See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/272171932

Catalytic hydrotreating of waste cooking oil for renewable diesel production

Conference Paper · January 2013

CITATION READS

1 672

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Reliable Bio-based Refinery Intermediates (BioMates) View project

Pyrolysis of plastic waste and marine litter View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Stella Bezergianni on 13 February 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Catalytic hydrotreating of waste cooking oil for
renewable diesel production

Stella Bezergianni
Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
sbezerg@cperi.certh.gr

Athanasios Dimitriadis
Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece

Summary

A new technology based on catalytic hydrotreating of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) for biodiesel
production has been developed in the Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH). The main
premise of this process is the conversion of the WCO fatty acids into normal- and iso-paraffins. The
technology was evaluated in hydroprocessing pilot plants of CERTH where feedstock origin as well as
optimal catalysts and operating parameters where identified. The fractionated diesel product, called
“white” diesel exhibits excellent fuel properties including higher heating value (over 49MJ/kg),
negligible acidity, higher oxidation stability and higher cetane number (~77) than conventional
biodiesel. The overall product yield is ~92% v/v. This new suggested technology is extremely
appealing as it employs existing refinery infrastructure and expertise, offers feedstock flexibility,
leaves no by-product and above all is economically attractive.

1 Introduction energy security and other environmental

The petroleum fuels play a very important role
in the development of industrial,
transportation, and agricultural economies as
well as in other human activities. However,
fossil fuels are limited and depleting day-by-
day as their consumption is rapidly increasing.
Moreover, the environmental implications due
to their extended use are growing societal
concerns. Hence, research and industry are
focusing on alternative fuels in order to satisfy
the future energy demand while satisfying the
aforementioned concerns of fossil fuels.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to
conventional or ‘fossil’ diesel. Countries all
over the world have started taking some
measurements for biodiesel production.
Acceptance of Kyoto protocol and clean
development mechanism (CDM) will lead to
more biodiesel production around the world.
For instance, it is anticipated that this policy
will lead to a total biofuel demand in EU of
around 19.5 and 30.3 million tons in 2012 and
2020 respectively. Biodiesel production is
expanding rapidly around the world, driven by
concerns. Given geographic disparities
between demand and supply potential,
biodiesel trade expansion is observed. Global
potential in biodiesel production is very
unclear, but in the long run it could satisfy
substantial percentage of transport fuel
demand. Currently, biodiesel can be more
effective if used as a complement to other
energy sources.
By far the most common biofuel within the EU
is FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) biodiesel
produced via the transesterification of
vegetable oils. FAME has several advantages
over fossil-based diesel fuel. Firstly, the cetane
number of biodiesel is generally higher than
that of the conventional diesel [1], which up to
a certain extent may improve its auto-ignition
ability. Also, FAME viscosity is normally
twice as high as that of conventional diesel fuel
[2], which is important for the engine lubricity.
Moreover, FAME is biodegradable as well as
free from sulfur and aromatics [3], [4].
Regarding emissions, commercial FAME
biodiesel significantly reduces PM exhaust
emissions, which are particularly high in large
cities, but slightly increases NOx emissions
[4], [5].
However, 1st generation biofuels, such as
FAME, face several limitations as far as their
production process and use in vehicles are
concerned. The cost of raw vegetable oil is
limiting the biodiesel market as it renders the
overall FAME too expensive to compete with
fossil diesel. Only FAME from waste cooking
oil can have a competitive price but it can not
be used as the only lipid feedstock as it reduces
the FAME quality and the price of waste
cooking oil is rapidly increasing.
Another important disadvantage of the 1st
generation biofuels such as FAME is their
affiliation with the “food-versus-fuel” debate,
as the food prices were raised due to the
increase of energy crops cultivation over food
crops; biofuel production was accountable for
3-30% of the increase in food prices in 2008.
Moreover, the increase in global population,
will demand more food and feed dedicated
land. The insufficient land for cultivation of oil
plants increase the overall FAME production
cost, a problem that already exists in Asia
where vegetable oil prices are high. This
particularly limits the growth of FAME
biodiesel market [6].
An alternative conversion route of triglyceride-
containing feedstocks is catalytic
hydrotreatement (HDT). Catalytic hydro-
treatment is used in the petroleum refinery
industry to remove undesirable elements (S, N,
and metals) from petroleum fractions, leading
to upgraded products (gasoline, diesel etc) or
intermediate streams (light-cycle oil, gas-oil
etc). Catalytic hydrotreatment has been applied
to vegetable oils as an alternative production
route to alternative diesel, also referred to as
“green diesel” [7], [8]. Even though “green
diesel” has the same feedstock considerations,
it is a renewable fuel containing hydrocarbons
and no oxygen, thus it is a stable and fully
compatible fuel with fossil diesel.
Furthermore, it exhibits superior characteristics
including high cetane number, increased
oxidation stability, high heating value and low
sulfur content.
However the future of biofuels markets lies on
