SHS

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Quarter II – Module 6
OPTICAL PHENOMENA &
RADIO WAVES

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Physical Science– Grade 11/12
Quarter 2 – Module XI: Optical Phenomena and Radio Waves

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Annie R. Madriago

Editors / Reviewers: Jocelyn P. Navera

Brenly B. Mendoza
Kristina N. Nieves
Aster L. Malto
Jeanine Cristobal
Kenneth De la Fuente

Illustrator: Ray Daniel G. Peralta

Layout Artist: Jose P. Gamas Jr.

Language Editor: Diana Desuyo

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• Explain various light phenomena such as:
a. Your reflection on the concave and convex sides of a
spoon looks different
b. Mirages
c. Light from a red laser passes more easily through red
cellophane than green cellophane
d. Clothing of certain colors appear different in artificial
light and in sunlight
e. Haloes, sundogs, primary rainbows, secondary
rainbows, and supernumerary bows
f. Why clouds are usually white and rainclouds dark
g. Why the sky blue and sunsets are reddish (S11/12PS-
IIIf-23)
• Describe how Hertz produced radio pulses

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 Self-Learning Module for Senior High School Learners

LESSON
OPTICAL PHENOMENA AND RADIO WAVES

For us humans and other animals, the sense of

sight is very vital in our everyday living. Visible light
makes all these possible, because no one can see
anything without it. It makes us appreciate the beauty of nature. It helps us be more
efficient with our work and other tasks. But there is more to light than meets the eye,
as the saying goes. On your previous module, light is commonly considered wave, an
electromagnetic one, in fact, as it displays wavelike properties such as reflection,
refraction, and diffractions. Yet, developments in Modern Physics have attributed
particle – like properties to light, such as scattering and dispersion. Thus, light is
considered both wave and a particle.
In this module, we will explain some of the light phenomena that we observe in
our daily lives. Have you ever wondered how rainbows, mirages and haloes happen?
Every time you take a silhouette shot of yourself every sunset, have you ever asked
yourself why such colors exist? What makes the sky appear blue when it’s a good day
and a dark one when it’s not? Moreover, we will also discover how radio waves occur
as a part of our EM spectrum. All of these and more are awaiting for you!

Hello there! Congratulations for making it

this far. There are more exciting activities that
awaits you in this module. For you to be guided
accordingly, here are your learning targets for this
lesson.

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 Explain the following light phenomena such as:
a. Reflection on the concave and convex sides of the
mirror.
b. Mirages
c. Light from a red laser passes more easily through red
cellophane than green cellophane
d. Clothing of certain colors appear different in artificial light and in sunlight.
e. Haloes, sundogs, primary rainbows, secondary rainbows, and supernumerary bows
f. Why clouds are usually white and rainclouds dark
g. Why the sky is blue and sunsets reddish.
1. Discuss how radio waves are generated and transmitted

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. What image do convex mirrors form?

A. real image B. virtual image
C. both real and virtual image D. neither real nor virtual image

2. What image is formed on the retina of the eye?

A. real and erect B. real and inverted
C. virtual and erect D. virtual and inverted

3. What light phenomena explains the formation of mirage?

A. interference B. reflection
C. refraction D. scattering

4. Arrange the colors in order from highest to lowest frequency.

I. Blue V. Orange
II. Green VI. Violet
III. Red VII. Yellow

A. I, III, IV, VI, II, V B. VII, VI, V, IV, III, II, I

C. VI, I, II, VII, V, III D. II, I, VI, IV, V, III

5. Which among the parts of the EM spectrum has the longest wavelength?
A. UV ray B. Visible light
B. C. Microwaves D. Radio waves

Hi! How did you find the test?

Please check your answers at the answer key

section and see how you did. Don’t worry if you got a low
score, this just means that there are more things that
you can learn from this module. So, hop on!

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 Before we go on with our module, let’s have a trip
down your memory lane and recall your previous
lessons regarding light and optics.

