Intermediary English

Cronograma
AULA 01 Modal Can
AULA 02 Simple future
AULA 03 There was and There were
AULA 04 Past Continuous Tense
AULA 05 How much and How many
AULA 06 Adverbs of frequency
AULA 07 Do and Make
AULA 08 Each,Every and All
AULA 09 Either and Neither
AULA 10 While and During  Quantidade de Aulas
20 aulas
AULA 11 Other and another
AULA 12
AULA 13
Still, Already an Yet
Get
 Carga horária
30 horas

AULA 14 Expressions of quantity

AULA 15 Verb to be
AULA 16 Reflexive pronouns
AULA 17 In case and Unless
AULA 18 Demonstrative pronouns
AULA 19 There is and There are
AULA 20 Enjoy and Like

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 Sumário
1. MODAL CAN
1.1. Let’s practice!
2. SIMPLE FUTURE
2.1. Will
2.2. Going to
2.3. Let’s practice!
3. THERE WAS AND THERE WERE
3.1. Let's practice!
4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
4.1. Let's practice!
5. HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY
5.1. Let's practice!
6. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
6.1. Let's practice!
7. DO AND MAKE
7.1. Do
7.2. Make
7.3. Let's practice!
8. EACH,EVERY AND ALL
8.1. Every
8.2. All
8.3. Let's practice!
9. EITHER AND NEITHER
10. WHILE AND DURING
10.1. Let's practice!
11. OTHER AND ANOTHER
11.1. Another
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11.2. Let's practice!
12. STILL, ALREADY AN YET
12.1. Already
12.2. Yet
12.3. Just
12.4. Let's practice!
13. GET
13.1. Let's practice!
14. EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
14.1. Still
14.2. Already
14.3. Yet
14.4. Just
14.5. Let's practice!
15. VERB TO BE
15.1. Let's practice!
16. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
16.1. Let's practice!
17. IN CASE AND UNLESS
17.1. Unless
17.2. Let's practice!
18. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
18.1. Let's practice!
19. THERE IS AND THERE ARE
19.1. Let's practice!
20. ENJOY AND LIKE
20.1. Let's practice!
 Aula
Intermediary English
Modal Can 1
1. MODAL CAN

n this lesson, we will learn how to use the modal Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I can, which usually means to be able or to
achieve, and we can use it to indicate several
I can sing I can't sing Can I sing?

situations: You can sing You can't sing Can you sing?

Example: He can sing He can't sing Can he sing?

Possibilidade She can sing She can't sing Can she sing?

Capacidade It can sing It can't sing Can it sing?

We can sing We can't sing Can we sing?

Habilidade
You can sing You can't sing Can you sing?
Permissão
They can sing They can't sing Can they sing?
Pedido

The modal verb can has the main function of In the negative form of can, we could use can't
assisting the main verb in the sentence. and cannot, but both are in disuse, that is, it is not
used as much in daily life.
Examples:
Example:
Capacidade/Habilidade
You cannot sing.
She can drive.
To use can in sentences in the past tense, we
Possibilidade
must use could, which is the past tense of can.
It can happen to you too.
In the table below we will see how to use the
Pedido modal can in affirmative, negative, and
interrogative sentences.
Can I pay my bills?
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
Permissão
I could sing I could not sing Could I sing?
My brother can dance with you.
You could not Could you
We can use the modal verb can to construct the You can sing
sing sing?
following affirmative, negative, and interrogative
sentences. He could not Could he
He could sing
sing sing?
In the table below we will see how to use the
modal can in affirmative, negative, and She could not Could she
She can sing
interrogative sentences. sing sing?

It could sing It could not sing Could it sing?

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 We could sing We could not Could we sing? 3. Most dinosaurs walked on land, but some
sing _______ fly or even swim. could
4. She ______ drive a truck when she was only
You could not Could you
You could sing sixteen years old. could
sing sing?
5. Mary hit the tree because he _________ stop
They could not Could they her car. couldn't
They could sing 6. I read the book three times but I ______
sing sing?
understand it. couldn't
7. I ________ drive a car until I was 20, then I
In the negative form of could, we could use both
moved to the countryside so I had to
could not and couldn’t.
learn. couldn't
However, we should use could not (separate 8. In my first year as a teacher, I almost lost my
form) in formal writing, and couldn’t (contracted form) self-confidence because I ______ teach
in spoken form, which sounds more natural. anything. couldn't
1.1. Let’s practice! 9. Ellen was the only one who______ understand
me, but now he ______ either. could can't
Exercise 1: Use can or can't. 10. No matter how hard I try, I ______ see the
difference in the two pictures. could
1. Her mom only speaks English. She _____ 11. I _______ finally talk to John after I tried to
speak French. reach him on the phone for hours. could
2. I ____ swim a hundred meters. 12. Mary says she _____ speak four languages but
3. It's interesting that bees _____ make honey. she ______ talk to customers yesterday. can
4. Mary _____ get good marks at school because couldn't
he never studies.
5. A dog _____ swim very well in a sea, lake, or Common expressions in English idioms.
rive.
Hit the nail on the head- do the thing correctly.
6. What's sports ____ you play?
7. Peter _____ climb trees, he is ill. A big cheese- an important or a powerful person
8. Mr. Kent _____ buy a bog house and Ferrari in a group or family.
because he is very rich.
9. A clown _____ do a lot of tricks and make Give someone a bird- make fun.
children laugh.
Lion’s share- a major share.
10. Samira _____ do his homework without his
father's help. Salt on the earth- fundamental good people.
11. Ellen _____ drive very fast because she has
got a sports car. Sands of time- tiny amounts of time.
12. That old woman ____ cross the street by
Shake a leg- to go fast, hurry.
herself. William is helping him.
Got the wind up- to be scared.
Exercise 2: Use can, can't, could, or couldn't.
Dressed up to the nines- wearing fancy clothes.
1. I _______ go to the party last night because I
was sick. couldn't Cast in the same mould- to be very similar.
2. My sister ______ swim last year, but now she
_______. can can

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 Aula
Intermediary English
Simple future 2
2. SIMPLE FUTURE

2.1. Will travel

he simple future can be used in several ways, They will not

They will travel Will they travel?
T depending on the context and purpose. travel

When we want to build sentences in the

In the negative form, we can use will not or the
future tense we use will and going to.
contracted form won't.
We use will to express an idea of an uncertain
Example:
future, in other words, we are not sure what will
happen. we can also use will to express a She will not study tomorrow.
spontaneous idea taken at the exact moment.
She won't study tomorrow.
In the affirmative form, the simple future is formed
by the addition of the auxiliary verb will or the
contraction 'll + the infinitive of the verb. 2.2. Going to

Example: We also use (going to) to refer to the future, but

a certain future, that is to say, we are sure it will
He will study tomorrow.
happen.

He'll study tomorrow. We use (going to) to indicate our plans and
intentions or to make predictions based on current
Take a look at the table below using the
evidence.
affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of
will. Example:

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa She is going to study tomorrow.

I will travel I will not travel Will I travel? The formation of sentences with (going to) in the
affirmative form follows the following structure:
You will not
You will travel Will you travel?
travel Subject + verb to be + going to + main verb
He will not without to.
He will travel Will he travel?
travel
See the table below using the affirmative,
She will not negative, and interrogative forms of going to.
She will travel Will she travel?
travel
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
It will travel It will not travel Will it travel?
I am going to I am not going Am I going to
We will not travel to travel travel?
We will travel Will we travel?
travel
You are going You are not Are you going
You will travel You will not Will you travel? to travel going to travel to travel?
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 _________________________________
He is going He is not going Is he going to
travel travel travel? _________________________________
She is going She is not Is she going to
2. She’s going to study tonight.
travel going travel travel?
_________________________________
It is going to It is not going to Is it going to
rain rain rain? _________________________________

We are going We are not Are we going to

_________________________________
to travel going to travel travel?
3. They’ll go to the beach next Saturday.
You are going You are not Are you going
to travel going to travel to travel? _________________________________

They are going They are not Are they going _________________________________
to travel going to travel to travel?
_________________________________

4. We’re going to buy him a birthday gift.

2.3. Let’s practice!
_________________________________
Exercise 1: Complete the sentences using will or
going to. _________________________________

1. They are __________ get a new computer. _________________________________

2. Paul's sister is __________ have a baby. 5. I’m going to be seventeen next year.

3. I think my mother __________ like this CD. _________________________________

4. Just a moment. I _________ help you with the _________________________________

bags.
_________________________________
5. We are ________ fly to Venice in June.
6. You’ll be the next to give a party.
6. I don't know yet. Perhaps I __________ stay at
home. _________________________________

7. You look pretty tired. You should have a break. _________________________________

I ________ have a rest.
_________________________________
8. John wants to buy Sue a present. What is
Common expressions in English idioms.
he ________ give her?
Change horses in midstream- to change plans.
9. I'm dying for a drink. Are you? I _______ get
you a glass of juice. Cap it all- to finish.

