Design of Longitudinal Girders 26.

752 Gpa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete)

Diaphragm loadDiaphragm
on exterior load
girder
on=interior
(Dwi*(Dw-ts)*(Gs-b)/2)Yc
girder = (Di*(Dw-ts)*(Gs-b))Y
1. Dead load effect due to web and diaphragm wt. Own weight of web= b*(Dw-ts)Yc
Structural depth, Dw = 1430 mm 10.3 7.25
Web width, b= 350 mm 14.5
Own weight of web= b*(Dw-ts)Yc=10.3KN/m. , Yc=2400 Kg/m3
Diaphragm load on exterior girder = (Dwi*(Dw-ts)*(Gs-b)/2)Yc= 7.25 KN 25.069 KN/m
Diaphragm load on interior girder = (Di*(Dw-ts)*(Gs-b))Yc= 14.5 KN 1.851 18.88
19.248 0.926
2. Slab reactions (dead loads & live loads) transferred to girders 4.225 20.4
Exterior Girder 255.7038
Reactions, DC: RA = 14.769+10.3=25.069 KN/m (including web wt) 7.25 KN 12.5345
DW: RA = 1.851 KN/m 3.625

Moments, DC: M(x)= 255.704X-12.535X^2+7.25X/2 196.3296

DW: M(x)= 18.88X-0.926X^2 9.624
7.25
Interior Girder
Reactions, DC: RB = 8.948+10.3=19.248 KN/m (including web wt.) 14.5 KN
DW: RB = 4.225 KN/m 1

Moments, DC: M(x)= 196.33X-9.624X^2+14.5X/2

DW: M(x)= 43.095X-2.113X^2

3. Distribution factors for Moments and Shears

The distribution factors for moment and shear for both external and internal girders are obtained from the empirical formula given in
Table Art 4.6.2.2-1 of AASHTO 1998.

3.1.1 Distribution factors for Moment

a) Interior beams with concrete decks: [Table Art 4.6.2.2b and 2b-1]
Girder distribution factor with multiple presence factor included mg is,
One Lane loaded:
mgSIm=0.06+(Gs/4.3)0.4*(Gs/L)0.3*(Kg/Lts3)0.1 for preliminary design, (Kg/Lts3)=1 and L is c/c of bridge length.

Two or more lanes loaded:

mgmIm=0.075+(Gs/2.9)0.6*(Gs/L)0.2*(Kg/Lts3)0.1
Skew correction factor= 1-C1(tanθ)1.5; C1=(Gs/L)0.5*(Kg/Lts3)0.25
mgslm= 0.467 and mgmlm= 0.641
Skew Correction Factor =1
Thus, mgslm= 0.467 and mgmlm= 0.641

b) Exterior beams: [Table Art 4.6.2.2d and 2d-1]

One lane loaded: Lever Rule 0.517 0.431
∑MB=0 , R=0.431P mgsem= 1.2*0.431= 0.517

Two or more lanes loaded

mgmem=e*mgmIm 0.18
where, e=0.77+Cx/2.8 Cx= 0.18 m 0.834 1<
e= 0.834 <1, thus use e=1 mgmem= 0.641

3.1.2 Distribution factors for Shear

a) Interior beams (L= 20.8
mgslv= 0.36+Gs/7.6= 0.665 0.36+Gs/7.6 0.665 0.665
mgmlv= 0.2+Gs/3.6-(Gs/L)^2= 0.797 0.2+Gs/3.6-(Gs/L)^2= 0.797 0.797
Skew correction factor= 1+0.2(Kg/Lts3)0.3tanθ
Skew Correction Factor =1 mgslv= 0.665 and mgmlv= 0.797
b) Exterior beams
One lane loaded: Lever Rule
mgsev= 1.2*0.431= 0.517 0.517
Two or more lanes loaded
mgmev=e*mgsIv where, e=0.6+Cx/3 0.66
e= 0.66 mgmev= 0.526