ACTIVITY 1: Light and Optics Crossword Puzzle

DIRECTIONS: Given the clues and directions below, complete the crossword puzzle.

How did you find the activity?

Have you recalled the different light properties?

Refreshing your concepts on these is important for these
properties will explain the occurrence of different light
phenomena.

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 • Light has a dual nature – sometimes a set of waves, sometimes a stream
of particles.
• Reflection is the bouncing back of light after striking a reflective surface.
• Refraction is the process wherein light passes obliquely into two mediums
of different optical density.
• Light bends towards the normal when it travels from a less dense to a
denser medium and away from the normal if it travels from a denser to a
less dense medium.
• Dispersion is the separation of white light into its component colors.
• Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser to a less
dense medium and strikes the boundary at an angle greater than the
critical angle of a material.
• In constructive interference, the amplitude of the resultant wave is higher
than the amplitude of either interfering wave, so a bright fringe is formed. In
destructive interference, the amplitude of the resulting wave can result to
zero, hence a dark fringe is formed.
• Light diffracts around sharp edges and corners.
• Scattering is the absorption and re-emission of light in different directions.
• When light falls on an object, some of it is absorbed and some is reflected
or transmitted. The color of an object depends on the color of the light that
it reflects/transmits; e.g., a red object observed in daylight appears red
because it reflects/transmits only the waves producing red light.
• A mirror with a surface that curves inward like the inside of a bowl is a
concave mirror, also known as converging mirror. They are usually used a
magnifying mirrors.
• A mirror with a surface that curves outward is a convex mirror, also known
as diverging mirror.
• All real images are inverted, all virtual images are erect.

Now let us focus on OPTICAL PHENOMENA.

How much of these wonders can you name and
observe everyday in your community? Do you know
how and why they occur?

ACTIVITY 2: DIY OPTICAL PHENOMENA

They say, it is not every day that you see rainbows and
unicorns. So why not make one at home?

Discover and analyze how these things happen.

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General Objectives:
1. Investigate how such optical phenomena exist. (Refer to each experiment)
2. Observe safety precautions in doing an investigation.
EXPERIMENT A – (Why is the sky blue and sunset red?)
Materials to be used
1. penlight or flashlight (with a more focused beam of light)
2. 5 clear glue-sticks
3. white background (paper or cloth)
4. clear tape
Procedure

1. Hold the penlight or flashlight close to one end of a clear glue-stick so the light
shines through the glue stick.
2. Placing the glue stick over a uniformly white or grey background will help you
observe what happens.
3. Place two clear glue-sticks end to end, and attach them together with the
clear tape.
4. Repeat the investigation with the
penlight, and notice any difference
in the colors along the glue sticks.
5. Continue to attach more glue sticks
with the clear tape, and notice the
changes in color and intensity along
their overall length.
http://www.exploratorium.edu/sites/default/files/gluestick_illo.gif
Guide Question:

1. What color does the flashlight emit? How does it affect the color you see on the glue-
sticks?
2. What happens to the color when you add more glue-sticks?

Observation / Results: (Briefly describe what happened during your experiment)

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT B – (Why there are rainbows?)

Materials to be used
1. Water
2. Bowl

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 3. Compact mirror
4. Flashlight (torch light on phone can be used)
Procedure
1. Fill the bowl with water, leave at least an inch from the brim.
2. Place the mirror in the bowl at an angle, half of the mirror should be placed underwater.
3. Shine the flashlight on the mirror that is placed underwater and observe what happens.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sp81xT7_bQ

Y
Guide Question
1. What is the effect of the difference in optical densities of air and water in your rainbow
experiment?
Observation / Results: (Briefly describe what happened during your experiment)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT C – (Reflection on concave and convex mirrors)

