Review of Related Studies This part of the chapter discusses the foreign and local studies to strengthen

the stand of the researchers in this study. Foreign Studies U.S. Census bureau and the National
Assessment of Educational Progress evaluated how the increase in single-parent households may have
affected children's educational achievements. The percentage of children living with single parents
increased substantially in the United States during the second half of the 20th century. According to
Child Trends, 2013 only 9% of children lived with single parents in the 1960s which now increased to a
figure that increased to 28% in 2012. (Amato, Paul R., Sarah Patterson, and Brett Beattie. "Single-Parent
Households And Children’S Educational Achievement: A State-Level Analysis." Social Science Research
53.(2015) According to the researchers, (Pearlstein 2011),(Popenoe 2009) single parent family is the
primary cause of school failure and problems of delinquency, drug use, teenage pregnancies, poverty,
and welfare dependency in American society. Using multilevel modeling, Pong 1997 and Pong 1998 high
proportions of children from single parent families perform very poorly on math and reading
achievement tests in schools. Also it is believed that a cultural shift towards later marriage has
contributed to a rise in never-married motherhood. "It has been thought that children in these kinds of
families are shielded from marital strife, children of never-married mothers show slightly better
academic performance and emotional adjustments than the children of divorced or remarried mothers.
But they do not do as well as children in first marriage families compared with children of two parent
reared families" (Berk, 2000, Pg. 577). Although compared with children of two parent families, these
children may experience less attention, difficulties in interactions with other children, a lack in school
performance and behaviors associated with the lack of a male parental influence (Berk 2000) The
demographics of single parenting show a general increase worldwide in children living in single parent
homes (Jayson, Sharon 2009) Single parenting has become a norm in the United States and is a trend
found in multiple other countries. The morality and advisability of single motherhood has long been
debated in the US. Single American mothers live in poverty 5 times more often than married parents.
(National Women's Law Center, Poverty & Income among Women & Families, 2000-2013) The topic is
less contentious in Western European countries where all families enjoy more robust state-sponsored
social benefits. The effects of single parenting can also affects the economy that the performance of
parent in work and student in school.

15. Local Studies According to Philippine statistical authority 2015, In the Philippines there is At least
13.9 million Filipinos are single parents who carry the burden of raising their family by themselves.
Government statistics have shown that solo parents constitute about 14 to 15 percent of the estimated
94 million Filipinos in 2015, The House approved on third and final reading the Lopez bill amending the
Solo Parent Welfare Act of 2000 (.Zamboanga Rep. Seth Frederick Jalosjos et,al HB 6184 2000.) The 14 to
15 solo parents believed to be the OFW’s or else the victims of assault and raped or else the cohabitants
that later separate. They were force to go overseas to have additional income because of the low salary
payment in our country. The solo parents choose to be far away for the sake of his/her children. In this
case student who experience single parenthood are believed to have poor cognitive outcomes because
of the long gaps between the parent and student. This gap also may cause the student to have worse
emotional outcomes (where these outcomes include emotional symptoms, conduct problems,
hyperactivity, peer relationship problems and a lack of pro-social behavior).