Authorship Full Merged Final

INSTABRIGHT e-GAZETTE
ISSN: 2704-3010
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CERTIFICATE OF PUBLICATION
T h i s c e r t i f i c a t e i s p r e se n t ed t o
DR. LOWIE B. BALBAGUIO

in recog niti on of th e p ubli cation of h is/h er arti cl e en titl ed
“PRI CE CHECKOFF OF CORN YIEL D IN T HE M ARKET”
P ubli sh ed on th i s int ern ational e- mag azin e Volu me II , I ssue II .
Sign ed thi s 30 t h d ay of Novemb er in th e year of ou r Lo rd

Tw en ty Tw en ty.
ALVIN B. PUNONGBAYAN
Administrator / Editor-in-Chief
ISSN: 2704-3010
Volume II, Issue II
November 2020
Available online at www.instabrightgazette.strikingly.com
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PRICE CHECKOFF OF CORN YIELD IN THE MARKET
DR. LOWIE B. BALBAGUIO

Research Coordinator/Senior High School Coordinator
Ardemil National High School
Ardemil, Sara, Iloilo, Philippines
lowiebbalbaguio78@yahoo.com
JOHNNY L. CRISTOBAL
Director, Community Extension Services
Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College Ajuy Campus
Sto. Rosario, Ajuy, Iloilo, Philippines
johnnycristobal05@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Several studies reported that corn farming was successful but there are still unheard
laments and unspoken cries the corn farmers have. This study aimed to determine farmers’ level
of satisfaction towards price checkoff of corn yield in the market. This study utilized the mixed
qualitative-quantitative descriptive method. Fifty-two randomly selected corn farmers from the
municipality of Ajuy answered the five scale researcher-made questionnaire–checklist. Mean and
t-test were the statistical tools used. To warrant ethical issues, the researchers of this study
consulted research ethics experts. The result of the study showed that farmers were dissatisfied
of the price checkoff of corn yield in the market. Attention should focus on Local Government Unit
and other government and non-government agencies partnership as well as intervention and
provision of market material and issues concerning grain buying, farming financial
aid/assistance/subsidy, corn farming loan and regulation of price checkoff in the market.
Therefore, local government of the municipality of Ajuy must see to it that there should have
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Editorial Team
Editor-in-Chief: Alvin B. Punongbayan Associate Editor: Andro M. Bautista
Managing Editor: Raymart O. Basco Web Editor: Nikko C. Panotes
Manuscript Editors / Reviewers:
Chin Wen Cong, Christopher DC. Francisco, Camille P. Alicaway, Pinky Jane A. Perez,
Mary Jane B. Custodio, Irene H. Custodio, Mark-Jhon R. Prestoza, Keive O. Casimiro,
Rjay C. Calaguas, Mario A. Cudiamat, Jesson L. Hero, Albert Bulawat, Cris T. Zita, Allan M. Manaloto
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ISSN: 2704-3010
Volume II, Issue II
November 2020
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proper program and policies superseding on the problems meet by corn farmers. A partnership
with other private institution providing assistance to those helpless corn farmers can be of great
relief. However, farmers should secure their selves with proper farming understanding and
knowledge in framing through personal efforts to equally indemnify the government trust and
equity.
Keywords: Corn, Corn Farming, Corn Marketing, Corn Buying Business, Price Checkoff
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Editorial Team
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November 2020
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INTRODUCTION
Corn production is scattered geographically over various parts of the country and one of
the most fruitful growth is found in the province of Iloilo.
Farmers sacrifice a lot in farming from finances to efforts just to stretch labors and earn
from corn farming. Climatic variability, pests and diseases are among of the challenges
confronting local farmers (Reyes, 2009). Congruent to trials that devastated the corn farm, there
are these genetic modifications to resist against pests, low production, low farming cost and other
farming problems (Afidchao, et al, 2014; Liang et al., 2017; Ray et al., 2018). There have issues
on the transportation cost and system (Rossouw and Young, 2013). These are just some of the
issues and concerns identified by former researches.
Several studies reported that corn farming was successful but there are still unheard
laments and unspoken cries the corn farmers have. Despite of the adversities that the corn
farmers suffered during the planting to harvest season, farming endeavor continues. Although
corn has a price floor with the National Food Authority, farmers are at the mercy of traders who
buy their corn, and they cannot complain if the buying price gets too low. They consider low corn
prices as a crop failure, and most of them have experienced it. In fact, it has gone as low as P7
per kilo, as reported by the farmers. With the low price, they cannot recover the amount spent
during the entire cropping season and would have a negative net income for that season. Mostly,
