectiveness of using
dam for flood control in the Philippines;
b) To identify the factors that affect the
effectiveness of dam for flood control;
c) To assess how dams affect the quality of
living of the Filipino citizens; and
d) To analyze the advantages and
disadvantages of using dams for flood
control.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study followed a qualitative method
using analysis of data from secondary sources.
This approach was chosen given that the purpose
of the study was to determine the impact of using
dam for flood control in the Philippines. To give
the significant parts of the study, each section
below highlighted the important details or
elements of the research which describe the whole
study.
3.1 Materials and Data Sources
The materials and data needed for this study are
from the reliable sources online. News articles
from reliable news provider and media sources
related to the study can provide a useful source of
information. It also serve as a primary source as
they provide a first hand account of events like
floodings. The researchers also rely on other case
study and interviews of the professionals about
dams and floods.
3.2 Method
The researchers used a qualitative method using
reliable online sources to conduct this case study.
A qualitative method helps the researchers to
gather an in-depth insights and data to gather new
ideas for the study. This method involve using one
or more data collection methods like secondary
sources which the researchers used to collect
information needed.
In the process of gathering data, the
researchers are responsible for the reliability of the
collected sources and articles’ credibility. After
gathering the data, the researchers analyzed the
information about dams, floods and flood control.
The gathered data are interpreted by the
researchers to come through with the results and
conclusions.
4. RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION(Fleur)
Runoff storage basins are the most basic
form of infrastructure used in managing
stormwater that may cause flood. Though the
impeccable function of the basins, the defence of
the use of great landmass coincides with its
evaluated performance and efficiency in
preventing such floods.
The study conducted was situated in
Maria Luisa Estate, University of San Carlos -
Talamban, Metro Cebu Water District Park,
Garnetville, Doña Rita Subdivision, Sto. Niño
Subdivision, and the residential and commercial
areas of Barangay Talamban, Cebu, and both
Barangay Cabancalan and Banilad in Mandaue
City.
The method of the researchers was made
possible in utilizing materials taking orthophoto
using LiDAR scanner, record of rain depths with
15 minutes interval, a systematized scan pattern of
the catchment’s elevation, type of soil within the
vicinity of the study, and the IDF curve of Cebu
through the aid of PAGASA stationed in Mactan,
Cebu. The gathered data were processed for curve
number grid generation and the delineation of
catchment. The orthophoto was utilized to classify
roads, vegetation, and land use. The soil type map
was made possible using the SCS TR 55 or the
Soil Conservation Service Technical Release 55
method. Drainage lines were tracked using the
technology of Phil-LiDAR DEM with modification
to identify the effectivity of the culvert lines.
 Figure 2. Basin model in HEC-HMS

The figure above is interpreted as the computed

and observed wetland inflow hydrographs. The
computed NSE of this interval reflected a 0.86
which is deemed “very good” fitting according to
Moriasi et al.

Figure 1. Catchment DEM (a) and CN grid (b)

Subbasins that were produced are grouped

depending on the continuity of flow, land use, and
range of slope. The figure above shows the
hydrologic elements constituting the catchment.

Figure 3. Comparison of simulated and observed

wetland inflow hydrographs during (a) calibration
and (b) validation

Hyetographs of 25, 50, and 100 year turn

and period rainfall of 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours were
used to simulate calibrated rainfall-runoff model.
This shows the peak discharge to the drainage
situated in Gov. M. Cuenco Avenue. Respectively,
the dashed lines represent the peak discharge of the
catchment with and without the RSB.
Based on the findings, the highest
attenuation rate of the drainages in the streets are at
57% with the presence of the runoff storage basins
for the return period of 25 years having an hour of
rainfall. The RSB response is dependent to the
hydrological properties of the area. With all the
data gathered and processed, the RSB can detain
and release the runoff which signifies the efficacy
of the RSB.
Angat dam’s functions are the irrigating
the surrounding areas, hydropower generation, and
water supply for Metro Manila residents.
Figure 1. Daily Rainfall for the 3 Typhoons: a.)
Ramon, b.) Quiel, and c.) Pedring.
The study concluded that the dam storage
consumption is 50% in prevention of flood while
the other 50% is storage of water for the cases of
Typhoon Quiel, Tropical Depression Ramon, and
Typhoon Pedring. The recommendation of the
researchers is that the framework utilized must
work towards real-time data acquisition and
running, alter the bias of the radar rainfall, and
require training for the operator.
5. CONCLUSIONS(Aizel)
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings and conclusions presented,
the researchers suggested the following
recommendations:
1. There is a need for a clearer framework in
coordinating the planning, implementation
and operation of large dam projects. The
proposals for the development of dams must
include provision for the support measures of
environmental management, resettlement and
restoration of livelihood within the project
budget.
2. Taking consideration of the overall energy
benefits of a hydro-power scheme in any
changes in operations of other dams in a
cascade on the same river.
3. The future dam planning should consider full
range of options offered by a multipurpose
development.
4. Before the final dam type can be selected, it
shall ensure that all positive and negative
impacts are included in the comparison, and
that the corresponding field and laboratory
data are available in sufficient detail and
accuracy.
5. Biodiversity conservation efforts in dam
watershed areas must be kept in touch with
the local communities to obtain their
subsistence requirements while engaging in
the more sustainable use of resources.
7. REFERENCES(IEEE Format)
[1] Lalisan, C. L., & Fornis, R. L. (2020, October).
Attenuation performance of runoff storage basins within
a moderate to steep slope urban catchment in Cebu,
Philippines. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2278,
No. 1, p. 020002). AIP Publishing LLC.
[2] Jaranilla-Sanchez, P. A., Shibuo, Y., & Koike, T.
(2014). Optimization of Dam Opertion for Maximizing
Water Use and Flood Prevention: A Case of Angat Dam,
Philippines.
[3] Moriasi, D. N., Arnold, J. G., Van Liew, M.W.,
Binger, R. L., Harmel, R. D., Veith, T. L., (2007). Model
Evaluation Guidelines for Systematic Quantification of
Accuracy in Watershed Simulations, Am. Soc. Agric.
Biol. Eng., 50(3), 885-900.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The completion of this undertaking could have not
been possible without the participation and
assistance of so many people whose names may
not all be enumerated. Their contributions are
sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledged.
This assignment cannot be completed without the
effort and cooperation from the group members,
Dela Cruz, Felonia, Gamboa, Hayag and
Hernandez.
However, the group would like to express
their deep appreciation and indebtedness
particularly to the following:
Mr.Marvin S. Benedicto, CE - 405
Instructor, for his endless support, kind and
understanding spirit during the case analysis and
preparation.
To all relatives, friends and others who in
one way or another shared their support, either
morally, financially and physically, thank you.
Above all, to the Great Almighty, the
author of knowledge and wisdom, for his countless
love.
We thank you.
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