Material to be used
1. Smooth, silver spoon.
2. Pen
Procedure
1. Observe the reflection of the
pen on the concave part of the
spoon (the part where you put
the food on).
2. Try moving the spoon towards
and farther from the pen,
observe what happens to the
image.
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UVFRUYHSggGBolGxUVIjEiJikrLi4uFyAzO
DMtNygtLisBCgoKDg0OGhAQGi0dICUtLS
 3. Observe the reflection of the pen on the convex part of the spoon (back part of the
spoon).
4. Try moving the spoon towards and farther from the pen, observe what happens to the
image.
Guide Questions
1. What did you observe as you moved the spoon towards you?
2. Is there a change in your images when you used the convex mirror?
Observation / Results: (Briefly describe what happened during your experiment)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT D – (Why does a red laser light pass more easily through a red cellophane
than through a green one?)
Materials to be used
1. Red and green plastic sheets / celluloid
2. Flashlight
Procedure
1. Point the flashlight at the green plastic sheet, observe what happens.
2. Repeat the procedure but with the red plastic sheet, observe what happens.
3. Repeat the same procedure, but use the red and green plastic sheets at the same
time. Observe what happens.
Guide Question
1. What would be the result if you use a yellow plastic sheet in your procedure? How
about with other colors? What would be its outcome?
Observation / Results: (Briefly describe what happened during your experiment)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

How did you find the experiments?

Aren’t they all beautiful?
Let us know more about them in the next discussions.

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Why is the sky blue and sunset red?

When you look at the daytime sky, the light that you see is sunlight that has been
absorbed and then re-radiated in a variety of directions. This process is called scattering. (If
the earth had no atmosphere, the sky would appear as black in the daytime as it does at
night, just as it does to an astronaut in space or on the moon.)
The blue color of the sky and the red color of the sunsets are due to Rayleigh scattering,
an optical phenomenon that is dependent on this size of the particles in the atmosphere.
The size of gases and
suspended dust particles in the
atmosphere is smaller compared to
the wavelengths of visible light.
When light passes through the
atmosphere with suspended dust
particles, the shorter wavelength of
the visible light (violet and blue) are
scattered more than the longer
wavelength of visible light (red).
However, our eyes are more
sensitive to blue light; thus, we see
http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring08/atmo33 the sky as blue.
6s1/courses/fall13/atmo170a1s3/1S1P_stuff/scattering_of_light/scatt
ering_of_light.html
Meanwhile, the light that is not
scattered (red, orange, and yellow) passes through the atmosphere and reaches our eyes.
Although sunlight consists of a wide range of frequencies, not all frequencies have the same
energy. The sun appears to be yellow during midday due to the direct passage of dominant
amounts of yellow frequency.
Throughout the day, the appearance of the sun changes. It becomes red during sunset.
As the sun approaches the horizon, it traverses a greater distance through the atmosphere.
It encounters more and more atmospheric particles scattering red light, the lowest frequency
in the spectrum.
Source: Religioso, Cordero-Navaza, Optical Phenomena
Why are clouds white and rain clouds dark?

Clouds contain a high concentration of water droplets or ice crystals, which also scatter
light. Because of this high concentration, light passing through the cloud has many more
opportunities for scattering than does light
passing through a clear sky. Thus light of all
wavelengths is eventually scattered out of the
cloud, so the cloud looks white. Milk looks white
for the same reason; the scattering is due to fat
globules in the milk. This phenomenon is called
Mie scattering.
Rain clouds are dark instead of white
because of their thickness and height. As the
cloud gets thicker and denser, sunlight passing
through the cloud will be blocked, giving the
cloud a gray color.
Source: Religioso, Cordero-Navaza, Optical Phenomena

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Why are there rainbows, halos and sun dogs?

