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INTRODUCTION

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A STEAM TURBINE ESSENTIALLY CONSISTS
OF A FOLLOWING PARTS

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Major Parts

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 COMPONENTS OF STEAM TURBINES
 Casing (Cast Steel)
 Nozzle Block (11% - 13% Cr. Steel for Nozzles)
 Rotor (Wheel with sets of rotating blades – 11% - 13%
Cr. Steel for blades)
 Glands (carbon rings / labyrinths)
 Bearings (Journal / anti-friction
 Thrust Bearings (Tilting Pad / anti-friction)
 Over Speed Device
 Governor
 Governor Valve
 Emergency Steam Stop Valve

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 A) CASING

a) Generally Turbine casings are used for split horizontal

and vertical position.The casing houses the bladed rotor
Nozzles, Diaphrams.

b) It also holds glands for steam sealing each end for

preventing leakage of steam.

c) Steam casing are generally of cast steel of BS 3100

B2/A2.It can stand with temperature. 400oC.

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 B) NOzzLES
 In the nozzle stam is expanded from ahigh pressure to
low pressure. Thus a certain amount of heat energy is
converted into kinetic energy.

C) BLAdES
 The Steam with high velocity flows over curved blades
and its direction of motion changed. The Blades which
change the directiuo of steam issuing from nozzles.This
causes a change of momentum and force thus
developed devices the turbine shaft. Material Of
Construction : 21cr mov 57
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 TURBINE ROTOR
Design:
 The Turbine rotor consists of three principal portions: Front
Portion (1 to 6); Blading Portion (7 to 9) and Rear Portion (10 to 14)

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d) governor
 Governor is a device, Which senses the speed of
turbine and controls the steam to the turbine to maintain
the speed at a desired level to meet changes in load
(or) steam flow.

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 Inlet
Steam

Speed Setting
Mech.

Speed Governer. Transducer Control Valve

Actuator.
T

Speed
Sensor

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 governor
 It regulates the speed of the Turbine

 It operates a built in valve in the steam inlet line

 It is either Mechanical or Hydraulic

 In Mechanical type, the fly weights open out or close in,

which inturn opens or shuts the steam inlet vlave thereby
increasing or decreasing the speed respectively
 In Hydraulic type, the oil pump pressure increases or
decreases raising or lowering the plunger or piston which
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in turn actuates the steam valve
 e) Servo mechaniSm.

 This mechanism works and an amplifier of governor

signal for throttle valve activation.
 This consists of a pressure balanced pilot valve
controlling the supply of high pressure oil to the power
piston.

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 F) oiL pumpS

 Generally oil is containated in the reservoir which forms

the turbine and gear box base plate.
 Normally two oil pumps are available in turbines.

Main oil pump

Auxiliary oil pump

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 main oiL pump
 The main oil pump is driven by the low spoeed gear box /
extension.
 Main oil pump delivery pressure is approx.

5.0 to 6.0 kg/cm2.

auxiLiary oiL pump

 The auxiliary oil pump is driven by an electrical
motor/steam and is provided for use when starting and
shutting down the turbine.
 Auxiliary oil pump delivery pressure is approx.

1.5 to 3.0 kg/cm2. Gentech Design Center 17

 TypeS oF Turbine
A.
A. Impulse
Impulse Turbine
Turbine
The
The steam
steam pressure
pressure at at the
the outlet
outlet side
side of
of the
the
blade
blade isis equal
equal toto inlet
inlet side
side such
such aa turbine
turbine isis
termed
termed as as impulse
impulse Turbine.
Turbine.
B.
B. Reaction
Reaction Turbine
Turbine
The
The steam
steam pressure
pressure at at the
the outlet
outlet side
side ofof the
the
blade
blade isis less
less than
than atat inlet
inlet side
side of
of the
the blade.
blade.

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diFFerence

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 (i) SimpLe impuLSe

Expansion of Steam takes place in one set of Nozzles.