farmers have buying agreements with traders they borrow from, so even if the price floor is higher
than the buying price of the trader, the farmers still receive a lower price (Manuel, 2018).
The premises contained above arouse the interest of the researchers to study on the
farmers’ view on the corn market. Hence the research will be conducted to solicit the perception
of the corn farmers on the level of satisfaction towards the check off of corn grain yields in the
market.
Generally, the researchers aimed to determine the farmers’ level of satisfaction towards
the price checkoff of corn yield in the market.
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Editorial Team
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ISSN: 2704-3010
Volume II, Issue II
November 2020
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Specifically, this study aimed to answer following question: (1) What are the farmers’ levels
of satisfaction towards the price checkoff of corn yield in the market when the farmers are
classified according to financing type, length of farming practice and seed input size? (2) Are there
significant differences on the farmers’ levels of satisfaction towards the price checkoff of corn yield
in the market when the farmers are classified according to financing type, length of farming
practice and seed input size?
This study was anchored on the theory of “Requirements for Effective Grain Marketing” as
used by Watson (1996) in the related study in business and marketing. The theory focused on
the pricing, marketing, buying and selling arrangements, grading and quality assurance of the
grain product specifically the corn grains. This theory also encompasses the financing type seed
input size and the knowledge of the corn farmer in farming which refers to the length of farming
Several studies reported that corn farming was successful but there are still unheard laments and
unspoken cries the corn farmers have. Anent to this, the researchers would like to know the
farmers’ levels of satisfaction towards the price checkoff of corn yield in the market in the
municipality of Ajuy, Iloilo
METHODOLOGY
This study utilized the descriptive method of research. Descriptive research describes a
certain present condition. The technique that was used under descriptive method was the
normative survey approach and evaluation, which is commonly used to explore opinions
according to respondents.
The respondents of this study were fifty-two corn farmers selected using simple random
sampling. They were taken from the different barangays, specifically, the places with corn
plantation, in the town of Ajuy. The respondents were classified according to financing type, length
of farming practice and seed input size. When the farmers were classified according to financing
type, there were seven (7) or 13.46% under the group of personally financed and forty-five (45)
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or 86% under the group of financed by others. When the farmers were classified according to
length of farming practice, there were twenty (20) or 38.46% under the group of below 10 years
and thirty-two (32) or 61.54% under the group of 10 and above. When the farmers were classified
according to seed input size, there were forty (40) or 76.92% under the group of below 3 bags
and twelve (12) or 23.08% under the group of 3 bags and above.
The five scale researcher-made questionnaire–checklist was used in this study. For
reliability and internal consistency of the instrument, Cronbach’s alpha of .864 was obtained in
the test that showed that the data gathering instrument is reliable and consistent.
Mean was used to determine the farmers ‘level of satisfaction towards the price checkoff
of corn yield in the market when the farmers are classified according to financing type, length of
farming practice and seed input size. t-test was be used to test significant differences on the
farmers’ levels of satisfaction towards the price checkoff of corn yield in the market when the
farmers are classified according to financing type, length of farming practice and seed input size
To guarantee impartiality, integrity and to warrant ethical issues, the researchers of this
study consulted research ethics experts.
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Editorial Team
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November 2020
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RESULTS
Table 1
The farmers’ level of satisfaction towards the price checkoff of corn yield in the market
when the farmers were classified according to financing type, length of farming practice
and seed input size
Category f Mean SD Description

Entire Group 52 1.33 0.40 Dissatisfied
Financing type
Personally financed 7 1.31 0.34 Dissatisfied
Financed by others 45 1.33 0.41 Dissatisfied
Length of Farming practice
Dissatisfied
Below 10 years 20 1.35 0.31
Dissatisfied
10 and above 32 1.32 0.45
Seed input size
Below 3 bags 40 1.31 0.38 Dissatisfied
3 bags and above 12 1.39 0.48 Dissatisfied
Note: 0.01-1.00 Completely Dissatisfied, 1.01-2.00 Dissatisfied, 2.01-3.00