10. You look so happy! What's the matter? Mary
and I are _________ have a baby.
Exercise 2: Turn these statements into the
interrogative and into the negative forms.
1. You’re going to the party.
_________________________________
Jump to a conclusion - If someone jumps to a
conclusion, they evaluate or judge something without
a sufficient examination of the facts.
Let nature take its course- to allow someone to
live or die naturally.
Like a sitting duck- totally unaware.

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 Zip it - This is used to tell someone to be quiet. Give-up the ghost- to die.

Zip your lip - If someone tells you to zip your lip, Got the slap on the wrist- got light punishment.
they want to shut up or keep quiet about something.
('Zip it' is also used.) In black and white- to give in writing.

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 Aula
Intermediary English
There was and There were 3
3. THERE WAS AND THERE WERE

n this lesson, we will learn how to use there was Examples:

I and there were, that we use to talk about things
from the past tense.
Was there a pen here?

Were there ten apples?

There was and there were would be the past
tense of there is and there are.
About there was and there were there not much
As in the present, the past tense also takes two to talk about because it has specific uses, just need to
forms. know when to use one and the other.
3.1. Let's practice!
There was
Exercise 1: Follow the patterns:
There were
ax - an - in the garage -> There was an ax in the
There was is used in the singular and there were garage.
we used in plural form.
on the table - hammers -> There were hammers
Examples using there was: on the table.

There was a girl outside. 1. book - on - a - table - the.

There was a book on the table. ________________________________

Examples using there were: 2. five - crying - babies.

There were two books on the table. ________________________________

There were three boys outside. 3. a - boy - outside.

When we want to use there was and there were ________________________________

in the negative form, just use was not or contracted
form (There wasn't). 4. the - table - two - books - on.

Examples: ________________________________
There was not a pen here.
5. crying - baby - a.
There wasn’t a pen here.
________________________________
When we want to make a question, we must
6. a pie – in the freeze.
follow the following structure:
________________________________
Examples:
7. boys – outside – three.
Was there?
________________________________
Were there?

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 8. box – candies - in this.
________________________________
9. on the sofa - hammer.
________________________________
10. in the icebox - eggs.
________________________________
Exercise 2: Fill the gaps with the correct form of
there was and there were.
1. ___________ a lot of traffic in Valencia.
2. ___________ anywhere to park around here?
3. ___________ much sugar.
4. ___________ enough time to finish?
5. ___________ a few bananas and a few apples.
6. ___________ only one way to solve this
problem.
7. ___________ anyone here who wants to
volunteer?
8. ___________ a lot of people
supermarket.
9. ___________ a lion in our wardrobe.
10. ___________much traffic yesterday?
Common expressions in English idioms.
In the blues- low spirited
You said it!- Used to say you agree completely
with something just said.
You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours - This
idiom means that if you do something for me, I'll return
the favor.
You what? - This is a very colloquial way of
expressing surprise or disbelief at something you have
heard. It can also be used to ask someone to say
something again.
You're toast - If someone tells you that you are
toast, you are in a lot of trouble.
You've got rocks in your head - Someone who
has acted with a lack of intelligence has rocks in their
head.
You've made your bed- you'll have to lie in it -
This means that someone will have to live with the
consequences of their own actions.
Youngblood - Young people with new ideas and
fresh approaches are young blood.
Young Turk - A Young Turk is a young person
who is rebellious and difficult to control in a company,
team, or organization.
in the
End in smoke- to bear no result
Get your wires crossed- If people get their wires
cross, they misunderstand each other, especially
when making arrangements ('Get your lines crossed'
is also used.)
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 Aula
Intermediary English
Past Continuous Tense 4
4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

he past continuous tense, also known as Past 2. She / work at three o’clock.
T Progressive tense is used to indicate a
situation that was developing in the past, in
_____________________________________

other words, something that is happening. 3. They / eat chocolate at three o’clock.

The Past Continuous Tense is formed as

______________________________________
follows:
4. We / watch TV at three o’clock.
Past of the verb to be + main verb + Ing.
______________________________________
Example:
5. He / use the Internet at three o’clock.
I was studying until late last week.
______________________________________
It can also indicate an action that happened in the
past when another action happened. The second verb 6. You / cook lunch at three o’clock.
is used in the simple past.
______________________________________
Example:
7. We / travel to London at three o’clock.
I was cleaning my room last night when the
______________________________________
phone rang.

In the negative form, we just add not after ______________________________________

was/were.
8. You / not / play cards when the murder
happened.
Example:
______________________________________
She was not studying last night.

In the interrogative form, just add was/were at the ______________________________________

beginning of the question.
9. The dog / not / play outside when the murder
4.1. Let's practice! happened.

Exercise 1: Make the positive past continuous: ______________________________________

Example: ______________________________________

Mary / sleep at three o’clock 10. Mr. John/ not / work in his study when the
murder happened.
Mary was sleeping at three o’clock.
______________________________________
1. Freddy / read at three o’clock.
______________________________________
______________________________________

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 Exercise 2: Use the verbs in brackets in the
past continuous tense:
1. She (sleep) when he arrived home.
______________________________________
______________________________________
2. He (study) until late for the test.
______________________________________
______________________________________
3. We (relax) in the living room’s couch.
______________________________________
______________________________________
4. They (drink) coffee yesterday morning.
______________________________________
______________________________________
5. They (show) a good movie on the TV last night.
______________________________________
______________________________________
6. She (play) hockey.
______________________________________
______________________________________
7. They (swim) in the pool.
______________________________________
______________________________________
8. We (listen) to music.
______________________________________
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______________________________________
9. Mary (dance) with two boys.
______________________________________
______________________________________
10. The cat (sleep) in the basket.
______________________________________
______________________________________
Common expressions in English idioms.
Give me five- If someone says this, they want to
hit your open hand against theirs as a
Way of congratulation or greeting.
Give me a hand- If someone gives you a hand,
they help you.
Just for the heck of it - When someone does
something just for the heck of it, they do it without a
good reason.
Loaves and fishes- done for material benefits.
Like a shag on a rock- completely alone.
Let someone slide- neglect something
Let the cat out of the bag- reveal the secret
Left to your own devices- If someone is left to
their own devices, they are not controlled and can
do whatever they want.
Just for the record - If something is said to be
just for the record.
Give someone a piece of your mind- If you give
someone a piece of your mind, you criticize them
strongly and angrily.
 Aula
Intermediary English
How much and How many 5
5. HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY

e use how much and how many to ask How many girls are there in your classroom?
W questions
something.
about a certain amount of
Here are some examples of English words that
are countable.
These terms are related to the use of the words
Sugar
many and much.

First, let's recall the difference between many and Water

much.
Air

We use many with countable nouns. Tea

Example:
Rice
I need many eggs.
Anger

We use much with uncountable nouns. Fear

Example:
5.1. Let's practice!

I need much money. Exercise 1: Use how much or how many to

complete the questions.
The only difference between how many and how
much is that we use how many with countable nouns 1. ___________ stars are there in the sky?
and how much with uncountable nouns.
2.___________is that apple pie?
So we use how much to ask for the amount of
3. ___________ is that fish?
something countable and also being used as an
expression to ask for the price of something. 4. ___________ birds are there?

Example: 5. ___________ water is in the bank?