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 1

 0
Influence Lines for Bending Moment and Shear Force

4. Distributed Live Load Force Effects 0 2.04 4.08 6.12 8.16 10.2
Dual design vehicular loads are considered. 0 2.04 4.08 6.12 8.16 10.2
i) Influence Line for Live Load Moment (Truck Load) Rank 16 1221.40
X is the position of the rear wheel. 1227.294 X = 9.18 m Mtr(x)=1224.9 KN-m (IM is consid
At X = 9.18 m, Mtr(x)=1224.9 KN-m (IM is considered.) 9.18 1224.900
23
24 0.625
0.65 12.75
13.26 7.65 m1 4.78125
7.14 4.641
m2 2.09375
1.846
m3 -0.59375
-0.949
m2 2.09375
1.846
m3
00
Mtr 996.875
940.615
9.18
0.00 5.05
24.00 3.11
0.00 1.18
0
9.18 0.00
5.05 13.4813.48 0 3.11 17.7817.78 0 1.18 9.189.18 9.3KN/m5.050
13.48
17.78 3.11
1.18 145 145
20.4020.40 0.00 5.05 9.18
0 0.000 35 5.049
3.114
13.4813.48 5.6 3.57 17.7817.78 9.18 9.18 4.57 3.57
3.11
1.179
9.180
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 00 00 00 00 -3 -3
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 00 00 0 0 00
1.18
0.00
00.000.00
0 5 10 15 20 25

ii) Influence Line for live Load Moment (Tandem Load) Rank 19 1049.895
At X = 10.71 m, Mtm(x) =1049.895 KN-m (IM is considered.) 1056.495 X = 10.71 m Mtm(x) =1049.895 KN-m (IM is co

0 0.00 10.71 0 11.91 0

10.71 8.00 10.71 8.00 11.91 4.00
11.91 4.00 5.09
20.40 0.00
0 110 1104.46 0 0
0 0.00 0 0
10.71 9.20 11.91
10.71 10.4 11.91

10.71
0.00 0.00 0 0 8
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
iii) Influence Line for Shear Force (Truck Load) 20.40
Vtr =279.681 KN/m279.681
At X =0 m , the shear force due to truck load, Vtr(x) =279.681 KN X =0 m Vtr(x) =279.681 KN
0 0
0 0
0 0
9.3KN/m
0 20.4 1 0 1.2 0 16.2 16.2 0 0.206
145
20.4 0 145 0 -1 1.2 0.941 17.400 17.400 0 0.147
35
20.4 0 0 -1 1.2
0.941
1
0.789
0 1.6 1.2 0.578 1.6
0 2 1.2 2
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25

iv) Influence Line for Shear Force (Tandem Load)

At X =0 m , the shear force due to tandem load, Vtm(x) =252.359 KN X =0 m Vtm(x) =252.359 KN

110 110

1 0.941

0.206
0.147
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 2

 5. Select Resistance Factors 1 1
Strength Limit States (RC) 1 1 0.95
Flexure & Torsion Flexure & Torsion 1 i) Strength Limit State 1.00 0.95
Resistance Factor = 1 Shear & Torsion 1 ii) Service Limit State 0.90 1

6. Select Load Modifiers Concrete in strut & Tie model 0.70 1.05
i) Strength Limit State 1
i) Ductility 0.95 1.25 [Art. 1.3.3] dc 1.25
ii) Redundancy 0.95 1.50 [Art. 1.3.4] dw 1.5
iii) Importancy 1.05 1.75 [Art. 1.3.5] LL 1.75
Load Modifier = 0.95 1.00 FR 0.75