Neutrally Satisfied, 3.01-4.00 Very Satisfied, and 4.01-5.00 Extremely
Satisfied.
The result of the study showed that when taken as an entire group, farmers’ level of
satisfaction towards the price checkoff of corn yield in the market is dissatisfied, (M = 1.33, SD =
0. 40). When the farmers were classified according to financing type, personally financed was
dissatisfied (M = 1.31, SD = 0.34), and financed by others was dissatisfied (M = 1.33, SD = 0.48).
When the farmers were classified according to length of farming practice, below 10 years was
dissatisfied (M = 1.35, SD = 0.31), and 10 years and above was dissatisfied (M = 1.32, SD =
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Editorial Team
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ISSN: 2704-3010
Volume II, Issue II
November 2020
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0.45). When the farmers were classified according to seed input size, below 3 bags was
dissatisfied (M = 1.31, SD = 0.38), and 3 bags and above was dissatisfied (M = 1.39, SD = 0.48).
Table 2
Significant differences on the farmers’ levels of satisfaction towards the price checkoff of
corn yield in the market when the farmers are classified according to financing type,
length of farming practice and seed input size
Category df Mean SD t-ratio p-value

Financing type 50 .116 0.908
Personally financed 1.31 0.34
Financed by others 1.33 0.41
Length of Farming practice 50 .201 0.841
Below 10 years 1.35 0.31
10 and above 1.32 0.45
Seed input size 50 .599 0.552
Below 3 bags 1.31 0.38
3 bags and above 1.39 0.48
p>.05 Not significant at 0.05 alpha
The result of the study revealed that there was no significant difference on the farmers’
levels of satisfaction towards the price checkoff of corn yield in the market when the farmers are
classified according to financing type, t(50) = 0.116, p = 0.908. The result of the study showed
that there was no significant difference on the farmers’ levels of satisfaction towards the price
checkoff of corn yield in the market when the farmers are classified according to length of farming
practice, t(50) = 0.201, p = 0.841. The result of the study revealed that there was no significant
difference on the farmers’ levels of satisfaction towards the price checkoff of corn yield in the
market when the farmers are classified according to length of farming practice, t(50) = 0.599, p =
0.552. Thus, the null hypothesis which states that there are no significant differences on the
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Editorial Team
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ISSN: 2704-3010
Volume II, Issue II
November 2020
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farmers’ levels of satisfaction towards the price checkoff of corn yield in the market when the
farmers are classified according to financing type, length of farming practice and seed input size
is accepted.
DISCUSSION
The result of the study showed that level of satisfaction towards the price checkoff of corn
yield in the market especially that the small-scale farmers in the municipality of Ajuy are
dissatisfied. They had been receiving lower net incomes because of the lower production from
the cheaper varieties of corn, from the higher interest rates from financiers, lack of farming
updates on farming technology, lack of supports/interventions from Local government unit (LGU)
Department of Agriculture (DA) and other government agencies.
Corn farmers financed by private institution/person usually signing contract for financing
loans with high interest, provisions of farming seeds, chemicals and fertilizers in a high cost. In
return, harvest will be peddled to financier. With the low price, they cannot recover the amount
spent during the entire cropping term and would have a negative net income. Mostly, farmers
have buying agreements with traders they borrow from, so even if the price floor is higher than
the buying price of the trader, the farmers still receive a lower price. The worst case but had been
a real scenario for decades was, the farmers endure high interest and low harvest cost from the
investors.
Corn farmers usually farming corn because they unable to land themselves job like
professionals do. These farmers are habitually live in the highland parts of the municipality. They
also suffered from the limited access of the government projects and assistance in terms of
farming seminars, innovations and technology. These unfortunate corn farmers rely only on their
farming observations from their ancestors which had been farming and unfortunately loosing farm.
Since nothing to feed the hungry family members, loosing farm is continued for generation.
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Editorial Team
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ISSN: 2704-3010
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November 2020
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Generally, the lack of access to government projects, assistance and knowledge in
farming innovations limit the production of corn to levels far below potential. Loans with high
interest and low corn harvest check off price loses the farmer. Thus, they remain in a cycle of
poverty.
CONCLUSIONS
The two principal conclusions of this study with respect to the farmers’ levels of
satisfaction towards the price checkoff of corn yield in the market in the municipality of Ajuy are
that attention should be given to the LGU and other government and non-government agencies
partnership as well as intervention and provision of market material and issues concerning grain