Asking the amount of something. 6. ___________ countries are there in the world?

How much money do we have? 7. ___________ bread is eaten per day?

Example: 8. ___________ bones are there in the human

body?
Asking for the price of something.
9. ___________ people live on islands?
How much is this doll?
10. ___________ information is on the internet?
We use how many to ask the amount of
something countable. Common expressions in English idioms.

Example:

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 Jam on your face - If you say that someone has unpleasant side to the character.
jam on their face, they appear to be caught,
Have a one track mind- think only of one thing.
embarrassed or found guilty.

Jam tomorrow - This idiom is used when people Have clean hands- be guiltless.
promise good things for the future that will never
In dribs and drabs- in small amounts at a time.
come.
In cahoots with- in a partnership usually for a
Jane Doe - Jane Doe is a name given to an dishonest reason.
unidentified female who may be party to legal
If the shoe fits, wear it- This is used to suggest
proceedings, or to an unidentified person in the
that something that has been said might apply to a
hospital, or dead. John Doe is the male equivalent.
person.
Jekyll and Hyde - Someone who has a Jekyll
In droves- When things happen in droves, a lot
and Hyde personality has a pleasant and a very
happen at the same time or very quickly.

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 Aula
Intermediary English
Adverbs of frequency 6
6. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

e use adverbs of frequency to express when Example:

W someone does something, that is, it serves to
indicate the routine or when some action was
We clean the house daily.

taken repeatedly. Seldom

We can use adverbs of frequency both past,

Public services seldom work well in that country.
present, and future.
Notes:
Some examples of adverbs of frequency.
Adverbs of frequency:
Always
Must come before the main;
Example:
Can be used at the beginning or end of the
I always go to school by bus.
sentence;

Usually When has the verb to be, we should use it after.

Example:
In the negative sentences, it must come after the
I usually wake up full of energy. and before the main verb.
6.1. Let's practice!
Sometimes
Exercise 1: Put the words in the correct order:
Exemplo:
1. always/him/I/love/will
It is sometimes very hot in the summer.
_______________________________
Never
_______________________________
Example:
2. I/television/watch/usually
He never listens to my advice.
_______________________________
Often
_______________________________
Example:
3. He/computer/sometimes/uses/the/television
She writes often.
_______________________________
Hardly
_______________________________
Example:
4. drink/wine/Mary/rarely
I hardly ever study.
_______________________________
Daily

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 _______________________________
5. Susan /that/ said /never
_______________________________
_______________________________
6. invited/him /never/ have /Peter/ would
_______________________________
_______________________________
7. take /to/they/ the /boys/sometimes/school
_______________________________
_______________________________
8. Matha/tennis/plays/always
_______________________________
_______________________________
9. Ellen/lazy/usally/is
_______________________________
_______________________________
10. said/I/what/forget/never
_______________________________
_______________________________
Exercise 2: What's the alternative that only
presents frequency adverbs?
a) badly – gently – fast – often
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b) often – rarely – usually – always
c) always – rarely – fast – softly
d) often – always – badly – fast
Common expressions in English idioms.
In the doghouse- If someone is in the doghouse,
they are in disgrace and very
Unpopular at the moment.
Just off the boat - If someone is just off the boat,
they are naive and inexperienced.
Just what the doctor ordered - If something's
just what the doctor ordered, it is precisely what is
needed.
Nobody’s fool- one who can take care of
himself.
Not having a leg to stand for- not having proof.
Rack and ruin- If something or someone goes to
rack and ruin, they are utterly destroyed or wrecked.
Rain on your parade- If someone rains on your
parade, they ruin your pleasure or your plans.
You do not get a dog and bark yourself - If
there is someone in a lower position who can or
should do a task, then you shouldn't do it.
You get what you pay for - Something that is
very low in price is not usually of very good quality.
Go bananas- If you go bananas, you are wild
with excitement, anxiety, or worry.
 Aula
Intermediary English
Do and Make 7
7. DO AND MAKE

7.1. Do Do a dance Do your best

e use often "do" with certain nous to Do a drawing Do your nails

W describe activities, chores, and tasks.

We use "do" to replace a verb when the meaning
The verb "do" is used when no physical
is clear or obvious.
object is produced.
It's more common in informal English.
Example:
Example:
I have to do my homework.
Do I need to do my hair?
We can also use "do" instead of another verb to
talk about certain jobs. We can also use "do" as an auxiliary verb to
asking questions in the present.
Example:
Example:
Can you do the shoes before the children go to
school? Do you like chocolate?

We can also use "do" when we talk about

general or indefinite activities, instead of specific 7.2. Make
activities.
We use (make) to produce, build, create, or to
Example:
build something new.

Did you do anything about the broken window Example:

this morning?
The firm I work for makes children’s clothes.
Look some expressions using "do".
I made some fresh coffee and gave her a cup.
Do well Do a fart
We use (make) with certain nouns, especially
Do your best Do a job when we are talking about an action that someone
realizes.
Do your hair Do anything

Do your nails Do business Example:

Do a favor Do chores Try not to make a noise.

Do business Do nothing Can I use your phone to make a call?

Do the laundry Do research We can also use (make) to produce action or

reaction.
Do a burp Do work
Example:

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 She makes me happy. Make breakfast Made form Make you
grapes happy
It’s not my fault. My brother made me do it!
Make you
We use (make) to prepare food and drinks. Make dinner Made in China
sleepy

Example: Make a cup of

Made by me Make you smile
coffe
I made a cake for her birthday.

I have to make dinner.

Plans and Decisions Speaking and Sounds
Look some expressions using (make).
Make arrengements Make a noise

Make a bet Make a decision Make a choice Make a comment

Make a cake Make a difference Make a decision Make a speech

Make a call Make a discovery Make a plan Make a suggestion

Make a change Make a face

Make a choice Make a friends 7.3. Let's practice!

Make a comment Make a joke Exercise 1: Use do or make according to what

you have learned:
Make a complaint Make a loss
(You may need to conjugate the verb.)
Make a confession Make a mistake

Make a connection Make a phone call 1. You shouldn’t be mean to others, it can ______
a lot of harm to people’s feelings.
Make a date Make a promise
2. Father Christmas ______ a list and checks it
twice, trying to find out who’s been naughty or nice.
Therefore, we can conclude that we use "do" to:
3. Could I ______ a suggestion?
Work,Jobs Non-Specific Replace Verb
and Tasks Activities When Obvious 4. She ______ a date with her boyfriend last
Saturday night.
Do the
Do something Do your hair
housework 5. It is difficult to ______ a decision about what to
study at university.
Do your
Do nothing Do the dishes
homework 6. Peter went outside to ______ a phone call.

Do a good job Do anything Do the exam 7. She ______ a lot of lists of things to do, but
she never does any of the things.
Do your chores Do everything Do the laundry
8. If you’ll ______ the dishes, I’ll sweep the floor.
Portando, podemos concluir que usamos
9. Could you call the manager, please? I’d like to
"Make" para:
______ a complaint.

Food,Drink Product Produce a 10. I feel terrible! I really must ______ some more
and Meals Materail/Origin Reaction exercise! Will you come for a run with me tomorrow?

Make your eyes 11. The child ______ a face behind the teacher’s
Make a cake Made of gold
water back.

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 12. Ellen helped the children to ______ drawings b) things we could not have dreamed of 10 years
of the flowers. ago.

13. Let’s ______ a date to meet and talk about 4. The local council is doing...
your business idea.
a ) nothing to help solve traffic congestion.
14. Sorry, I ______ a mistake. The restaurant isn’t
b) changes to traffic flow in the city centre.
here, but on another street.
Common expressions in English idioms.
15. Could you possibly ______ me a favor and
bring dessert to my dinner party
Heart missed a beat- very excited.
tomorrow?
Heart in the right place- good-natured.

Exercise 2: Choose the most likely sentence Spill the beans- to expose a secret.
ending.
Snake in the grass- a hidden army.
1. The company makes...
Spill the beans- to expose a secret.
a) small electric motors.
Snake in the grass- a hidden army
b) a lot of work for charity.
Go tell it to birds- This is used when someone
2. The children in the class worked really
says something that is not credible or is a lie.
hard. They made...
Earth shattering- not at all surprising.
a ) everything they could to help.
For a song- If you buy or sell something for a
b ) presents for all their brothers and sisters. song, it is very cheap.