7. Select Applicable Load Combinations

i) Strength Limit State U=0.95(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)+1.00FR+TG)
Seismic Force Effects 1
From EBCS-8, the site and acceleration coefficients are selected for the particular site condition. 0.05 Site coefficient =
For zone I Acceleration coefficient = 1
a= Site coefficient = 1 Zone I I
A = Acceleration coefficient = 0.05 Zone II 1
Zone III
The seismic horizontal force is, FH = Wb*a*A Zone IV
where: Wb is the total weight of the bridge
Weight of components Wt. (KN) 108.468
Slab 620.736 Thus, FH = 108.468 KN 54.234
Wearing surface 252.057 Earth quake force transferred to one support is 1/2FH = 54.234 KN
Overhang Slab & Curbs 195.886 (This force is applied at the bearings)
Barriers 149.760 Total dead load reaction transferred at one support is 1/2Wb
1/2Wb = 1084.68 KN
Girders (internal & external) 857.002 The coefficient of friction between the bearing and concrete beam seat
Diaphragms 93.917 at abutment, μ is:
Total weight, Wb 2169.360 μ = 0.5 > 542.34

The frictional resistance force developed between the interface is μ * dead load reaction = 542.34 KN > 54.234 KN. 1000
Earth quake force is negligible. 1

8. Investigate Strength Limit State

It is necessary to calculate moment and shear force at different locations to determine the bar cut off points and to calculate
spacing of stirrups.

9. Design Shear and Moment Computaions

Distribution factors for moments and shear forces, mg is applied only on live load forces.
a) Interior Girder
i) Shear Force 0.797
X Vtr Vtm Vln Vdc Vdw VD VDU
0 0 279.681 252.359 94.860 203.580 43.095 921.725 545.184 298.509
0.1 2.04 247.181 206.599 76.837 164.314 34.474 781.657 457.030
0.2 4.08 214.681 170.079 72.627 125.048 25.853 659.893 379.886
0.3 6.12 182.181 147.529 68.536 85.782 17.232 538.286 302.836
0.4 8.16 149.681 125.529 64.564 46.516 8.611 416.836 225.881
0.5 10.2 117.181 103.529 60.710 7.250 -0.01 295.542 149.020
0.55 11.22 100.931 92.529 56.975 -117.797 -4.321 107.319 3.733
0.6 12.24 85.436 81.529 53.359 -137.430 -8.631 45.765 -35.442
0.65 13.26 70.936 70.529 49.861 -157.063 -12.942 -13.880 -73.730
279.681 94.860 921.725 921.725
VDmax=0.95*[mgv*1.75[1.33*Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]+(1.25*Vdc+1.5*Vdw)] = 921.725 KN

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 3

 ii) Moment 0.641
X Mtr Mtm Mln Mdc Mdw MD MDU
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00000
362.5 2.04 504.250 390.720 174.163 375.252 79.120 1458.646 889.235 454.37230
4.08 875.900 691.680 309.623 670.401 140.654 2567.927 1570.975 811.05520
6.12 1114.950 902.880 406.380 885.448 184.600 3327.843 2045.221 1070.04871
8.16 1221.400 1024.320 464.435 1020.393 210.960 3738.393 2311.973 1231.35281
10.20 1195.250 1056.000 483.786 1075.235 219.732 3799.578 2371.230 1294.96752
11.22 1132.450 1038.180 478.948 1057.828 217.524 3681.595 2308.258 1275.35135
12.24 1045.740 997.920 464.435 1020.395 210.918 3489.367 2199.335 1231.31283
13.26
1221.400 940.615
1056.000 935.220 440.245 962.936 199.916
2371.230 3230.683
3799.578 2047.983 1162.85196
110
1294.96752 1294.968
MDmax=0.95*[mgm1.75[1.33*Max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]+(1.25*Mdc+1.5*Mdw)] = 3799.578 KN-m