The position of a rainbow depends on the position of the observer and the position of
the sun. The position of a rainbow is always opposite the direction of the sun with respect
to the observer.
Light is refracted first as it enters the
surface of a raindrop. Part of it is reflected at
the back of the drop and refracted again as it
leaves the drop. As a result, the incoming light
is reflected back over a wide range of angles.
Light is more intense at angles between 40 ◦
and 42◦. When the light refracted twice and
reflected once by a droplet, a primary rainbow
is formed.
Sometimes, a redundant dimmer and thicker secondary rainbow is seen outside the
primary rainbow. It is caused by a double reflection of the sunlight inside the raindrop. As a
result, a second reflection, with the colors inverted (blue on the outside and red on the
inside), is formed. A secondary rainbow is formed if sunlight is refracted twice and reflected
twice and appear at an angle between 50◦ and 53◦.
Supernumerary bows are formed by small and almost similar – sized raindrops. They
are seen inside the primary rainbow and outside the secondary rainbow. Inside the primary
rainbow, they are visible and seen as closely spaced greenish and purple arcs. Outside the
secondary rainbow, they are too faint to be seen.
Halo is a ring or circle of light around the sun or
moon. It is seen at night when the moon is bright. It is
seen around the sun any time at any place on Earth
when there are cirrus clouds. Cirrus clouds consist of
ice crystals. The hexagonally-shaped ice crystals in
the atmosphere create halos by refracting and
reflecting light.
Sundogs or parhelia are created when sunlight is
refracted by hexagonal platelike ice crystals with
diameter larger than 30µm. They can be observed
throughout the year and anywhere in the world. They
Photo by: Clay S. Turner are visible when the sun is close to the horizon and at the
same horizontal plane as the observer. The difference
between sun dogs and halos is the orientation of the ice crystals through which the light
passes before reaching our eyes.
Sun dogs are observed when the
hexagonal ice crystals are oriented
with their flat faces horizontally.
Halos are observed when the
hexagonal ice crystals are randomly
oriented.

Source: Religioso, Cordero-Navaza, Optical

Phenomena

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/halo.html

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How a mirage is formed?

A mirage is a virtual image formed

when light is bent as it passes through the
atmosphere of varying densities. When
the sun heats up Earth’s surface, the air
closer to the ground is warmer and is less
dense than the air at higher altitude.
Warm air has a lower index of refraction
than cool air. As light travels along a
boundary between air of different
https://www.scu.edu/illuminate/thought-leaders/phil-kesten/why-do-we-
temperatures, light rays bend toward the see-mirages.html
cooler air.

If the air near the ground is warmer than the air at higher altitude, light rays bend upward
to the cooler air. Light refracting upward results in an inferior image.

An inferior image is “inferior” because the inverted image lies below the upright one. On
the road, a mirage gives the impression that objects are reflected by a puddle of water. In
deserts, mirages may give the appearance of a lake or a large body of water.

Another type of mirage is called a superior image. It is less common because it is unusual
for the air near the ground to be cooler. It occurs mainly in the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
Refractions occurs because the air closer to the ground is colder and denser than the air at
higher altitudes. A superior image is inverted and lies above the upright one. It takes the
form of a looming, towering figure.
Source: Religioso, Cordero-Navaza, Optical Phenomena

Why is the reflection on a convex mirror different from that of a concave one?

The image in a convex mirror is virtual, upright and reduced. A virtual image occurs when
rays only appear to converge. As the object gets closer, the image gets larger until it reaches
the size of the object when it touches the mirror. Convex mirrors cover a wider field of view
than a normal plane mirror. This is the reason why the side mirrors of vehicles are convex.

The image formed in a concave mirror

varies depending on the position of the
object from the mirror. If the object is
located beyond the center of curvature of
2F of the concave mirror, the image
would be real, inverted and smaller. If the
object is between the center of curvature
of 2F and the vertex of the mirror, the
image would be virtual, upright and
larger.