technologies that do not compete with food but
only on residual feedstocks. Second generation
biofuel technologies are the focus of research
activities around a variety of technologies and
biomass types that lead to different alternative
fuel types.
In this paper hydrotreatement of waste cooking
oil (WCO) is studied as an alternative
technology for the production of “white”
diesel. The main premise of this process is the
conversion of the WCO fatty acids into
normal- and iso-paraffins. White diesel
production is performed in a hydroprocessing
pilot plant of CPERI/CERTH. This
hydroprocessing pilot plant can be used for
both hydrotreating and hydrocracking
applications as it offers a wide range of typical
operating pressures and temperatures. The first
and perhaps the most critical step defining the
hydrotreating effectiveness (product yields and
quality) and operability (expected run-length)
is the selection of a suitable hydroprocessing
catalyst [9]. During the study, the process of
selecting a suitable hydroprocessing catalyst
for the conversion of WCO was carried out, as
there were no studies available regarding WCO
hydrotreatment. Therefore, a hydrotreating
NiMo-based catalyst was selected as the most
suitable one for hydrotreating of WCO
feedstock.
The next step of the study was to evaluate the
optimum operating parameters for NiMo
catalyst. Three key operating parameters
defining hydrotreating effectiveness were
studied, included hydrotreating temperatures,
liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) and
hydrogen-to-oil ratio (H2/Oil). In order to
identify the optimal operating parameters,
several product characteristics were
considered, including product yields,
conversion, heteroatom removal (sulphur,
nitrogen and oxygen), saturation of double
bonds and catalyst life expectancy.
The optimal hydroprocessing catalyst as well
as operating conditions (temperature, pressure,
H2/WCO etc) defined offer a total liquid
product which contains over 85% of molecules
within the diesel boiling point range. The
diesel fraction of this total liquid product, to be
called white diesel, has improved fuel
characteristics (cetane number, oxidation
stability, heating value etc). Finally, it should
be noted that this new biodiesel production
technology is extremely appealing as it
employs existing refinery infrastructure and
expertise, offers feedstock flexibility, leaves no
by-product and above all is economically
attractive.
This work was supported by the EU-Program
LIFE+ LIFE08 ENV/GR/000569.
2 Materials and methods
As it was mentioned above, the first step of
this study was to evaluate three different
commercial catalysts for the hydroprocessing
of WCO. The catalysts that were tested were a
hydrotreating catalyst, a mild-hydrocracking
catalyst and a severe hydrocracking catalyst.
The next step of the study was to evaluate the
optimum operating parameters as far as the
temperature, pressure, LHSV and H2/Oil ratio
are concerned. In order to perform the
experiments for the evaluation of the optimum
catalyst and optimum operating parameters a
small-scale hydroprocessing pilot plant
(VB01) of CPERI/CERTH was utilized with
the capacity of ~3lit/day. It is a continuous
flow hydroprocessing unit consisting of a feed
system, a reactor system and a product
separation system. The small hydroprocessing
unit was described in more details in the
authors’ previous work [10].
In order to perform the pilot-scale application
of the catalytic hydrotreating of WCO
technology for white diesel production, a
large-scale hydroprocessing pilot plant (HDS1)
of CPERI/CERTH was utilized with the
capacity of ~15lit/day. The HDS1 is a
continuous-flow pilot plant which consists of a
feed (gas and liquid) system, reactor system,
and product separator system, as depicted in
fig. 1. The whole unit resembles commercial
ones, as it is semi-automated with the
H2
(high pressure)
to vent
N2 recycle
(for blanket)
P-2
Oil
P-1
RX-1
Figure 1: Simplified diagram of the large-scale hydroprocessing pilot plant HDS1 of CPERI/CERTH
The total liquid product is collected daily and
several analyses take place in the analytical
laboratory of CPERI. The product is separated
among the gas and total liquid product. The
gas product contains the excess H2, the
decarbonylation and decarboxylation by
products CO and CO2, as well as light
hydrocrarbons (C1-C6). It should be noted that
in an industrial-scale application, the gas
product, after cleaning is compressed and then
recycled as a main source of H2. The total
liquid product contains the useful diesel
molecules, which are mainly paraffins and
isoparaffins [11], as well as the resulting water
from the decarbonylation and deoxygenation
reactions. The water is then separated as a
different phase in a precipitation vessel. The
water-free product finally undergoes
fractionation in a batch distillation unit
(HYDIS) shown in fig. 2, in order to isolate the
useful diesel molecules from the unconverted
operating parameters being automatically
controlled. User-friendly software allows the
easy handling and control of the unit.
For this study, a commercial NiMo
hydrotreating catalyst is employed, after being
presulfidied according to the catalyst provider
procedures. The original catalyst is diluted
with SiC to achieve good heat and mass
transfer to avoid feed channeling.
The innovative part of this work is the
feedstock employed which comprises 100% of
waste cooking oil (WCO). The WCO is mainly
collected from local restaurants as well as
households, after being used for frying. Before
introducing it into the experimental unit, WCO
is filtered via a regular sieve to remove any
food particles remaining in the oil after frying.
Furthermore to maintain catalyst activity,
dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) and
tetrabutylamine (TBA) were added to achieve
a specific sulfur and nitrogen concentration in
feedstock.
PC
Gas
Product
PC
Gas
Product
LC
HPLT
LPLT
LC
RX-2
Liquid
Product
heavy molecules. The capacity of the HYDIS
unit is 40L. The overall process of converting
WCO to white diesel is shown in the