3. With recent advances in technology, we are

A bird’s eye view- a view from a very high place
now able to do...
which allows you to see a large area.
a ) powerful computers as small as a cigarette
packet.

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Each,Every and All 8
8. EACH,EVERY AND ALL

e use each to refer to things individuals in a We can't say every people or each people, but
W group or a list of two or more things, being
used with countable nouns in the singular.
we can say all the people or everybody.

The word each is used when there are only two

Examples: objects in use.

Each day is an adventure. Look at the comparison between each and every.

I spoke to each individually. Mary wore anklets on each ankle. correct

Each (student) has to pass the test. Mary wore anklets on every ankle. wrong

Each can also be accompanied by of (each of). The first sentence is correct because Mary has
only two ankles, that is, only two objects being used.
Examples:

Each of us has problems. 8.2. All

Each of can often be accompanied by the, my,
We use all to refer to a total number of people or
your, his, us, them and etc.
things in a group.
Example:
We can use all with a plural noun to generalize
Each of (the) my friends likes ice cream. over an entire group of something.

Often, each has a meaning similar to every. Example:

Although they have the same meaning, each and All elephants are slow.
every are not the same.
We can use all with singular, plural, or countable
8.1. Every nous. That nous can also be replaced by pronouns.

We use every when we are talking about a Example:

whole, that is, a group. Also, we use every with
countable nouns in singular. All of the pages are yellow and old.

Example: Sometimes we can put all after a pronoun to

emphasize that each of that group is included.
I brush my teeth every day.
Example:
Note that in the sentence "I brush my teeth
every day" the week is a set of days, such as: I hope you all have a great time.

Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and so on. Comparing all vs each.

Each and every can't precede the word people. We use the word all to refer to the entire group as
a whole.

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 We use the word each to refer to the individual 2. _______ day long I’ve worked on my project.
members of the group.
3.We have _______ confidence in her.
Example:
4. The shirts that I have are _______ black and
I say goodbye to each student as they leave the
white.
room.
5. He devotes _______ spare moment to his
I say goodbye to all student as they leave the
hobby.
room.
6. _______ people have the right to be equal.
Summary:
7. I heard _______ word you said.
All
8. I have invited _______ my friends.
We use all to talk about a total number of things
9. Not_______ dogs are clever.
considered as a group and not individual.
10. I’ve spent _______ my money.
Every

We use every to talk about things in the Common expressions in English idioms.
collective, as a group more than the individual.
Cards are stacked against- luck is against you.

Each Eleventh hour decision- Decision that is made

We use each to talk about members of a group,

at the last possible minute
but separately.
Gift of the gab- talent of speaking, if someone

8.3. Let's practice! has the gift of the gab, they speak in a persuasive
and
Exercise 1: Use each or every.
Interesting way
1. _______ of the students has three books.
Never-never land- ideal best place.
2. She goes to the gym _______ day.
Wet behind the ears- Someone who is wet
3. You need to wash _______ of them before use.
behind the ears is either very young or
4. You need to take a break _______ two hours. inexperienced.

5. We enjoyed _______ minute of our holidays. You can't un-ring a bell - This means that once

6. _______h answer is worth 2 points. something has been done, you have to live with

7. _______ student has written an e-mail. the consequences as it can't be undone.

8. We loss $40_______. You could have knocked me down with a

9. They’re open _______ day except Sunday. feather - This idiom is used to mean that the
person
10. These lemons cost 25 cent _______.
was very shocked or surprised.
Exercise 2: Use all or every.
You reap what you sow - This means that if you
1. He obeys _______ rule in the school.

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 do bad things to people, bad things will happen to Gives cold shoulder- to ignore.
you,
Fool's paradise- A fool's paradise is a false
or good things if you do good things. It is normally
sense of happiness or success.
used when someone has done something bad.

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Intermediary English
Either and Neither
9. EITHER AND NEITHER
e use neither as the negative sense and
W either as a positive sense.
We use either + a noun in the singular to
talk about two things of the same type.
Example:
Either drink is fine. I like both kinds.
Either is more used for choices, that is, to say the
idea of one or the other, any of the two.
Example:
He’s either Spanish or Italian.
There’s chocolate or ice-cream. You can have
either.
In my opinion, either team can win.
Whenever there is a negative word in a sentence,
we use either to transmit the idea of none.
Exemplo:
I can’t speak France.
I can’t either.
We can use either of + plural nouns before a
pronoun or a word like this, the or my.
Exemplo:
Either of my dresses is good.
We can use either and neither when we are
talking about a noun.
Exemplo:
Which drink would you like? Either is fine.
Which cake do you want? Neither! I’m going to
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Aula
9
have an apple.
Neither, nor either, do not follow a specific
translation, so, you have to practice and observe.
Neither expresses the idea of none or nor.
Exemplo:
We have two TVs, but neither works properly.
I like neither coffee nor tea.
We can use (neither) at the beginning of a
sentence or clause, just reverse the words.
Exemplo:
I’m not at home. Neither is john.
I don't like coffee. Neither do I.
We can't use either with another negative
sentence.
Exemplo:
I don’t want neither chocolate nor crisps.
(Wrong)
I want neither chocolate nor crisps. (Correct)
When we want to talk about two different things,
we can use either + noun + or + noun.
Exemplo:
We could use either some apples or
some oranges.
Exercise 1: Use either or neither.
1. I don’t like Italian so I don’t really want to go to
_______ restaurant.
2. _______ me nor my sister like mushrooms.
3. Please will _______ you or Mary buy some Common expressions in English idioms.

milk later? Drive a wedge between- to break relationship

4. Do _______ of you have a black dress I can between the two

borrow? Dances to the tune- to always do what someone

5. _______r of them want to come with me so I tells you to do

suppose I will have to go by myself. Crack a book- to open a book to study.

6. I don’t think England or South Africa will in the Have an egg on the face- be embarrassed

world cup this year, _______ of them. Have eyes bigger than stomach- desiring more

7. I'm not at home. _______ is John. food than one can eat

8. We could use _______ blue paint or red paint. Fall on our feet- If you fall on your feet, you

9. She will buy _______ some apples or some succeed in doing something where there was a
risk of
oranges.
failure.
10. I don’t like _______ one of those options.
Salt on the earth- fundamental good people.
11. _______ bob nor his sister is going to the
Sands of time- tiny amounts of time.
conference.
Shake a leg- to go fast, hurry.
12. Pass me _______ one of those pens.
Fall on your sword- If someone falls on their
13. _______ my brother nor my mother knows
sword, they resign or accept the consequences of
about this.
what they have done wrong.

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While and During 10
10. WHILE AND DURING

hile é used for two actions that are child.

W happening at the same time.
4. ______ Peter was talking a bath, the phone
Examples:
rang three times.
He was eating while I was reading the
5. ______ we lived in London, we met many
newspaper.
interesting people.
While she was eating, her brother was
6. Where are my friends ______ I most need
watching TV.
them?
We use, when, not while, to talk about
7. ______ I was driving, I listened to a very
something that occurs at the same time as an action
or a longer event. interesting radio program.

Example:
8. Who did you meet ______ you arrived to the
We were playing monopoly when the lights
party?

went off. 9. I will take care of my father ______ my mother

He was walking back to his flat when he heard

goes to the doctor.
an explosion.
10. She had climbed many a tree ______ she

We use (during) when something happens in was a girl.

relation to another event, having as a period of time.
Common expressions in English idioms.
Example:
Many moons ago- A very long time ago.
I was really bored during the meeting.
10.1. Let's practice! Once in a blue moon- very rarely.

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences using when On the bandwagon- doing something
because others are also doing it.
or while.
Go under the hammer- If something goes
1. I saw him ______ I was on my way home. under the hammer, it is sold in an auction.