Source: Religioso, Cordero-Navaza, Optical

Phenomena

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/18/22/69/18

22691af88be8ade12055c2a7006316.jpg

10
Why do certain colors appear different in artificial light and in sunlight?
Although both sunlight and artificial light
spear to emit white light, artificial light has
a slightly different mixture of wavelengths
from that of sunlight. For example,
incandescent bulbs generate yellow light
that heightens warm colors but dulls out
cool colors. Fluorescent bulbs generate
cool blue light that intensifies blue and
green, but tends to mute warm colors.
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)
produce either a warm white, a neutral, or
a bluish light. Light – emitting diodes
(LEDs) have cooler or warmer lights.
Source: Religioso, Cordero-Navaza, Optical Phenomena
Why does a red laser light pass more easily through a red cellophane than through a
green one?
The color of what you see in a cellophane
changes depending on its color. If you look
through a red cellophane, everything on the other
side of the cellophane appears to be in a shade
of red. Likewise, if you look through a green
cellophane, everything appears green.
Red cellophane allows only red light to pass
through it. It absorbs the other colors of light.
Green cellophane allows only green light to pass
through it. It absorbs the other colors of light. Red
light will not pass through a green cellophane. As
Light and Optics- Faulkes Telescope Project
a general rule, each color filter, like glass or
cellophane, will only allow light of its own color to pass through.
Source: Religioso, Cordero-Navaza, Optical Phenomena

A. Differentiate the following:

1. Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering
2. halo and sun dog
3. inferior image and superior image
4. images formed by concave and convex mirror
5. natural light and artificial light
B. Answer the following questions by applying the concepts learned.
1. How does the color of a yellow bag differ when illuminated by candle light and by
light from fluorescent lamp?
2. Would there still be a mirage if the speed of light were the same in air of various
densities and temperatures?

Have you now understood what these optical phenomena are? The
next time you see one, you won’t have so many questions in mind anymore.
After discovering more of the light as part of the Electromagnetic
spectrum, we will shift to another wave which are the Radio Waves!

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ACTIVITY 3: HERTZIAN WAVES

Radio waves was discovered by Heinrich Hertz,

that’s why it is also called Hertzian Waves.
But how did he discovered it?
Find out by reading this article and analyzing this
supplementary video
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Ldnh0XlMVc0
answer the guide questions that follow.

PRODUCING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

In the nineteenth century, many discoveries were made about electricity and
magnetism. By far, their focus was to consolidate all the different findings about electricity
and magnetism into and clear and comprehensive form. This was achieved by a Scottish
physicist, James Clark Maxwell (1831 – 1879).

His interests on the works of Coulomb, Oersted, Ampere and Faraday on the
relationship between electricity and magnetism led him to formulate a mathematical theory.
This theory, known as Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations, states that an oscillating
electric current should be capable of radiating energy in the form of waves known as
electromagnetic waves (EM waves) that would travel as fast as the speed of light.

There were some resistance to Maxwell’s

Fig 1. Hertz’ experiment used to prove to existence of EM Waves.

assertions, especially his statement that light is a form of

electromagnetic wave. Later findings, however, proved it
to be correct.
There was no experimental confirmation made on
Maxwell’s theory until Heinrich hertz (1857 – 1894)
discovered Hertzian waves, also known as radio waves.
The unit used for the frequency of a wave, the hertz (Hz),
is named in honor of Heinrich Hertz.
Hertz generated electromagnetic waves by using
two identical circuits generated by A and B as shown in
figure 1. Each circuit has shiny metal ball at each end with a very small air gap for a spark
to occur each time the electromotive force (emf) reached a peak. This shows that
electromagnetic waves from A traveled the space between and A and B.

12
 Fig 2. EM wave is made up of electrical and magnetic
An EM wave can be visualized as an fields that are perpendicular to each other.