simplified process diagram in fig. 3.
Product characterization was performed by
collecting and analyzing total liquid product
samples in terms of simulated distillation
(Agilent 6890N), density (DMA4500), sulfur
(ASTM D5453-93), nitrogen ASTM D 4629),
bromine index (ASTM 2719), carbon and
hydrogen content (ASTM D 5291), organic
phase water (ASTM D 1744), viscosity
(ASTM D445), heating value (ASTM D 4809),
pour point (ASTM D 97), flash point (ASTM
D 93), oxidation stability (ASTM D 2274),
cetane number (ASTM D 976). Finally the
reaction gases were analyzed with a Gas
Chromatograph equipped with a flame
ionization detector (FID) and a thermal
conductivity detector (TCD).
 N2
Condenser
CWT
Fractionation
Trap
column
PC
Liquid product
Oil heater
Figure 2: Simplified diagram of the HYDIS
unit
3 Results and Discussion
The selection of a hydroprocessing catalyst is a
critical step defining the hydrotreating
products’ yields and their corresponding
quality as well as the expected run-length of
the process. In an authors’ previous work [12]
the process of selecting a suitable
hydroprocessing catalyst for the conversion of
waste cooking oil into biofuels was presented.
In particular three commercial hydroprocessing
catalysts have been evaluated: a hydrotreating
catalyst, a mild-hydrocracking catalyst and a
severe hydrocracking catalyst. The catalyst
effectiveness has been assessed over a
temperature range suggested by the catalyst
manufacturers, covering a temperature range of
330°-390°C, under constant LHSV (1hr-1) and
a range pressure 1200-2000psig. The results
have shown that the hydrotreating catalyst
exhibited the highest conversion (~83%) as
well as the highest diesel selectivity. In all
cases the diesel yields have been over 94%.
The hydrotreating catalyst has showed a drastic
activity on heteroatoms removal as well as
saturation, while all catalyst have achieved
over 99% saturation of the WCO double
bonds. Therefore the hydrotreating catalyst is
the best catalyst for WCO hydroprocessing for
biodiesel production.
Hydrotreating of WCO was studied as a
process for biofuels production. The
hydrotreatment temperature is the most
dominant operating parameter which defines
catalyst performance as well as catalyst life. A
hydrotreating temperature range of 330°-
398°C has been explored via a series of five
experiments (330, 350, 370 385 and 398°C)
presented in an authors’ previous work [13].
For all experiments the same commercial
hydrotreating catalyst identified as optimal in
the aforementioned study has been utilized,
while the remaining operating parameters
remained constant (pressure 1200psig, LHSV
1hr-1 and H2/oil ratio 4000scfb). The results
have indicated that higher reactor temperatures
have been more attractive when gasoline
production was of interest, while lower
reaction temperatures have been more suitable
Vent
when diesel production was more important
[13].
Furthermore, in the authors’ previous work the
effect of pressure, hydrogen-to-oil ratio
(H2/oil) and liquid hourly space velocity
(LHSV) have been also examined. Reaction
pressure is a very important parameter as it
affects the hydrogenation and cracking
reactions. Three hydrotreating pressures within
a typical range 1200-1400psig have been
examined. The results have shown that, lower
pressures favour biodiesel production while
higher pressures promote cracking reactions
which reduce the biodiesel selectivity.
Moreover, the H2/oil ratio also affects the
hydrogenation reactions. Three typical ratios
(3000, 4000 and 5000scfb) have been
examined [14]. The results have shown that
WCO conversion decreases with H2/oil ratio
and cracking reactions are triggered, lowering
biodiesel production. Finally, the
hydrotreatment extent can also be observed via
the feed flow (ml/hr) to catalyst volume (m3)
or else LHSV. The LHSV is a key parameter
for regulating both catalyst effectiveness and
life expectancy. Three typical LHSV (0.5, 1.0
and 1.5 hr-1) have been tested in the same
authors’ previous study (Bezergianni 2011),
indicating that higher LHSV values were
preferable as they promoted diesel production.
From all the aforementioned studies the
authors concluded that the optimal operating
parameters were reactor temperature of 350ºC,
pressure 1200psig, H2/oil ratio 4000scfb and
LHSV 1.0hr-1.
The optimal catalyst and operating parameters
were employed for an extended white diesel
production in a larger-scale hydroprocessing
pilot plant (HDS1) which also incorporated a
fractionation unit that enables the diesel
separation, as shown in Figure 3. The HDS1
daily capacity allowed 14.4L/d of WCO to be
processed
According to the unit HDS1 daily capacity,
14.4L of WCO are processed daily utilizing.
~7200 nL H2/day to satisfy the desired H2/oil
ratio of 500 nL/L, necessary for the
hydroprocessing reactions (saturation,
cracking, deoxygenation, decarbonylation,
decarboxylation and heteroatom removal). The
reactor product was flashed in a High Pressure
Low Temperature (HPLT) separator into a
gaseous and a total liquid product. The gas
product yield was around 4,416 L/d and
consisted of the excess H2, CO and CO2 (from
decarbonylation and decarboxylation
reactions) and some light hydrocarbons. The
total liquid product yield was around 15.3 L/d
which included the desired hydrocarbons and order to separate the desired white diesel from
an aqueous phase. The total liquid product was the remaining hydrocarbons. The white diesel
separated into the two separate phases, i.e. the is by far the most significant product in terms
organic phase (paraffins, iso-paraffins, of volume production, while a heavier fraction
unconverted fatty acids) and the aqueous phase of hydrocarbons was also produced, consisting
(resulting from the decarbonylation and of the residual unconverted heavy molecules.
deoxygenation reactions). The overall white diesel yield of the process
Finally, the organic phase, which renders (Figure 3) was 91.7% v/v while of the residue
93.4%v/v of the total liquid product, was 7.7%v/v.
fractionated in the HYDIS unit (Figure 2) in

