Chemistry for Engineering

Name: Rheymark R. Butron BSCE-1A

Assessment # 1
Direction: Use PERIODIC TABLE

Part A
1. What is the charge of a nucleus of an atom?
An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus, surrounded by one or more negatively
charged particles called electrons. The positive charges equal the negative charges, so the
atom has no overall charge; it is electrically neutral.

2. Define isotopes
Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number,
and consequently in nucleon number. Each of two or more forms of the same element
that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei,
and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a
radioactive form of an element.

3. Define isobars
Isobars are atoms (nuclides) of different chemical elements that have the same number of
nucleons. Correspondingly, isobars differ in atomic number (or number of protons) but
have
the same mass number. An example of a series of isobars would be 40S, 40Cl, 40Ar, 40K,
and 40Ca.

4. What is the charge of an anion?

Negative

5. What is the charge of a cation?

Positive

6. Define oxidation
It is any chemical reaction that involves the moving of electrons. Specifically, it means
the substance that gives away electrons is oxidized. Oxygen does not have to be present
in a reaction for it to be a redox-reaction. Oxidation is the loss of electrons.

7. Define reduction
It is a chemical reaction that involves the gaining of electrons by one of the atoms
involved in the reaction between two chemicals. The term refers to the element that
accepts electrons, as the oxidation state of the element that gains electrons is lowered. An
example of a reduction is when iron reacts with oxygen, forming iron oxides such as
those called rust. The iron is oxidized and the oxygen is reduced. This is called redox. A
blast furnace reverses that reaction, using carbon monoxide as a reducing agent to reduce
the iron.

Part B
8. We can call 𝐻+ ion as a proton. How?
 The atomic number of hydrogen is 1 and mass number is also 1. So in a hydrogen atom,
there is 1 proton, 0 neutrons, and 1 electron. When Hydrogen loses an electron it becomes
a Hydrogen ion (H+). Proton will be left, so hydrogen ion is called a proton.

9. Atomic number and mass number of an element is 9 & 19 respectively.

What is the number of neutrons present in the atom of the element?
There are 10 neutrons. Fluorine is the element in question, as its atomic number is 9. You
would name this particular isotope using the mass number. It would be called fluorine-19.

10.Explain the formation of a cation with example?

Cations are the positive ions formed by the loss of one or more electrons. The most
commonly formed cations of the representative elements are those that involve the loss of
all of the valence electrons. Consider the alkali metal sodium (Na). It has one valence
electron in the third principal energy level. Upon losing that electron, the sodium ion now
has an octet of electrons from the second principal energy level.

11.Explain the formation of an anion with example?

Anions are the negative ions formed from the gain of one or more electrons. When
nonmetal atoms gain electrons, they often do so until their outermost principal energy
level achieves an octet. Fluorine, Oxygen, and Nitrogen, all of these anions are
isoelectronic with each other and with neon. They are also isoelectronic with the three
cations from the previous section. Under typical conditions, three electrons are the
maximum that will be gained in the formation of anions. Chlorine in its free form is very
dangerous if you breathe the fumes or come in contact with the gas. However, after
reaction with sodium, we have sodium chloride formed as the sodium atom gives up an
electron to chlorine which accepts the electron to form the chloride anion, and that makes
chlorine safe to eat.

Part C
12.Why do atoms of elements combine?
Electrons revolve in various distances from the nucleus of an atom. The number of each
electron in this shell determines how an atom combines with other atoms to form
compounds. When atoms combine they gain, lose or share electrons in such a way that
the outer shells become chemically complete.

13.Which is more stable Na or 𝑁𝑎+. Why?

Na+ is more stable than Na as Na+ has lost one electron to attain nearest Noble gas configuration
of Neon no of electrons = 10 and hence configuration of 2,8. Since the Na+ ion has a Noble Gas
electronic configuration, it is more stable than Na-atom.

14.Explain the formation of 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙?

Sodium chloride is formed when sodium atoms interact with chlorine atoms. When this
occurs, sodium will donate an electron (which is a negatively-charged particle) to
chlorine. This makes sodium slightly positive and chlorine slightly negative. Sodium ions
will attract chloride ions and form an ionic bond.

15. Explain the formation of 𝑁𝐻3

Ammonia is formed from 3 atoms of Hydrogen and 1 atom of Nitrogen. Nitrogen has 5
Valence Electrons (2,5 ) in its outer shell, so the valence electrons of 3 hydrogen atoms
gets shared and it forms Ammonia through covalent bonding.
16.While atoms of most of the elements are unstable but atoms of noble gases are stable.
Explain?
The noble gases are the chemical elements in group 18 of the periodic table. They are the
most stable due to having the maximum number of valence electrons their outer shell can
hold. Therefore, they rarely react with other elements since they are already stable.

17.Which is more stable 𝐶𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑙−. Why?

After Cl gains another electron, it has an octet. This means Cl- is more stable and less
reactive because it now has a full set of valence electrons. Cl- will no longer look for
more electrons.