oscillating electric force traveling through

space accompanied by a similar oscillating
magnetic force in a plane at right angles to
it. If the magnetic field is in the horizontal
plane as in Figure 2, the electric field
generated by the changing magnetic field is
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___________________________________________________________________
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VIeKFQLNeiY3aA4BdN1sKSzWnYoA5SCLPMcjRDnrBIoI6WYCHqnAtd
XgjEzmxGmOONd4YYjwKdjvihByDgedFpoVdgLCsxaDmhRBAQKg07q
bB1GMkB1YsNDJ1X79JRQctDgKFjUuaxw8wOCSAsBYP4+HCWYW8Gc
83ou/x7IeEKyQKHs0lwEFLQfsAlBQN0Ix7JJMzzc9n45UMhyXR/+DMO
Answer the following questions based on your understanding in the previous lesson:
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oBoDbSM2va+Lyg5QAXxY1OI908GoZGN0HcoHRHlYwSx4I/pbgh3Xze
What I understand nwyE6JuN4IDAlISxiUSCVOoBF4WhtaSaMTgCtVHL8MM5X1vUIPHdDj
0fDt4Hqo1/09yJag0P1qp0np2PRSX2cp+OrfAAY73ki0+z4qnBuHJnWJ
____________________________________________________________________
yBCT4CeG0JAIUzIOB6oYI2gGChoclbchEDuYKYsAL13CBjDpIhDkCprU
____________________________________________________________________
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fo+Ox6h7z1Y9lx2gAtCBih9ERnHg2KRA+x1PQYHqUqbEKLjaZ3OZAFU
What I don’t understand O2en2g9RMJa3qIjPeJnOWJMZ+vK1gLD2IMJ/YHd/+HtE61SL2yY9qD
____________________________________________________________________
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2J5KTw4qLGMocUF5MERhFHZQhkqfYUvlY1R6KkNHQM9n/immNZi2
____________________________________________________________________
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What I am interested in knowing more SOs0P3muUAYixJcHhQO8jUWFIbO71uMIkGKTFTU6xYd2UYYeyfUko
8T1KSBrQTkYqOCq/8Y4+G0+O86cDcMnwpROc0X4UjMeEr4CgV//t2
____________________________________________________________________
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5NElv8aBOg0btDc96z65QTz9iKgYAGUpdLJGGjiFOugoGhRUMGMwY
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13 QzIH8NiU7KmgKYWjNJhNQrG4guugcB3DOg6GSQ4oOjNO3RcefhML
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41DsXDE+Gl1Qo/5V7ZtDg5DYtSgrmUMckmcp3hAoqCwrnQ4QvC61L
 1. How does total internal reflection play an important role in designing jewelry such as
diamond?
2. Do the stars really “twinkle”?
3. Considering the climate and weather in your area,
What color would you paint your house in order to absorb less solar radiation?

The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:

• CONCAVE MIRROR – a mirror with a surface that curves inward like the inside of a
bowl, also known as converging mirror.
• CONVEX MIRROR – a mirror with a surface that curves outward like the inside of a
bowl, also known as diverging mirror.
• DISPERSION – separation of white light into its component colors.
• HALO – a ring or circle of light around the sun or the moon.
• HERTZ – unit used in frequency in honor of Heinrich Hertz. 1 Hz = 1/s
• INFERIOR IMAGE – a type of mirage where the inverted image lies below the upright
one.
• MIE SCATTERING – refers primarily to the elastic scattering of light from atomic and
molecular particles whose diameter is larger than about the wavelength of the incident
light.
• MIRAGE – a virtual image formed when light is bent as it passes through an
atmosphere of varying densities.
• RADIO WAVES – a wave in the EM spectrum with the lowest frequency, and longest
wavelength.
• RAYLEIGH SCATTERING – the scattering of light by particles in a medium, without
change in wavelength.
• SELECTIVE ABSORPTION – the absorption of light wave by an object wherein only
the light wave that matches the natural frequency of the object will be absorbed.
• SUN DOG – a pair of brightly colored spots on either side of the sun.
• SUPERIOR IMAGE – a type of image wherein the inverted image lies above the
upright one.
• SUPERNUMERARY BOWS – bows seen between the inside of a primary rainbow and
outside of a secondary rainbow.

