On Fibre Optics

Optical fiber transmisson system dramatically began to

develop after the first laser discovery in 1960 and after
the first low attenuation fiber was fabricated in 1970.

Fiber optics technology is based upon the combination

of semicondutors technology and optical waveguide
technology.

The principal material of which optical fibers are made

is silica, and it is abundant and inexpensive.

Optical transmission link has certain inherent

advantages over conventional copper systems.

Optical fibers have lower transmission losses and wider

bandwidths as compared to copper wires.

With optical fibre cable system more data can be sent

over longer disances, thereby decreasing the number
of wires and reducing the number of repeaters needed
over these distances.

An especially significant feature of optical fibers relates

to their dielectric nature.

This provides optical waveguides with immunity to

electromagnetic interference.

There are some practical problems with fiber optics

transmission.

First, it usually costs more than wires.

The difference in price comes from components like

transmitters, receivers, couplers and connectors.

Fiber has aleady been brought to many homes. The

fiber optics revolution may continue until fiber comes
to everyone’s home.

What Is The Internet?

The Internet is a world-wide computer network that
interconnects millions of computing devices through
the world.

Most of these computing devices are desktops, laptops,

moblie devies, tabets, servers that transmit information
such as Web pages and e-mail.

End systems, or hosts, run protocols that control the

sending and receiving of information within the
Internet.

TCP and IP are two of the most important protocols.

The Internets principal protocols are collectively known
as TCP/IP.

End systems are connected together by communication

links.

Links are made up of different types of physical media

like coaxial cable, copper wire, fiber optics and radio
spectrum.

Different links can trasmit data at different rates. The

link transmision rate is often called link bandwidth and
it is measured in bits/second.

End systems are not directly attached to each other.

They are indirectly connected to each other through
routers.

A router takes information arriving on one of its

incoming communication links and than forwards that
information on one of its outgoing interfaces.

The path that transmitted information takes from the

sending end system, through a series of comunications
links and routers, to the receiving end system is known
as a route.

The Internet uses a technique known as packet

switching that allows multiple communicating end
systems to share a path at the same time.

At the technical and developmental level, the Internet

is made possible through creation and implemetation
of Internet standards.

These standards are developed by IETF.

The IETF standards documents are called RFC.

The Internet allows distributed applications running on

its end systems to exchange data with each other.

These aplications include remote login, file transfer, e-

mail, audio and video streaming, conferencing , WWW.

The Internet provides two services to its distributed

applications: a connection-oriented service and
connectionless service.

The first service guarantees that data transmitted from

a sender to a receiver will be delivered in order.

The second one does not make any guarantees about

eventual delivery.

The Internet is an infractructure in which new

applications are being constantly invented and
deployed.