Hence called Impulse Turbines.
Employed for
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 (II) PRESSURE COMPOUNDED IMPULSE TURBINE

Number of Impulse Machines in series on the same shaft, allowing

the exhaust of one turbine to enter the Nozzles of the succeeding
turbine. Each simple Impulse Machine would be teamed as a
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‘STAGE’.
 (III) VELOCITY COMPOUNDED IMPULSE TURBINE (CURTIS TYPE)

This type comprises of a Nozzle of a wheel with two or more rows of moving
blades. There are also guide blades, suitably arranged between the moving
blades and set in reverse manner.
Features: More efficient, better control of speed than simple impulse
turbines. (Coppus Turbines) Gentech Design Center 22
 STEaM TURBINES MaY BE CLaSSIfIED
INTO ThE fOLLOwINg TYPES:
a) According to the method of steam expansion in
the turbine.
 Impulse turbine
 Reaction Turbine
 Combination of impulse and reaction turbine.
b) According to the direction of flow of steam in the turbine
 Axial flow turbine
 Radial flow Turbine
 Mixed flow Turbin
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 STEaM TURBINES MaY BE CLaSSIfIED
INTO ThE fOLLOwINg TYPES:

c) According to the final delivery pressure (or)

Exhaust condition of steam turbine.

 Condensing Turbine
 Back Pressure Turbine.
 Extraction Turbine.

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 STEaM TURBINES MaY BE CLaSSIfIED
INTO ThE fOLLOwINg TYPES:
d) According to the number of stages of turbines.

 Single stage turbine.

 Multi stage turbine.

d) According to the pressure of steam turbines.

 Low pressure turbine.

 Medium pressure turbine.
 High pressure turbine.
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 SafETY DEVICES
(MEChaNICaL DEVICES)
1. Over speed Trip

2. Master trip

3. LP Trip

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 DaNgER SIgNaLS
UNUSUaL VIBRaTION

NOISY BEaRINgS

aBNORMaLLY hOT BEaRINgS

OIL RINgS NOT TURNINg

DISCOLOURED OIL

LOw OIL PRESSURE

ExCESSIVE gLaND LEakagE

BROkEN LUBRICaTORS

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Starting the turbine

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 Protection SyStem

Special Purpose Turbines

Low Lub. Oil Pressure Trip

High Brg. Temp. Trip

High Vibn. Trip

High Axial Disp. Trip

Const. Speed Governor

Relief Valve in Exhaust

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What to check for in running turbineS

Noise Levels
Leakage from Glands
Vibration at Bearing Housings
Bearing Temperatures
Movement of Oil Rings of Sleeve Bearings
Governor Oil Level (for Oil Relay Governors)

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 StandardS
API 611
General purpose steam turbines for refinery service (non-
critical)
API 612
Special purpose steam turbine for refinery service (critical)

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 Parameter range
Inlet Pressure : ~ 4 ATA to 140 ATA
Inlet Temperature : ~ 1400 C to 5400 C
Extraction Pressure : ~ 3 ATA to 64 ATA
Exhaust Pressure : ~ Condensing to 45 ATA
Speeds : 3000 rpm to 25000 rpm
Power : ~ 1 MW to ~ 100 MW
Driven Machines : Generator
Compressor
Axial Turbo Blower
Boiler Feed Pump
Inlet Temperature upto 5700 C for Special Application

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 trouble Shooting
Labyrinth Rubbing
• - Progressively increasing Vibration.
- Steam Leakage
- Seal Damage
Causes
* Journal/ Thrust Bearing failure
* Rotor Shaft Bent
* Heavy fluctuations in inlet steam temperature Remedy
* Check and replace Journal/ Thrust Bearing
* Check & record readings of rotor
* Proper operation of Boiler.

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 trouble Shooting
Bearing Failure
- Damage to Bearing
- Vibration Causes
* Oil Contamination.
* Inlet temp of Oil is high.
* Less oil supply .
Remedy
* Rectify Laby Glands.
* Check oil cooler supply.
* Check oil supply line is not chocked.
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 trouble Shooting
Governor - Hunting
- Cycle variations in speed above and below the normal
set speed.
Causes
* Worn out thrust carrier
* worn out needle roller bearing of rocker arm
* worn out Gov. weights.
- Remedy
* Check & replace the bearings
* Check & replace needle roller bearing of rocker arm
* Check & replace Gov. weights.
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