b) Exterior Girder
i) Shear Force 743.094 197.009 0.526
X Vtr Vtm Vln Vdc Vdw VD VDU
0 0 279.681 252.359 94.860 259.329 18.880 743.094 475.218 197.009
0.1 2.04 247.181 206.599 76.837 208.186 15.102 623.418 393.722
0.2 4.08 214.681 170.079 72.627 157.043 11.324 515.822 319.492
0.3 6.12 182.181 147.529 68.536 105.901 7.546 408.329 245.324
0.4 8.16 149.681 125.529 64.564 54.758 3.768 300.941 171.219
0.5 10.2 117.181 103.529 60.710 3.615 -0.010 193.656 97.176
0.55 11.22 100.931 92.529 56.975 -29.206 -1.899 129.823 51.953
0.6 12.24 85.436 81.529 53.359 -54.778 -3.788 75.580 14.440
0.65 13.26 70.936 70.529 49.861 -80.349 -5.678 22.599 -22.487
279.681 94.860 #REF!
VDmax=0.95*[mgv*1.75[1.33*Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]+(1.25*Vdc+1.5*Vdw)] = 743.094 KN
ii) Moment
0.641
X Mtr Mtm Mln Mdc Mdw MD MDU
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
376.4 2.04 504.250 390.720 174.163 476.866
34.662 1515.959 946.390 511.527
4.08 875.900 691.680 309.623 849.400
61.616 2667.859 1670.936 911.016
6.12 1114.950 902.880 406.380 1117.603
80.863 3455.700 2173.638 1198.465
8.16 1221.400 1024.320 464.435 1281.474
92.403 3879.483 2454.497 1373.877
10.20 1195.250 1056.000 483.786 1341.014
96.235 3939.207 2513.511 1437.249
11.22 1132.450 1038.180 478.948 1324.265
95.261 3823.766 2452.432 1419.526
12.24 1045.740 997.920 464.435 1281.433
92.360 3630.406 2341.815 1373.793
13.26 940.615 935.220 440.245 1212.519
87.532 3366.915 2185.182 1300.051
2513.51144 1437.249
MDmax=0.95[mgm1.75[1.33*Max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]+(1.25*Mdc+1.5*Mdw)] = 3939.207 KN-m

Checking the adequacy of the section 3939.207

The section is checked for the maximum design moment whether the initial depth under consideration is sufficed or not.

Interior Girder, MD = 3799.578 KN-m 3799.578

3799.578*E+6 (The section is 1.53
sufficed!)
dic =Sqrt( ) =479.875 mm.
0.254*b*f'c 479.875
Effective flange width, bi
1/4*Effective span =5.1 m 1/4*Effective span 5.100
bi < 12*tmin+bw = 2.51 m bi= 2.320 2.510
average spacing of adjacent beams= 2.32 m average spacing of adjacent beams
2.32

Check depth: d = 479.875mm (The section is sufficed!)

0.42*d = 201.548 mm > 180 mm (T beam ) 201.548
Effective depth = 1268 mm >
1268

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 4

 Exterior Girder, MD = 3939.207 KN-m 3939.207 1268 T beam
3939.207*E+6 (The section is 1.53
sufficed!)
dic =Sqrt( )= 508.747 mm.
0.254*b*f'c 508.747
Effective flange width, be
1/8*Effective span =2.55 m 1/8*Effective span 2.550
be-0.5*bi < 6*tmin+bw = 1.43 m be= 2.140 1.430
average spacing of adjacent beams= 0.98 m average spacing of adjacent beams
0.98

Check depth: d = 508.747mm (The section is sufficed!) >

213.674
0.42*d = 213.674 mm > 180 mm (T beam ) Φ 1268
Effective depth = 1268 mm T beam
Development length, lb =
as= 803.84 Development length, lb =1215.29 mm
Reinforcement
a) Flexure
Interior Girder Exterior Girder
x (m) MD AS No. of bars Length MD AS No. of bars Length
0 2.04 1458.65 3095.599 4 Φ32 22320 1515.959 3217.230 5 Φ32 22320
6.12 3327.84 7062.485 5 Φ32 10595 3455.700 7333.829 5 Φ32 10595
8.16 3738.39 7933.772 1 Φ32 6515 3879.483 8233.198 1 Φ32 6515

Crack control
Positive moment reinforcement- Interior Girder KN-m/m
M= 2371.23 KN-m/m 2371.230 0.000 0 3095.599
2045.221 7680.717256 7680.717
Reinforcement : 2371.230 8905.023269 8905.023
Mpu Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6*Fy 8905.02
AS =
fs*j*d 8905.02
2371230000
AS = = 8905.02mm2 (Provided reinforcement)
(0.6*400)*0.875*1268