2. ______ he was young. He used to smoke a Graveyard shift- If you have to work very late
at night, it is the graveyard shift.
lot.
Grease monkey- A grease monkey is
3. Ellen had a terrible accident ______ he was a
an idiomatic term for a mechanic.

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 No love lost between- dislike. Pick someone to pieces- to criticize sharply.

Fingers and thumbs- If you are all fingers Parrot fashion- If you learn something
and thumbs, you are being clumsy and not very parrots fashion; you learn it word for word.
skilled with your hands.

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Other and another 11
11. OTHER AND ANOTHER

hen we want to refer to something or Something different

W someone, different
mentioned, we use other.
from the previously
Something alternative.

Example:
Example:

Today we tried three traditional foods. Tomorrow Would you like another drink?

Sometimes we can use another as a pronoun.

we’ll try three others.
Example:
When a noun is in the plural, we should always
sue other.
I don’t like this drink. Let’s ask for another.
Example:
We can add another before "one" when the
meaning is clear in the previous text.
I’d like to listen to other songs.
Example:
We can also use the other as a pronoun, to refer
to something that has already been mentioned in the
I have already drunk two cups of coffee though
sentence.
now I want another one.
Examples:

She has two kittens, one is black and the other is 11.2. Let's practice!
all white.
Exercise 1: For each gap choose one of the
This computer here is new. The other computer
words: another, other, the other, or others.
is about five years.
1. You’ve met Mary, but I have ________ sister
11.1. Another
who you haven’t met.
We use another when we want to refer to
something that was mentioned earlier in the sentence. 2. Mandy and Peter stayed

Another will always be accompanied by a behind. ________ girls went home.

singular noun or a countable noun.
3. He was always somewhat indifferent to the
Another has the meaning of:
feelings of ________.
Something more.
4. Some music calms people; ________ music
Something additional
has the opposite effect.
Something extra
5. This one’s too big. Do you have it

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in ________ sizes? Put the cart before the horse- doing things in a

6. These boxes are for books. ________ boxes wrong manner

are for clothes. Pull up the shocks- do things in the right manner

7. This computer here is and correctly

new. ________ computer is about five years. Finger in the pie- If you have a finger in the pie,

8. There’s ________ sandwich if you’re hungry. you have an interest in something.

9. I’m going to order a drink. Would you Cross a bridge before one comes to it- worry

like ________? about the future in advance

10. I don’t like there one. I prefer ________ color. Vent your spleen - If someone vents their

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences using the spleen, they release all their anger about
something.
words other or another.
Whale of a time- If you have a whale of a time,
1. Would you like ________ piece of cake?
you really enjoy yourself
2. Are there any ________ questions?
Work your fingers to the bone- If you work your
3. Is there ________ golf course around here?
fingers to the bone, you work extremely hard on
4. Let’s go to ________ restaurant today. We
something
always go to the same one.
A bone of contention- something that people
5. I’ll wear my ________ shoes, these are dirty.
argue for a long time
6. Could I ask you ________ question if you
Bad blood- feelings of hate between two
don’t mind?
families.
7. Would you like ________ drink?
Blow one’s own horn- to praise one.
Common expressions in English idioms.

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Still, Already an Yet 12
12. STILL, ALREADY AN YET

e use still to refer to an action or situation We can't use past simple with already, but maybe
W that continues int the present because it is
not over yet.
you can hear native speakers using already in past
simple, but following the grammar, its use is incorrect.

It usually refers to something that happens longer

than expected. 12.2. Yet

Still is used before the verb or an adjective. We use (yet) in an action that we expect to
happen in the future, but (yet) is not used in the past.
Example:
When we want to use (yet) in the past, we usually
He is still asleep so don't wake him up.
put it at the end of the sentence or question.
If the verb has two parts, we use (still) between
Example:
the two verbs.
Is the report ready yet?
Example:
We also use yet to say that something expected
When I went to bed, Angelica was still working.
did not happen.
But if one of the verbs is negative, we use still
Example:
before that negative verb.
Ellen can’t go home yet, she hasn’t finished her
Example:
work.
I took the clock to repair shop though it still isn’t
working. As we have seen before, yet is used in affirmative
12.1. Already sentences, giving the sentences a meaning similar to
the use of still, although this is more formal and
We already use it to refer to an action that unusual.
happened earlier than expected.
Example:
Already é used in affirmative sentences in the
present, interrogative sentences or in the past but We have yet to hear the big news from Brazil.
never in the future.
We are still waiting to hear the big news from
Examples:
Brazil.
I already know what I’m going to buy you for
We also use still and yet together, to explain why
your birthday. an action continues.

Have you booked a flight already? Example:

Jasmine has never asked your address yet. I’m still studying at the university because I

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 haven’t graduated yet. 9. I ________ haven’t booked my ticket. I must do

it today.
12.3. Just
10. Have you seen the movie Fast &
When we want to use (just) is very simple, that is,
Furious ________?
we use it to express something that just happened,
something that we just did, or to emphasize something Exercise 2: Fill the gaps with already, yet or x (if
that we are saying.
you do not have to put either of them).
Examples:
1. Mary has ________ made tea for her doll and
Expressing something that just happened.
herself ________.
I’ve just lost my keys.
2. Has the alarm clock ________ woken Lyle
To emphasize what we are saying.
up ________?
It’s just not right.
3. The telephone has ________ rung twice

12.4. Let's practice! today ________.

Exercise 1: Fill the gaps with already, just, still or 4. Father hasn’t ________ spoken to

yet. Ken ________.

1. Peter sends his love. I’ve ________seen him in 5. How many flowers have

the high street. you ________ picked ________?

2. We can’t have chips again. 6. Has Benny ________sent a postcard to Santa

We’ve _______ had them there times this week. Claus ________?

3. I can’t decide. I _______ haven’t made a 7. Has Dick ________ told you the

decision. truth ________?

4. I haven’t phoned Martha _______. I’ll do it 8. They haven’t ________ flown by plane

when I get back from work. ________.

5. Dou you know something about Mary? She’s 9. Tod has ________ paid for the

fine. I’ve _______ spoken to her on the phone. food ________.

6. Will says he ________ this minute caught the 10. Have you ________ seen my wallet yet?

train so he’ll be here in half an hour. 11. Has the minister ________ greeted

7. Have you cleaned the bathroom ________? us________?

I’ve ________ done it. I did an hour ago. 12. I have ________ been in the

8. We’re going to a concert on Friday, but we theatre________.

haven’t bought the tickets ________. Common expressions in English idioms.

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Make a monkey of someone- If you make a At the crack of the dawn- very early in morning.

monkey of someone, you make them look foolish. Dragging its feet- delaying in decision, not

Man of his word- A man of his word is a person showing enthusiasm.

who does what he says and keeps his Promises. Blue in the face- exhausted and speechless.

Be bouncing off the walls- excited and full of Hold one’s horse- be patient.

nervous energy. Have a big mouth- one who gossips more or

A cock and a bull story- a story or an tells secret.

explanation which is obviously not true. Himalayan blunder- a serious mistake.

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Get 13
13. GET

et can be followed by a wide variety of Do you get the lesson? Understand

G adjectives and can occur at any time,
including the form progressive.
The police got him at the station. Capture

Look some phrasal verbs using get.

Example:

I’m getting hungry. Get a letter

Example:
It is also very common to put (get) and past
participle together in English to describe an action She gets a letter every single day.
taken someone else. The person doing the task does
not need to be identified. Get an email.

Example: Example:

This work will get done later today. He got an email yesterday.

In the structure (get + past participle), it works Get over

as an adjective; describes the subject noun or
Example:
pronoun of the sentence.
She is getting over her disease.
Example:

They are getting engaged next week. Get at

Example:
Get does not have an exact meaning, that is, it
can have several meanings, but it will depend on the I’m trying to get at the truth.
words that are after the get.
Get back
We also use get to replace a particular verb.
Exemplo:
Example:
I got my books back from Tom welling.
They got him by hacking into his smartphone.
Get is also used to indicate possession, it can
Notice that, in the sentence above, we could use
indicate that someone has an object, a friend or family
"caught" which would be a verb, but we use (get).
member, or even a situation.
Using get alone.
Exemplos:

Example: She’s got a beautiful smile.