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Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. A girl wants to see an enlarged image of her face. What type of mirror should she use?
A. plane mirror B. concave mirror
C. convex mirror D. magnifying lens

2. Which property of light is responsible for the red skies at sunset?

A. Rayleigh scattering B. dispersion
B. C. Mie scattering D. polarization

3. You are given a thermometer and different color of paper, which color would have the
highest temperature reading?
A. Red B. White
C. Yellow D. Black

4. What is the arrangement of colors in a secondary rainbow? (from outside to inside)

A. ROYGBIV B. YGROVBI.
C. VIBGYOR D. IRGYBOV

5. In the Philippines, mirages can be formed even during a rainy day.

A. Absolutely true B. Absolutely false
C. Sometimes true D. Sometimes false

Congratulations, you have completed your

learning episodes in this module!
Please check your answers by referring to the
answer key. If you scored lower than 3, please go over
the earlier parts of this module and take on the activities
once again. If you scored 3 or above, you may now
proceed to the next module.

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TRY THIS!
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. D

ACTIVITY 1

ACTIVITY 2
Answers may vary
APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
1. Rayleigh scattering is the scattering of light by particles in a medium, without change
in wavelength while Mie scattering refers primarily to the elastic scattering of light from
atomic and molecular particles whose diameter is larger than about the wavelength of
the incident light.
2. The difference between halos and sun dogs is the orientation of the ice crystals through
which the light passes before reaching our eyes. Sun dogs are observed when the
hexagonal ice crystals are oriented with their flat faces horizontally. Halos are observed
when the hexagonal ice crystals are randomly oriented.
3. An inferior image is a type of mirage where the inverted image lies below the upright
one while a superior image is a type of image wherein the inverted image lies above
the upright one.
4. The image in a convex mirror is virtual, upright and reduced, while the image formed
in a concave mirror varies depending on the position of the object from the mirror. If
the object is located beyond the focal point of the concave mirror, the image would be
real, inverted and smaller. If the object is between the center of curvature and the
vertex of the mirror, the image would be virtual, upright and larger.
5. Natural light produces a continuous spectrum of colors whereas artificial light produces
only a single spectrum.

16
 ACTIVITY 3
1. Radio waves can be generated by alternating current brought upon by oscillating
charges. A transmitter is connected to an oscilloscope which allows us to see the
frequency of the AC. Once the radio wave has been generated we can now detect it
through a receiver which absorbs the energy and generates an AC whose frequency
is displayed in another oscilloscope.
2. Whatever frequency is generated in the transmitter is also the same frequency that is
interpreted by the receiver confirmed by the use of oscilloscope.
3. Long radio waves can be transmitted over large distances for it bends along the
surface of the earth. Short radio waves can also travel long distances but they do not
bend around the earth, instead, they reflect back and forth in the ionosphere until the
receiver is reached. Very short radio waves can travel directly from the transmitter to
the receiver (devices). All these types of radio waves are / can be used for TV and
radio broadcasting.
REINFORCEMENT
1. To maximize their brilliance, diamonds are cut so that there is total internal reflection
on their back surfaces. Total internal reflection also plays an important role in the
design of jewelry. The brilliance of diamond is due in large measure to its very high
index of refraction and correspondingly small critical angle. Light entering a cut
diamond is totally internally reflected from facets on its back surface, and then
emerges from its front surface. “Imitation diamond” gems, such as cubic zirconia, are
made from less expensive crystalline materials with comparable indexes of
refraction.
2. No, the stars do not “twinkle”. The stars give off steady light energy but as it travels
towards our eyes (which is about the million years by the way), it passes through
different layers of a turbulent atmosphere.
3. Painting the roof of a building white reflects sunlight and reduces its temperature. This
in known as “cool roofing”, this process is designed to reduce the solar radiation
absorbed, which in turn means less heat is transferred inside the building.

ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

1. B
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. B

Padua, Alicia L., Crisostomo, Richard M. 2010. “Practical and Exploration Physics”
Modular Approach. : 310 - 313

Religioso, Teresita F., and Navasa – Cordero, Delia. 2017 “You and the Natural World
Series PHYSICAL SCIENCE”: 219 - 224

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