Hydrogen (Η2)
7200 lit/day Gas product
4416 lit/day

High Pressure
Separator
WCO
White Diesel
14.4 lit/day
13.2 lit/day
Reactor 14.3 lit/day

Liquid product
15.3 lit/day Precipitator Fractionation

Water
1 lit/day Residue
(6.6%) 1.1 lit/day

Figure 3: Overall pilot plant process for WCO conversion to white desel

Apparently, the catalytic hydrotreating process Table 1: Properties of white diesel

favors the conversion of heavy molecules in to
lighter molecules (Figure 4). WCO consists of Property Units Value
heavy molecules with very high boiling point Density @ 60°C) g/ml 0.7532
and for that reason it is impossible to be used Sulfur mg/kg 1.54
as fuel. After hydrotreatment, the hydrotreating Nitrogen mg/kg 1.37
product consists of lighter molecules within Cetane index 77.23
the diesel boiling point range. This is due to Flash point °C 116
the fact that catalytic hydrotreating reactions
Water mg/kg 0
favor saturation and cracking reactions and
therefore the production of lighter molecules. Viscosity @ 40°C cSt 3.54
The fractionation step is able to separate the Total acid number mg
0
white diesel product consisting of molecules (TAN) KOH/gr
within the desired diesel range. Copper strip corrosion
1b
800
(3 hr in 50°C)
700
Induction
600
time/Oxidation hr >22
stability (at110°C)
Temperature (°C)