He got to work an hour late. Arrive

They’ve got friends in Dallas.
I get $10 an hour. Earn 13.1. Let's practice!

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 Exercise 1: Choose the better word to b) catch
synonym closest in meaning to the original.
c) earn
1. I think it’s time for us get out of the shipping
Common expressions in English idioms.
business.
Break the back of- reduce the power of
a) Leave
something.
b) Receive
Earth shattering- not at all surprising.
c) Stay
Burn a hole in one’s pocket- to spend money
2. What are you trying to get at?
quickly.
a) Leave
Carrot and sticks- You use both awards as well
b) Say
as punishments to make someone do something.
c) Stay
Cloak and dragger- when people behave in a
3. My son got into Harvard last month.
very secret manner.
a) Say
End in smoke- to bear no result.
b) Stay
Paper over the cracks- to try to hide something.
c) Was accept to ok
Carry coals to new castle- to take something to
4. She got to work an hour late.
a place or a person that has a lot of that thing
a) arrived already.

b) arrive Cried with eyes out- cried a lot.

c) earn A cuckoo in the nest- someone in a group of

5. Do you get the lesson? people but not liked by them.

a) understand

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Expressions of quantity 14
14. EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

e use expressions of quantity to talk about He is still asleep so don’t wake him up.
W quantities. For many expressions of quantity,
the verb form is determined by the noun or
If the verb has two parts, we use still between the
two verbs.
pronoun that follows the preposition "of".
Example:
If the word some of or most of is followed by a
singular noun or pronoun, the verbal form is singular.
When I went to bed, Angelica was still working.
Examples:
But if one of the verbs is negative, we use
still before that negative verb.
Some of the icing is runny.
Example:
Most of the equipment was sold.

A lot of and lots of can be used with countable I took the clock to repair shop though it still isn’t
and uncountable nouns and we can also use it in working.
positive sentences.

Examples:
14.2. Already

There is a lot of water in the jar.
She’s lots of friends in London.
Note that, lots of sounds less formal than the lot
of, both are used in the day-to-day.
We use already to refer to an action that
happened earlier than expected.
It is used in affirmative sentences in the present,
in interrogative sentences or in the past, but never in
the future.

We use plenty of when we mean "Enough" in Examples:

the sense of "sufficient" or "leftover".
I already know what I’m going to buy you for your
Plenty of can be used with both countable and birthday.
uncountable nouns.
14.1. Still Have you booked a flight already?

Jasmine has never asked your address yet.

We use still to refer to an action or a situation
that continues in the present, because We can't use past simple with already, but
maybe you can hear American English speakers using
it's not over.
already in the past simple, but followed by grammar,
It usually refers to something that happens its use is incorrect.
more time than expected.

Still is used before the verb or an adjective. 14.3. Yet

Example:

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 We use yet in an action that we hope will happen It’s just not right.
in the future, but yet is not used in the past.

When we want to use (yet) in the past, we usually 14.5. Let's practice!
put it at the end of the sentence or question.
Exercise 1: Fill the gaps with already, just, still or
Example:
yet.
Is the report ready yet?
1. Peter sends his love. I’ve ______ seen him in
We also use yet to say that something expected
did not happen. the high street.

Example: 2. We can’t have chips again. We’ve ______ had

Ellen can’t go home yet, she hasn’t finished her them there times this week.
work.
3. I can’t decide. I ______ haven’t made a

decision.
As we’ve seen before, yet is used in affirmative
4. I haven’t phoned Martha ______. I’ll do it when
sentences, giving the sentences a meaning similar to
the use of (still), although this is more formal and I get back from work.
unusual.
5. Dou you know something about Mary? She’s
Examples:
fine. I’ve ______ spoken to her on the phone.
We have yet to hear the big news from Brazil.
6. Will says he ______ this minute caught the
We are still waiting to hear the big news from
train so he’ll be here in half an hour.
Brazil.
7. Have you cleaned the bathroom ______?
We also use still and yet together to
explain because an action continues. I’ve ______ done it. I did an hour ago.

Example: 8. We’re going to a concert on Friday, but we

I’m still studying at university because I haven’t haven’t bought the tickets ______.
graduated yet.
9. I ______ haven’t booked my ticket. I must do it

today.
14.4. Just
10. Have you seen the movie Fast &
To use of just is very simple, that is, we use it to
express something that just happened, something that Furious ______?
we just did, or to emphasize something that we're
Exercise 2: Fill the gaps with already, yet or x (if
saying.

Examples: you do not have to put either of them).

1. Mary has ______ made tea for her doll and

Expressing something that just happened.
herself ______.
I’ve just lost my keys.

To emphasize what we are saying. 2. Has the alarm clock ______ woken Lyle

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up ______? still, because you are very excited or worried
about something.
3. The telephone has ______ rung twice
Weight one’s word- be careful to what one says
today ______.
Wait for a raindrop in the drought- When
4. Father hasn’t ______ spoken to Ken ______.
someone is waiting for a raindrop in the drought,
5. How many flowers have
they

you ______ picked ______? are waiting or hoping for something that is
extremely
6. Has Benny ______ sent a postcard to Santa

Claus ______? unlikely to happen.

Walking on broken glass- When a person is

7. Has Dick ______ told you the truth ______?
punished for something.
8. They haven’t ______ flown by plane ______.

9. Tod has ______ paid for the food ______. Wrench in the works- If someone puts or throws

a wrench, or monkey wrench, in the works, they

10. Have you ______ seen my wallet yet?
ruin a
11. Has the minister ______ greeted us ______?
plan.
12. I have ______ been in the theatre ______.
Taking to a brick wall- taking with a no
Common expressions in English idioms.
response.
Apple of someone’s eye- someone loved very
Turned a deaf ear- disregarded.
much.
Take a back seat- choose to decrease
Blow someone’s mind- excite someone.
involvement.
Have ants in your pants- not be able to keep

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Verb to be 15
15. VERB TO BE

he verb to be is one of the most used verbs in He is not He isn't Is he...?

T English. To use it, we must first understand the
meaning that the message expresses so that
She is not She isn't Is she...?

we can understand the meaning of the verb in the It is not It isn't Is it...?
sentence.
We are not We aren't Are we...?
Examples using the verb to be.
You are not You aren't Are you...?
I am not at home.
They are not They aren't Are they...?
Is he a soccer player?
Examples:
We will see here the subject of the verb to be a
little deeper. You are an engineer.

She is an engineer
The verb to be (am, is, are) can be used in the
present, past, and future. He is ill.
Look the tables with the conjugations:
We are ill.
Simple Present
They are ill.

Afirmativa Contraída You are not an engineer. Are you?

I am I'm
Is she an engineer?
You are They are
Simple future
He is He's
Afirmativa Contraída
She is She's
I will be I'll be
It is It's
You will be You'll be
We are We're
He will be He'll be
You are You're
She will be She'll be
They are They're
It will be It'll be

Negativa Contraída Interrogativa We will be We'll be

I am not - Am I...? You will be You'll be

You are not You aren't Are you...? They will be They'll be

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 Negativa Contraída Interrogativa We can also use the verb to be in the contracted
form, using the pronoun + apostrophe (‘) + the verb to
I will not be I won't be Will I be...?
be.
You will not be You won't be Will you be...?
Example:
He will not be He won't be Will he be...?
She’s a good speaker?
She will not be She won't be Will she be...? 15.1. Let's practice!
It will not be It won't be Will it be...?
Exercise 1: Put in am/is/are.
We will not be We won't be Will we be...?
1. This soup _____ very tasty.
You will not be You won't be Will you be...?
2. John and his wife _____ from Manchester.
They will not be They won't be Will they be...?
3. The flowers are on the table.

Examples: 4. They _____ tall and thin.

We will be on vacation next month. 5. We _____ happy.

I think it will be raining tomorrow. 6. They _____ at school.

She will not be on vacation next month. 7. It _____ a pencil.

She won’t be on vacation next month. 8. I _____ a good student.