buying, farming financial aid/ assistance/ subsidy, corn farming loan and regulation of price
checkoff in the market. Therefore, local government of the municipality of Ajuy must see to it that
there should have a proper program superseding on the problems meet by the corn farmers. A
partnership with other private institution providing assistance to those helpless corn farmers can
be of great relief. However, farmers should secure their selves with proper farming understanding
and knowledge in framing through personal efforts to equally indemnify the government trust and
equity.
One of the identified factors of their dissatisfactions is the corn buyers who buy their
product in a low cost. The merciful buyers must put their eyes and heart in the place of those
helpless farmers. Hence, pricing should be given parameter to establish fairness.
Corn farmers should share knowledge and sources of information on how to cope with
problems, issues and constraints in farming and must collaborate project with government entities
such as State Universities and Colleges, Department of Agriculture, Local Government Unit,
Department of Agriculture for the conduct of farmers’ field schools and training sessions which
provide farmers with updated farming technology for maize farming through extension and
research services, assistance for subsidized hybrid seeds and fertilizers through agricultural
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Editorial Team
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November 2020
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production intensification programs, likewise, partnership with the corn farmers, corn buyers, farm
financers, livestock raisers, poultry raisers, piggeries, bakeshops, and other agencies to work
together to increase productivity and help each other, known as the ‘bayanihan’ and initiate a
system in the formulation of the local product cycle is encouraged.
Local Government Unit(LGU)on the other hand, should extend support the corn farmers
in the locality. Thus, designing programs and interventions that can help the farmers improve
farming techniques is opportune.
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Editorial Team
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ISSN: 2704-3010
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November 2020
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REFERENCES
Afidchao, M., et al. (2014). Analyzing the farm level economic impact of GM corn in the
Philippines. Published journal. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences.
www.elsevier.com. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
BAS. (2004). Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Diliman, Quezon City,
Philippines.
FSSRI. 2000. Annual Report – Farming Systems and Soils Research Institute, College of
Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines.
Gerpacio, R.V. (2003). The roles of public sector versus private sector in R&D and technology
generation: the case of maize in Asia. Agricultural Economics 29:319-330.
Gerpacio, Roberta V., Jocelyn D. Labios, Romeo V. Labios. Emma I. Diangkinay.2017. Maize in
the Philippines: Production Systems, Constraints, and Research Priorities. Mexico, D.F.:
CIMMYT.
Gonzales, L.A., and G.F. Lapiña. (2003). The Philippine Corn Industry in Global Transition:
Some Strategic Issues and Policy Directions. Paper presented during the First Philippine
Corn Annual Symposium and Planning Workshop, January 15-17, 2003, Monte Vista
Resort, Calamba, Laguna, Philippines.
Liang, X-Z., Y. Wu, R.G. Chambers, D.L. Schmoldt, W. Gao, C. Liu, Y-N. Liu, C. Sun, and J.A.
Kennedy. (2017). Determining climate effects on US total agricultural productivity. Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. doi:10.1073/ pnas.1615922114.
Manuel, Clarice Colleen Q.(2018). Small-scale corn farmers’ misfortunes.
https://businessmirror.com.ph/. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
Reyes, Celia M. (2009). Climate Variability, SCF, and Corn Farming in Isabela, Philippines: A
Farm and Household Level Analysis. A Published Research. Philippine Institute for
Development Studies. March 2009. http://researchgate.com. Retrieved November 3,
2019.
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ISSN: 2704-3010
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Rossouw, W. And Young, J. (2013). Effectiveness of the management of price risk
methodologies for the corn market based on trading signals. A Published journal. Risk
governance & control: financial markets & institutions / Volume 3, Issue 1, 2013.
www.elsevier.com. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
Watson, A.S. (1996). Principles of grain marketing: some lessons from Australian experience.
ACIAR Technical Reports No. 38, 47p. Australian Centre for International Agricultural
Research, GPO Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 2601. Pre-press production by Arawang
Information Bureau Pty Ltd. Canberra. Australia.
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INSTABRIGHT e-GAZETTE

DR. LOWIE B. BALBAGUIO

“PRI CE CHECKOFF OF CORN YIEL D IN T HE M ARKET”

P ubli sh ed on th i s int ern ational e- mag azin e Volu me II , I ssue II .

Sign ed thi s 30 t h d ay of Novemb er in th e year of ou r Lo rd

DR. LOWIE B. BALBAGUIO

Category f Mean SD Description

Note: 0.01-1.00 Completely Dissatisfied, 1.01-2.00 Dissatisfied, 2.01-3.00

Category df Mean SD t-ratio p-value

p>.05 Not significant at 0.05 alpha

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