Positive moment reinforcement- Exterior Girder 0.000 0 3217.230

M= 2513.511 KN-m/m 2513.511 2513.511 2173.638 8162.97914 8162.979
Reinforcement : 2513.511 9439.35495 9439.355
Mnu Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6*Fy 9439.35
AS =
fs*j*d 9439.35
4
2513511000
AS = = 9439.35mm2 (Provided reinforcement)
(0.6*400)*0.875*1268
350 180
Provide additional 1 Φ 32 length =6515 mm 803.84
n As d be
Critical Moment of Inertia 1 7.00 8737.612 1268 2320
Interior Girder 10
X int = 239.211 mm 239.211
Icr, int = 75.185*E+9 mm4 75.185
1 7.00 9037.038 1268 2140
Exterior Girder 11
X ext = 254.029 mm 254.029
Icr, ext = 76.491*E+9 mm4 76.491

fsint 227.127 fsext 233.236

Int. girder fs=227.127MPa, (fsa=240Mpa),

Ext. girder fs=233.236MPa, (fsa=240Mpa), Provide additional 1 Φ 32 length =6515 mm

240.000 50

b) Shear Design
Nominal shear resistance
The section is check for maximum shear and thus shear reinforcements are designed.
3.313
Vc+Vs where: Vn is the nominal shear strength
Vn = min.
0.25*f'cbvdv = 3.313 MPa Vc = shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
bv = effective web width
Vc = 0.083β*sqrt(f'c)bvdv β= 2 dv = effective shear depth
Vs = Avfyd/S S = spacing of shear reinforcement

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 5

 Spacings d=
Determine VU (the design shear force) at a distance dv from face of support. 1364 2.320
33.55
Av f y d v cot q Av f y
S£ £
Vs 0.083bv f ' c

for VU < 0.1f 'cbvdv, S< 0.8dv < 600 mm

for VU > 0.1f 'cbvdv, S< 0.4dv < 300 mm

Interior girder m 23.827

d-a/2 = 1352.087 mm a =Asfy/0.8fc'beff d-a/2 1352.087
dv =max 0.9d= 1227.6 mm dv = 1352.087 mm a = 23.827 0.9d 1227.6
0.72D = 1029.6 mm d =1364 mm 0.72D 1029.6
1352.087
Vs=(Vu/ϕ)-Vc, ϕ=0.9 1325.04526 1081.6696 285.78
Vn=3.313 MPa and f'c=28Mpa Vn/f'c = 0.118 (<0.25) OK
M /d + 0.5V cot q 0.118
ex = D v D £ 0.002 Vn/f'c = 0.118
E A
s s From chart
x(m) Vu Mu Assumed θ εx (E-3) θ β Vs Spacing of bars
1.35 828.890 966.773 39 1.908 38.066 1.422 625.44 Φ 12 c/c 240 mm
2.04 781.657 1458.646 39 2 38.25 1.375 582.728 Φ 12 c/c 260 mm
4.08 659.893 2567.927 37 2 38.25 1.375 447.434 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
6.12 538.286 3327.843 26 2 38.25 1.375 312.315 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
8.16 416.836 3738.393 38 1.886 38.022 1.433 165.315 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
10.20 295.542 3799.578 38 1.866 37.982 1.443 28.467 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm

Exterior girder 1364 2.140

m 26.846
d-a/2 = 1350.577 mm a =As*fy/0.8fc'beff d-a/2 1350.577
dv =max 0.9d= 1227.6 mm dv = 1350.577 mm a = 26.846 0.9d 1227.6
0.72D = 1029.6 mm d =1364 mm 1323.56546 0.72D 1029.6
1350.577
Vn/f'c = 0.118 MPa 1080.4616 295.219
1350.577
From chart
x(m) Vu Mu Assumed θ εx (E-3) θ β Vs Spacing of bars
1.35 663.774 1004.759 33 1.562 37.374 1.598 405.769 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
2.04 623.418 1515.959 35 1.951 38.152 1.4 402.035 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
4.08 515.822 2667.859 38 2 38.25 1.375 287.674 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
6.12 408.329 3455.700 40 1.743 37.736 1.506 141.041 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
8.16 300.941 3879.483 39 1.729 37.708 1.513 20.267 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
10.20 193.656 3939.207 40 1.715 37.68 1.52 -100.391 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm

Interior Girder Exterior Girder

x (m) VD Vs Spacing VD Vs Spacing
1.35 828.89 625.440 Φ 12 c/c 240 mm 663.774 405.769 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
2.04 781.66 582.728 Φ 12 c/c 260 mm 623.418 402.035 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
4.08 659.89 447.434 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm 515.822 287.674 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
6.12 538.29 312.315 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm 408.329 141.041 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
8.16 416.84 165.315 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm 300.941 20.267 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
10.20 295.54 28.467 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm 193.656 -100.391 Φ 12 c/c 300 mm
iii) Deformations

Deflection and camber calculations shall consider dead load, live load, erection loads, concrete creep and shrinkage. Immediate (Instantaneous)
deflections
Distributionmay be for
factor computed taking
deflection mg the moment
is the ratio ofofthe
inertia as either
number the loaded
of lanes effective
to moment of girders.
number of inertia Ie, or the gross moment
mg = of inertia
NL/Ng = Ig. 0.5
mg = NL/Ng = 0.5
The long-term deflection due to creep and shrinkage may be taken as the immediate deflection multiplied by the following factor.
(3 to 1.2) As’/As ≥1.6 if ddl is calculated using Ie.
(4)As’/As ≥ 1.6 if ddl is calculated using Ig.
Where:
ddl is the total dead load deflection.
mm

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 6

 Interior Girder
ts= 180 mm 180 Yt, int= 974.18 855100 833021500
4
Dw = 1430 mm 1430 Ig, int = 1.673E+11 mm
bw= 350 mm 350 Mcr, int = 571.95 Mpa 571.95
bi = 2320 mm 2320
be = 2140 mm 2140
Dw-ts = 1250 mm 1250 Exterior Girder
Yt, ext= 959.77 822700 789605500
4
Mcr = fr*Ig/Yt Ig, ext = 1.627E+11 mm
fr = 0.63*√ (fc’) = 3.33 Mpa 3.33 Mcr, ext = 564.6 Mpa 564.6

Total moment due to dead and live load (unfactored)

Interior Girder
MDU int= 2371.23 KN-m 2371.230
2513.511
Exterior Girder
MDU ext= 2513.511 KN-m
a) Dead load deflection and camber 2169.36
The effective moment of inertia is calculated using the following equation: #REF!
Ie=(((Mcr/MDU)3)*Ig)+(1-((Mcr/MDU)3))*Icrt 0.0140331 0.98596692 7.648E+10 76.478
Interior Girder
Icrt, int= 75.185*E+9 mm4 Ie, int= 76.478*E+9 mm4 (effective moment of inertia)

Exterior Girder 0.01133392 0.988666077 7.747E+10

Icrt, ext= 76.491*E+9 mm4 Ie, ext= 77.468*E+9 mm4 (effective moment of inertia) 77.468

Maximum Dead load moment

Interior Girder, Mmax DL = 1294.968 KN-m 1294.968
Exterior Girder, Mmax DL = 1437.249 KN-m 1437.249
76477766156
The maximum dead load deflection of the girders is obtained by integrating twice the DL moment equation. 0.0764778
Thus, the maximum dead load moment at the mid span becomes:
ddl, int = 1/EIe*(32.72*X^3 - 0.8*X^4 -6808.73X) = 21.206 mm
ddl, ext = 1/EIe*(42.62*X^3 - 1.04*X^4 -8867.64X) = 27.252 mm
ddl, int= 21.206 mm 26.752 77468005292 0.077468
ddl, ext= 27.252 mm 21.206 24.229 96.916
Camber =ddl+long term deflection, Long term deflection = 3*ddl 27.252 25.5
Camber =ddl (1+3)= 96.916 mm (average of interior and exterior girder)

b) Live Load Deflection

dmax=L1/800 (L1 is in mm); the permissible limit =25.5 mm 20400/800 =25.5 mm

In the computation of live load deflection, design truck load alone or design lane load plus 25% of truck load is considered.
i) Deflection due to truck load
Pi1 =Pi2 = 145 KN 145
Pi3 = 35 KN 35
P i1 Pi2 Pi3
The second load is to the