I will be there at eight o’clock. 9. I _____ 14 years and I _____ a student at a

secondary school.
Will you be at home tomorrow evening?
10. She _____ a funny person.
Now that you have seen the conjugations, we see
a brief summary of how to form sentences in the Exercise 2: Read the text and fill in the blanks
affirmative, negative, interrogative, and contracted with verb to be.
forms.
These _____ Mary and Ellen. They _____ twin
As you may have noticed, in affirmative sisters.They _____ 15 years old. They _____ both
sentences in the verb to be is placed after the short and slim. They _____ in the same class.They
subject: _____ always together. They _____ from London.
Their favorite food _____ pizza and their favorite
Examples: singer _____ Madonna. Mary’s hair _____ blonde
and wavy but Ellen’s hair _____ dark and
He is a good speaker.
straight.Mary _____ good at English and Ellen
In negative sentences, we use not, after the verb _____ good at Physic.They _____ very happy
to be. together.

Example: Exercise 3: Your town. Answer these questions,

use short answers.
He is not a good speaker.
1. Is there a cinema in your town?
In the Interrogative form, we use the verb to be
before the subject. ___________________________________

Example: ___________________________________

Is she a good speaker? ___________________________________

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___________________________________ ___________________________________

2. Is there a castle in your town? 8. Are there any skyscrapers in your town?

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

3. Is there an airport in your town? 9. Is there a sports center in your neighborhood?

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

4. Are there museums in your town? 10. Are there factories in your town?

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

5. Is there a shopping center near your home? 11. Is there a telephone box in your street?

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

6. Are there many trees in your street? 12. Is there a river?

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

7. Are there many parks in your town? Common expressions in English idioms.

___________________________________ Having a whole of a time - to enjoy very much.

___________________________________ Bone of contention- subject matter of the fight.

___________________________________ Bring home the bacon- to earn money to live.

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 Monkey around- to waste time here and there.
Pass muster- to be approved.
At the bottom of the ladder- at the lowest level.
Pick someone’s brains- If you pick someone's
brains, you ask them for advice,
Suggestions and information about something
they know about.

Open Pandora’s box- to discover more

Pieces of the same cake- Pieces of the same
problems.
cake are things that have the same
Pen is mightier than the sword- The idiom 'the
Characteristics or qualities.
pen is mightier than the sword' means that words and
communication are more powerful than wars and
fighting.

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 Aula
Intermediary English
Reflexive pronouns 16
16. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

eflexive pronouns are words that terminating Example:

R with self or selves and are used when the
subject and object of a sentence are the
will conduct today’s meeting. wrong.

same. We realized that (myself) doesn't work, but if we

use the pronoun (I), it would be the right way.
Example:

I believe in myself. Example:

I will conduct today’s meeting.

For each personal pronoun, there is a reflexive
pronoun, such as myself, yourself, herself, itself, Anna and I will conduct today’s meeting.
ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.
Look another example where the action of the
Look at the table:
verb falls on the subject who practices it and agrees
with him.
I Myself
Example:
You Yourself
He hurt himself two weeks ago.
HE Himself

She Herself We can also use a reflexive pronoun to

emphasize the person doing the action:
It Itself
Example:
We Ourselves
I will do my homework myself.
You Yourselves
Usually, the reflexive pronoun is preceded by the
They Themselves
preposition by.

One of the most common mistakes is the Example:

incorrect use of reflective pronouns in compound
He likes making everything by herself.
subjects or objects compounds in one sentence.
A reflective pronoun can be a direct object in a
Look at an example of the wrong use of the
sentence when the subject and the direct object are
reflective pronoun.
the same.
Anna and myself will conduct today’s meeting.
Example:
Errado
Peter decided to reward Mary with dinner out.
Note that, in this sentence, myself does not work
correctly because the subject is missing. Remember Peter decided to reward himself with a dinner
that reflexive pronouns are used to indicate that out.
reflexive action falls on the subject himself.

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 In the first sentence, Mary is the object of reward. 11. She did the laundry by ___________.
Peter is the subject, he is the reward object in the
12. He prepared everything by ___________.
second sentence, so we use himself.

Example: Common expressions in English idioms.

Having a whole of a time- to enjoy very much.

Ellen pours a cup of tea for me every morning.
Bone of contention- subject matter of the fight.
Ellen pours a cup of tea for herself every

morning. Bring home the bacon- to earn money to live.

16.1. Let's practice! Monkey around- to waste time here and there.

Exercise 1: Choose the suitable reflexive Pass muster- to be approved.

pronouns to complete the sentences. At the bottom of the ladder- at the lowest level.

1. Leon threatened to kill ___________ in front of Open Pandora’s box- to discover more

hundreds of people. problems.

2. Don’t embarrass ___________ like that. Pen is mightier than the sword- The idiom 'the

3. She cut___________. pen is mightier than the sword' means that words
and
4. Do journalists love ___________?
communication are more powerful than wars and
5. He introduced ___________ to the King.
fighting.
6. He saw ___________ in the mirror.
Pick someone’s brains- If you pick someone's
7. I’m spending more on ___________ than ever
brains, you ask them for advice, suggestions, and
before.
information about something they know about.
8. I fixed it ___________.
Pieces of the same cake- Pieces of the
9. Peter ___________ painted the house. same cake are things that have the same
characteristics or qualities
10. I bought ___________ a movie ticket.

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 Aula
Intermediary English
In case and Unless 17
17. IN CASE AND UNLESS

e use (in case) to talk about things that we not occur, or in which a statement we are making is
w must do to be prepared for possible future
situations. It is a structure that we use to
not true.

Example:
express how we're going to be careful about the
possibility of something happening. Unless you are trying to lose weight to please
yourself, it’s hard to stay motivated.
Examples:

Take your hat in case it is sunny. (Action- I’m not happy unless I ride or drive every day.
reason)
Unless is always used in positive sentences. We
cannot deny a sentence after unless because that
I put the keys here in case I forget. (Action-
would make the sentence twice negative and
reason)
meaningless.
Take an umbrella in case it rains. (Action-
Example:
reason)

Using (in case) is quite simple, that is, it serves to Unless you don’t study, you will fail.
unite two clauses of which one expresses an action,
If we had two negative sentences in both clauses,
the other expresses the reason.
we can use (unless).

We also have (just in case) which is used Example:

without the following clause and may express an idea
of precaution. I am not going to worry unless she hasn’t called
me by midnight.
Example:
We can't use unless when we're talking about a
It’s there, just in case it happens again.
condition using if.

Pack a bag, just in case. Example:

17.1. Unless
If you feel ill, I can drive.
We use (unless) in place of (if not). We can use
it in conditional sentences instead of (if not). Unless you feel ill, I can drive. (Wrong)

Example:
17.2. Let's practice!
You will damage your health unless you stop
smoking. Exercise 1: Fill the gap in each sentence with in
case or unless.
You will damage your health if you do not stop
smoking. 1. _______ I hear from you, I’ll see you at 6 pm.

Unless can also be used to present unique 2. Take the spare key _______ I am still out when
circumstances in which an event being mentioned will you get back.

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 3. I can’t help you _______ you tell me what’s 5. Ask for a receipt _______ you need it later.
wrong.
6. The alarm won't work_______ you turn it on.
4. Don’t forget to keep the receipt_______ you
need it later.
7. We got a second key _______ we lost the first one.

5. I will not go to my office by my car _______ it

9. I’ll see you at the meeting next week _______ it's
snows.
canceled before then.
6. _______ you come now, I’m going to leave
without you. 10.Take your vaccination certificate with
you _______ they ask for it at the airport.
7. Take your driving license_______ you need to
rent a car. Common expressions in English idioms.

8. I won’t email you _______ I have a problem. Stood to his guns- maintained to his opinion

9. I walk to college _______ it’s raining. Take the cloth- to become a priest.

10. I put the keys here _______ I forgot. At sixes and sevens- to be lost and bewildered.

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences below Hit the sack- Go to sleep.

with in case or unless.
Meet ones waterloo- meet ones final end.

Make a dry face- show disappointment.

1. Emma won't call you _______ you give her
your phone number.
At someone’s beck and call- to be always ready
to serve.
2. Take a map with you _______ you can't find the
hotel. Bend your ears- to talk to someone for a very
long time about something boring.
3. I won't lend you my car _______ you promise to
Bite your tongue- to stop yourself from saying
drive carefully.
something because it would be better.