500
Distillation of 90% °C 302.6
400
Net heating value MJ/kg 49
300
Cold Filter Plugging
200 °C 20
Point (CFPP)
100
Pour point °C 23
0
IBP 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 FBP
percent (%) Moreover, hydrotreating reactions also include
Figure 4: Distillation curve of WCO, HDT- heteroatom removal (mainly sulphur, nitrogen
WCO, white diesel and Residue (WCO •••, and oxygen) which is an important measure of
the overall hydrotreatment effectiveness, as
HDT-WCO •, white diesel (solid) and
heteroatoms are not desired in the final
Residue ()
product. Sulfur is removed via
hydrodesulfurization reactions as H2S, nitrogen
is removed via denitrogenation reactions as
NH3 and oxygen is removed via deoxygenation
reactions as CO, CO2 and water. However,
sulphur is artificially added to the feedstock as
DMDS (Dimethyl Disulfide) in significant
amount to regulate catalyst activity and
catalyst life, the absolute value of sulfur is
20000wppm.
The basic properties (density, heteroatom
content and distillation curve) of white diesel
are compared with the ones of WCO and
organic phase of total liquid product in table 1.
Heteroatom removal is expressed as the
percentage of the sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen
contained in the feed, which has been removed
during hydrotreatment reactions. The produced
white diesel contains only traces of sulphur.
From this comparison it is clear that catalytic
hydrotreatment leads to a significant density
decrease and heteroatom removal.
The fuel properties of white diesel are finally
given in table 2. This new biodiesel shows
remarkable properties. It is a light diesel with
no impurities (S, N, O, H2O). It has an
impressive cetane index which exceeds 77
(compared to fossil diesel with values ~50) and
a net heating value of 49 MJ/kg (compared to
conventional fossil diesel with 42-43 MJ/kg).
Furthermore, even though white diesel is a bio-
based fuel, it shows high oxidation stability
(>22hr while the EN standard is 6hr) and also
negligible acidity TAN (mg KOH/gr). As
white diesel is highly paraffinic it exhibits
problems with its cold flow properties which
are going to be addressed downstream via
additives.

Table 2: Products and feedstock characteristics

Hydrotreated White
WCO Residue
WCO (organic) Diesel
3
Density (at 60ºC) gr/cm 0.896 0.7562 0.7532 0.8088
C Wt% 76.74 84.59 86.67 85.48
H Wt% 11.61 15.02 14.74 14.29
S wppm 38 11.80 1.54 14.60
N wppm 47.42 0.77 1.37 2.02
O wt% 14.57 0.38 0 0.2283
Distillation (vol%)
0% °C 431.6 195.6 234.1 301.6
5% °C 525.6 271.6 291.7 318.6
10% °C 556.4 287.4 294.1 321.4
20% °C 593 302.8 295.7 369.0
30% °C 599 304.0 296.8 399.4
40% °C 601.4 305.0 297.6 422.4
50% °C 603.2 314.4 298.3 447.2
60% °C 606.8 318.0 299.1 463.0
70% °C 609 319.0 300 469.8
80% °C 610.4 319.8 301.1 475.4
90% °C 612.4 320.4 298.3 483.4
95% °C 623.6 401.6 304.2 522.2
100% °C 727.2 475.4 306.2 590.6