-1.02 left
X1
at X1=9.18 m, Mtr =1224.9 KN-m/m (Location of maximum truck load) 13.48 6.92

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 7

 The maximum deflection of the bridge due to truck load occurs at a wheel load position where moment is a maximum. In general, the
deflection at the point of maximum moment, X1, due to each truck load at a distance 'a' from the left support is given by:
X1 9.18

b 11.22 of the center

dki=Pi*b*x(L12-a2-x2)/6EcIcL1 (for x<a)
where:
dki = deflection due to each truck load. 6.92
a = location of the load to be considered 13.48
b=L1-a X=L1-X1 ( X is the point where deflection is computed, for the first load, X=X1)
Ie,int= 7.648E+10 and Ie,ext= 7.747E+10
a) First Load 0.01229m= 21930.612 108.5612
a =9.18 m, b =11.22 m, x =9.18 m 12.29mm 2.50E+08 9.51E-03
145*11.22*9.18 9.51E+00
dk1= (20.4^2-11.22^2-9.18^2) =0.01229m= 12.29mm
6*2.046E+6*20.4 2.05E+06 2.05E+00
2.05E+15 26752
b) Second Load
2.05E+06 0.00E+00
a =13.48 m, b =6.92 m, x =9.18 m 0.01045m= 10.45mm
145*6.92*9.18 1.49E+04 2.06E+02
dk2= (20.4^2-6.92^2-9.18^2) =0.01045m= 10.45mm
6*2.046E+6*20.4 2.50E+08 1.23E-02
1.23E+01
c) Third Load
a=17.78 m, b=2.62 m, x=9.18 m 0.00109m= 1.09mm 2.55E+01
35*2.62*9.18 2.22E+03 2.84E+02
dk3= (20.4^2-2.62^2-9.18^2) =0.00109m= 1.09mm
6*2.046E+6*20.4 2.50E+08 2.52E-03
2.52E+00
Using the method of superposition, the total live load deflection due truck load is the sum of each deflections, dki’s.
dkt=dk1+dk2+dk3 = 12.29+ 10.45+ 1.09 = 23.83mm 24.32mm 2.43E+01

Thus, Interior girder, ∑dki = 23.83mm

Similarly for exterior girder,

dk1= 12.13 mm dk2= 10.32 mm dk3= 1.08 mm 9.39
24.01 mm 12.13
dkt=dk1+dk2+dk3 = 23.53mm 24.01 2.49

ii) Deflection due to tandem load

The max. deflection of the interior girder due to tandem load occurred when a single concentrated tandem load is acting at the mid span.
dtl=Pstl*L13/48EcIc
where: dtl = deflection due to tandem load.
Pstl = Single concentrated tandem load = 110KN 110
dtl= 2*110*20.4^3/(48*2045933.2) = 0.01902m = 19.02 mm 1.90E+01 1.90E-02
1.90E+01
iii) Deflection due to lane load
WL1=9.3 18.6
dLa = 5*WL1*L14/(384EIe) = 5*(9.3*2)*20.4^4/(384*2045933.2) = 0.0205m = 20.5 mm 0.0205m = 20.5 mm
2.05E-02
2.05E+01
Thus, the total live load deflection becomes:
dk = 0.25*dkt+dla 26.458 2.65E+01
dkt = (0.25*23.83)+20.5 =26.458 mm (for 25% of truck load) 1.32E+01 2.65E+01
-1.23E+01
dmax=mg*dkt= 0.5*26.458=13.23mm (< 25.5mm) The deflection is within the limit. <