4. _______ fire, press the red button.

Black and blue- full of bruises.

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 Aula
Intermediary English
Demonstrative pronouns 18
18. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

e use this and that to indicate objects or We were introduced at a party and after that,
W people who are near or far from the speaker. we met quite often.

This is used when we are close to the To use the plural form of this and that we use
issuer. these for this and those for that.

Look (this) being used in the affirmative form. Example:

Example: That = those

This is a great game. That box is brown.

That is used when we are close to the issuer. Those boxes are brown.

Example: This = these

That is an old toy. Examples:

Look (this) being used in the This is absolutely delicious.

interrogative form.
Are these your pencils here?
Example: 18.1. Let's practice!

Is that my new cell phone? Exercise 1: Change the following sentences from
affirmative form to interrogative form.
Is this book nice?
1. This book is good.
Look (this) being used in the past tense.
__________________________
Example:
__________________________
This dog was mine.
__________________________
Note that in all the sentences with this or that
comes with the verb to be. 2. That girl has dolls.

Basically what changes is the tense, but of __________________________

course, there are other ways to use this and
__________________________
that.
__________________________
For example, when we want to identify an event,
as previously mentioned. 3. This office is near the bank.

Example: __________________________

__________________________

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__________________________
4. That is my notebook.
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
5. This boy is fourteen years old.
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
6. That dog is black.
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
7. That is the toy I would like to buy.
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
8. This is what you mean.
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
9. That is my favorite place.
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
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Exercise 2: Fill the gap in each sentence with
this, that, those or these.
1. ________ are yellow pencils.
2. ________ is a wallet.
3. ________ ones are my favorite.
4. ________ bricks over there are for your
chimney.
5. ________ bottle over there is empty.
6. ________ was a great evening.
7. ________ photos here are much better
than ________ photos on the book.
8. Look at ________ newspaper.
9. ________ years at the lake were the best times
of my life.
10. ________ is my favorite teddy bear.
Common expressions in English idioms.
Over the moon - being too happy.
On its last legs- in a bad condition and will not
last long.
Pay on the nail- If you pay on the nail, you pay
promptly in cash.
Snake in the shoes- to be in a state of fear.
Talk turkey- to discuss a problem with a real
intension to solve it.
Hang in there- Don't give up.
Make a long story short- Tell something briefly.
Showing the door- asking someone to leave.
Song and a dance- an excuse.
Salad days- Your salad days are.
 Aula
Intermediary English
There is and There are 19
19. THERE IS AND THERE ARE

e use (there is) and (there are) to indicate To ask questions, just reverse the word order.
W that there is or exists something somewhere.
Example:
But there are differences between the
two forms, there is, we used for nouns in singular and Are there some apple in the table?
for uncountable things.
Yes, there are.

Example: To use there is and there are in the past, we

used there was and there were.
There is some water in the tank.

We also have the short form or contracted form of Examples:

there is which is there’s. Although it has the same
There was some water in the tank.
meaning, the second form (abbreviated) is just a little
more informal. There were some apple in the table.

Example: Interrogative form.

There’s some water in the tank. Examples:

However, (there are) is used for countable nouns Was there some water in the tank?
in the plural.
Were there some apple in the table?
Example:
Negative form.
There are some apples on the table.
Examples:
Just like there is, there are also have their
contracted form there’re. There wasn’t some water in the tank.

There weren’t some apple in the table.

Example:
Using there is and there are in the future.
There’re some apples on the table.

To use negation in there is and there are, we just Examples:

have to change the verb, since (there) is a junction
There will be a party tomorrow.
with the verb to be.
19.1. Let's practice!
Example:
Exercise 1: Look at the picture and complete the
There is not ou There isn’t text with the correct form of there is or there are.

There are not ou There aren’t

There aren’t some apple in the table.

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1. __________ one desk for the teacher
and __________ six desks for the pupils.
2. __________ a computer for the teacher.
3. __________ computers for the pupils.
4. __________ a cupboard in the classroom.
Exercise 2: Complete these sentences with there
is or there are.
1. __________ many people standing outside the
movie theater.
2. __________ a big group of people looking at
things in the museum.
3. __________ a small cat playing with some
toys.
4. How many cups __________ ?
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5. __________ two birds in the tree? Yes, there
are.
6. There are three people in the classroom: two
students and one teacher.
7. __________ a taxi waiting for us? Yes, there is.
8. __________ any books on the table? No, there
aren’t.
9. __________ four chairs and one table in the
dining room.
Common expressions in English idioms.
Get something out of your system - Do the
thing you've been wanting to do so you can move on.
Give someone the benefit of the doubt - Trust
what someone says.
Go back to the drawing board- Start over.
Pull yourself together- Calm down.
Miss the boat- It’s too late.
No pain, no gain - You have to work for what you
want.
On the ball - Doing a good job.
Pull someone's leg - To joke with someone.
So far so good- Things are going well so far.
Speak of the devil- The person we were just
talking about showed up!
 Aula
Intermediary English
Enjoy and Like 20
20. ENJOY AND LIKE

njoy has the same meaning as like, but both 20.1. Let's practice!
E have different uses. For example, we cannot
say I enjoy him, we should say be I like him. Exercise 1: Complete these sentences with like
We use (enjoy) to say that we like something when or enjoy.
we are enjoying, enjoying something or to say that we
1. I very like my mother.
are having fun, that is, we use it to talk about
experiences. 2. I really enjoyed the party last night.

Example: 3. I like it when you smile.

I hope you enjoy it. 4. He works in a bank, like his father.

One of the special rules of the word enjoy is that 5. I hope you enjoy your trip.
if a verb comes after the word enjoy, we must use
ing. 6. Your perfume smells like flowers.

Examples: 7. I really enjoyed myself last night.

You enjoy working. 8. I want to enjoy the rest of what I have.

I enjoy studying English. 9. I think she likes you.

Note that both phrases above speak of 10. Enjoy your breakfast.
experiences, but we could also use the word like, but
Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences correctly.
in a more emotional sense.
1. I really like myself last night.
Example:
____________________________________
I like my family.
____________________________________
In the sentence above we couldn't use
enjoy, because we're talking about a more emotional ____________________________________
sense, that's why we use like. Remember: enjoy is
used to talk about experiences. 2. Like your breakfast, the woman said.

Like has many uses, it can also be used as a ____________________________________

preposition, but with the sense of
____________________________________
compare something.
____________________________________
Examples:
3. She’s enjoy her mother.
He’s like her father.
____________________________________
He looks like your mother.
____________________________________
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____________________________________
4. Do you enjoy read magazines?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
5. He talks enjoy his father.
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
6. He spends money enjoy water.
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
7. I enjoy study English.
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
8. I like myself at the party.
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
9. The earth was created for us to enjoy.
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
10. Let's like some fresh air while we can.
____________________________________
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____________________________________
____________________________________
Common expressions in English idioms.
Run into the sand- If something runs into the
sand, it fails to achieve a result.
Through thick and thin- If someone supports
you through thick and thin, they support you during
good times and bad.
Vale of tears- This vale of tears is the world and
the suffering that life brings.
Velvet glove - This idiom is used to describe a
person who appears gentle, but is determined and.
Upset the apple cart- to create difficulty.
Under a cloud- If someone is suspected of
having done something wrong, they are under a cloud.
Under fire- If someone is being attacked and
criticized heavily, they are under fire.
inflexible underneath. ('Iron fist in a velvet glove'
is the full form.)
Vent your spleen - If someone vents their
spleen, they release all their anger about something.
Vicar of Bray - A person who changes their
beliefs and principles to stay popular with people
above them is a Vicar of Bray.
You can't take it with you - Enjoy life, enjoy
what you have and don't worry about not having a lot,
especially money...because once you're dead, 'you
can't take it with you.' For some, it means to use up all
you have before you die because it's no use to you
afterwards.
You can't teach an old dog new tricks - It is
difficult to make someone change the way they do
something when they have been doing it the same
way for a long time.