Finally the residue product that comes from the
fractionation of hydrotreating waste cooking
oil is a heavy diesel fraction with boiling point
above 310°C and for that reason it is not
appropriate as a fuel in car engines, but it could
probably be used as heating oil. The residue
characteristics are shown in table 1 and are
compared with the one of white diesel.
4 Conclusions
In this paper a new technology based on
catalytic hydrotreating of Waste Cooking Oil
(WCO) for biodiesel production has been
developed in the Centre for Research and
Technology Hellas (CERTH). The main
premise of this process is the conversion of the
WCO fatty acids into normal- and iso-
paraffins. Firstly, a small scale
hydroprocessing unit for the initial
experiments as far as the evaluation of the
optimum catalyst and optimum operating
parameters are concerned was utilized.
Secondly, the new technology was applied in
large-scale pilot plant hydroprocessing and
distillation units in order to produce 2 tons of
 this new biodiesel to be called white diesel.
The overall process exhibits an impressive
91.7%v/v yield from WCO to white diesel.
Furthermore, the new white diesel has superior
qualities over conventional fossil diesel as well
as conventional biodiesel (FAME). In
particular, white diesel has high cetane number
and heating value, increased oxidation stability
as well as no water and no acidity. The only
drawback of white diesel is associated with its
cold flow properties, which is addressed
downstream via additives.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their appreciation
for the financial support provided by the
program LIFE+ of the European Commission,
which funded 50% the Environmental Policy
and Governance project LIFE08
ENV/GR/000569. The authors would also like
to thank Haldor-Topsoe for providing the
catalyst for the experiments.
References
[1] Balat, B.K.: Studies on biodiesels from
transformation of vegetable oils for diesel
engines. Energy, Education, Science and
Technology. Issue 15 (2005), p 1.
[2] Balat, M.: Bio-diesel from vegetable oils
via transesterification in supercritical
ethanol. Energy, Education, Science and
Technology, Issue 16(2005), p 45.
[3] Shay, E.G.: Diesel fuel from vegetable oils:
Status and opportunities. Biomass
Bioenergy, Issue 4 (1993), p 227.
[4] Demirbas, A.: Progress and recent trends in
biodiesel fuels. Energy conversion and
Management, Issue 50 (2009), p 14.
[5] Knothe, G., Sharp, C. A., Ryan, T. W.:
Exhaust emissions of biodiesel, petrodiesel,
neat methyl esters, and alkanes in a new
technology engine. Energy Fuels, Issue 20
(2006), p 403.
[6] Atabani A.E., Silitonga A.S., Bandruddin
I.A., Mahlia T.M.I., Masjuki H.H.,
Mekhilef S.: A comprehensive review on
biodiesel as an alternative energy resources
an\d its characteristics. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, Issue
16(2012), p 2070.
[7] Šimácek, P., Kubicka, D., Kubicková, I.,
Homola,F., Pospíšil, M., Chudoba, J.:
View publication stats
Premium quality renewable diesel fuel by
hydroprocessing of sunflower oil. Fuel,
Issue 90 (2011), p 2473–2479.
[8] Šimácek,P., Kubicka, D., Šebor, G.,
Pospíšil, M.: Fuel properties of
hydroprocessed rapeseed oil. Fuel, Issue
89(2010), p 611–615.
[9] Furimsky E. Carbons and carbon supported
catalysts in hydroprocessing. RSC
Publishing, Cambridge UK. (2008).
[10] Bezergianni S., Kalogianni A., Vaslos I. A.
Hydrocracking of vacuum gas oil-vegetbla
oil mixtures for biofuels production.
Bioresource Technology. Issue 100 (2009),
p 3036-3042.
[11] Bezergianni, S., Dimitriadis A., Sfetsas T.,
Kalogianni A.: Hydrotreating of waste
cooking oil for biodiesel production. Part
II: Effect of temperature on hydrocarbon
composition. Bioresource Technology,
Issue 19(2010), p. 7658-7660.
[12] Bezergianni S., Dimitriadis A., Kalogianni
A.: Catalyst Evaluation for Waste Cooking
Oil Hydroprocessing. Fuel, Issue 93
(2012), p. 638-647.
[13] Bezergianni S., Dimitriadis A., Kalogianni
A., Pilavachi P. Hydrotreating of waste
cooking oil for biodiesel production. Part I:
Effect of temperature on product yields and
heteroatom removal. Bioresource
Technology, issue 101 (2010), p 6651-
6656.
[14] Bezergianni S., Dimitriadis A., Kalogianni
A. and Knudsen K.G. Toward
hydrotreating of waste cooking oil for
biodiesel production. Effect of pressure,
H2/oil Ratio and Liquid Hourly Space
Velocity. Industrial & Engineering
Chemistry Research. Issue 50 (2011), P.
3874-3879.