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 8

 Investigation of Fatigue Limit State
U=0.75*(LL+IM)
U= Fatigue load shall be one design truck with 9m spacing.
Maximum moment results when the two front axles are on the span and the rear axle is out of the span.
Mmf= 0.75*1.15(Mmax)
24 L1 0 L2 m1 -4.3 m2 m3 m2 m3 Mtr
23
22 0.10
0.125 2.04
2.55
20.40
18.36
17.85 -2.02948
-1.526875 1.831920 1.077375
2.224875 0.913920 1.831920
2.224875 0.913920 478.82625
1.077375 398.14680
21
20 0.15
0.175 3.06
3.57 17.34
16.83 -1.05028
-0.599695 2.59182 1.326255
2.932755 1.21482 2.59182
2.932755 1.21482 617.55645
1.326255 551.9628
19
18 0.2
0.225 4.08
4.59 16.32
15.81 -0.17512
0.223445 3.24768
3.536595 1.41168 3.24768 1.41168 675.6072
15
119 0.25
0.275 5.1
5.61 15.30
14.79 0.596
0.942545 3.7995 1.471095
4.036395 1.5045
1.511895
3.536595
3.7995
4.036395
1.471095
1.5045 733.93563
1.511895 789.94
837.49113
75 0.3
0.325 6.12
6.63 14.28
13.77 1.26308
1.557605 4.24728 1.448655
4.432155 1.49328 4.24728
4.432155 1.49328 907.23363
1.448655 876.589
31 0.35
0.375 7.14
7.65 13.26
12.75 1.82612
2.068625 4.59102 1.281375
4.723875 1.37802 4.59102
4.723875 1.37802 943.16313
1.281375 929.425
24 0.4
0.425 8.16
8.67 12.24
11.73 2.28512
2.475605 4.83072 1.010055
4.911555 1.15872 4.83072
4.911555 1.15872 945.27963
1.010055 948.448
0.45 9.18 11.22 2.64008 4.96638 0.634695
0.83538 4.96638 0.83538 913.58313
933.658
10 86 0.475
0.5
0.525
9.69
10.2
10.71
10.71
10.20
9.69
2.778545
2.891
2.977445
4.995195
4.998 0.155295
4.974795 0.408 4.995195
4.998
4.974795
0.634695
0.408 848.07363
0.155295 885.055
12
13 0.55
0.575 11.22
11.73 9.18
8.67 3.03788
3.072305 4.92558
4.850355 -0.12342
-0.428145 4.92558
4.850355 0 820.5349
0 810.83215
14
16 0.6
0.625 12.24
12.75 8.16
7.65 3.08072
3.063125 4.74912
4.621875 -0.75888
-1.115625 4.74912
4.621875 0
0 796.4476
777.38125
17 0.65 13.26 7.14 3.01952 4.46862 -1.49838 4.46862 8.160 753.6331
948.45
415.07
74.49
Mmax occurs at x = 8.16 m and equals to 948.448KN-m 0 5.572
Mg SIm = 0.467/1.2= 0.389
Mmf= 0.75*1.5*Mg SIm*(Mmax) = 415.065KN-m 1.2 0.467
Mmf= the maximum moment for fatigue. 0.389
161.5 <
a) Tensile live load stresses
for interior girder
d = 1268 mm, x = 239.211 mm, Icr=75.185*E+9 mm4 239.211 75184802647 7
fsmax = n*Mf*(d-x)/Icr 39.76 239.211 mm 1268
fsmax= 39.757 Mpa

b) Reinforcing Bars
The stresses range in straight reinforcement bars resulting from fatigue load combination shall not exceed.
If fsmax < ff , then there is no problem of fatigue. Otherwise increase area of reinforcing bars.
ff is the stress range.
fmin is the minimum live load stress where there is stress reversal. For simply supported slab bridge, r/h is 0.30 and fmin is zero.
ff=145-0.33fmin+55(r/h) =145+55*0.3=161.5Mpa 161.5
fs < ff (39.757 < 161.5 Mpa) OK! fs ff

THE DESIGN IS COMPLETED!

Prepared by: Abrham Gebre Girder Design 9