242 Finite Element Analysis

14
Analysis of Beams and Rigid Frames
14.1 INTRODUCTION
In Chapter 3 direct stiffness formulation of beams was discussed, which is actually stiffness matrix method
for the analysis. In Chapter 5 shape functions were derived for two noded beam element by considering
polynomial interpolation function and also using Hermitian functions both ultimately result into same shape
functions. Assembling of strain displacement matrix [B-matrix] was presented in Chapter 4. In this chapter
assembling of stiffness matrix for a two noded beam element by variational approach is presented. Taking
simple problems for hand calculation, formulation of system equations and solution procedure is explained.
The members of rigid frames are similar to beam elements, but their orientation in global system are different.
Transforming the stiffness equations of beam element to global system is required before assembling global
system. This aspect is presented and illustrated with numerical problem taking simple frame analysis.
It was found difficult to extend the beam theory discussed above to plate bending. A new beam theory
was developed in which lateral deflection w and rotation θ x were decoupled and treated as independent
variables. However it needs inclusion of shear deformation and hence shear strain energy. Hence the beam
theory becomes Co-continuity problem. This is known as Timoshenko Beam theory and the element developed
on this theory is also presented in this chapter.

14.2 BEAM ANALYSIS USING TWO NODED ELEMENTS

The typical beam element is shown in Fig. 14.1. Note the orientation of axes is as per the right hand thumb
rule.
y

le

x
le
x=0 x x = le
2
1
z
s=0 s s=1
2
 = –1  =0  =1

Fig. 14.1 A typical beam element

The nodal variable vector is
lδ q T
= δ1 δ 2 δ 3 δ 4 = w1 θ 1 w2 θ 2
 Analysis of Beams and Rigid Frames 243

where wi–lateral displacement at node i.

θ i –Rotation at node i.
In Chapter 5 the shape functions for such element have been determined as,

3x 2 2x3
N1 = l − +
le2 le3

2x2 x3
N2 = x − + 2
le le

3x 2 2x3 −x2 x3
N3 = − and N 4 = + 2 …(14.1)
le2 le3 le le

x
If non-dimensiolising is done using s = , the shape functions are (Chapter 4, Art 4).,
le
N1 = 1 – 3s2 + 2s3
N2 = le s(s – 1)2 …(14.2)
N3 = s(3 – 2s)
N4 = le s2(s – 1)
If we use non-dimensiolising concept as used in isopatametric formulation i.e. ξ varying from –1 to 1,
then the shape functions are

2 − 3ξ + ξ 3
N1 =
4

le 1 − ξ − ξ 2 + ξ 3
N2 = …(14.3)
2 4

2 + 3ξ − ξ 3 l −1 − ξ + ξ 2 + ξ 3
N3 = and N4 = e
4 2 4

2x
where ξ= − 1.
le

Moment Curvature Relation

From basic solid mechanics we know

∂ 2y
M = EI
∂x 2

Since y= N δ lq e
= N1 N2 N3 lq
N4 δ e
244 Finite Element Analysis

M = EI
LM ∂ N 2
∂ 2 N2 ∂ 2 N3 ∂ 2 N4 OP lδ q
MN ∂x PQ
1
we get e e
2
∂x 2
∂x 2
∂x 2

= D B lδ q e …(14.4)
where [D] = EI …(14.5)

B =
LM ∂ N 2
∂ 2 N2 ∂ 2 N3 ∂ 2 N4 OP
MN ∂x PQ
1
…(14.6)
2
∂x 2 ∂x 2 ∂x 2
which is stress resultant curvature matrix.
Strain Energy
From basic solid mechanics we know strain energy dUe in an elemental length dx is given by

1 M2
dU e = dV
2 EI

z R|SEI ∂ y U|V
le 2
2
1 I
T| ∂x W|
Ue = 2
dx
2 EI
0

z z
le le
=
1
2
EI
∂2y
∂x 2
dx =
1
2
d l qi
EI B δ e
T
B δ lq e
dx
0 0

lq z lq
le
1 T T le
= δ e
EI B B δ e
dξ
2 2
0

2x
since ξ= −1
le

z
le
l
∴ U e = EI e
2
lδ q T
e
B
T
B δ lq e
dξ …(14.7)
0

B =
LM∂ N
2
∂ 2 N2 ∂ 2 N3 ∂ 2 N4 OP
MN ∂x PQ
1
Now, 2
∂x 2
∂x 2
∂x 2

2x
since ξ= −1
le

∂Ni ∂Ni ∂ξ ∂Ni 2

= =
∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂ξ le
 Analysis of Beams and Rigid Frames 245

∂ 2 Ni ∂ ∂Ni FG IJ
2 ∂ FG 2 ∂Ni IJ
∴
∂x 2
=
∂x ∂x
=
H K
le ∂ξ Hl e ∂ξ K
4 ∂ 2 Ni
=
le2 dξ 2

∴ B =
LM ∂ N ∂ N ∂ N ∂ N OP
4 2 2 2 2

l MN ∂ξ ∂ξ PQ
1 2 3 4
2
e ∂ξ
2
∂ξ 2 2 2

4 L 6ξ b1 − 3ξg l − 6ξ b1 + 3ξ g l OP
= M
l MN 4
2
−
4 4 4 PQ e e
e

6ξ −b1 − 3ξ gl −6ξ b1 + 3ξ g l
1
= 2 e e …(14.8)
l e

LM 6ξ OP
1 M−b1 − 3ξ gl P 1
6ξ −b1 − 3ξ gl −6ξ b1 + 3ξ g l
l M −6ξ P
T e
∴ B B =
MM l b1 + 3ξg PP
2 2 e e
e l e

N e Q
LM36ξ b1 − 3ξ gl b6ξ g −36ξ
2
6ξ b1 + 3ξ gl OP 2

l b1 − 3ξ g
e
6ξ b1 − 3ξ gl −b1 + 3ξ gb1 − 3ξ gl P
e

1 M
2 2 2
=
l M 4 M SYM
e
36ξ −6ξ b1 + 3ξ gl PP 2
e e

MN PQ
e
l b1 + 3ξ g
e …(14.9)
2 2
e

Now noting that

z z z
1 1 1
2
ξdξ = 2, ξ 2 dξ = 0, and ξ 3dξ =
3
−1 −1 −1
We can write
LM24 12le −24 12le OP
Ue =
1
EI δ lq T le 1 MM 8le2 −12le 4le2 PP lδ q
MN −12le
PQ
2 e 2 le4 SYM 24 e

8le2

LM12 6le −12 6le OP

EI M PP lδq
= lδ q
−6le
lq lδ q
2
1 4le 21le2
l M
T 1 T
= δ k …(14.10a)
MN −6le
PQ
2 3 SYM 12 e e e e
e 2
4le2
246 Finite Element Analysis

Where [k]e is element stiffness matrix and

LM12 6le −12 6le OP

EI M
2
4le −6le 21le2 PP
l M
is equal to …(14.10b)
MN SYM 12 −6le
PQ
3
e
4le2

Potential Energy
Potential energy of an element is equal to strain energy minus the work done by the external forces acting on
the element. Thus

z z FG dy IJ
le
1
∏ e = Ue −
2
0
pydx − ∑ Pm Ym − Mk
H dx K k
…(14.11)

Where p—Distributed load per unit length

Pm—Concentrated load at point m
Mk—External moment applied at k.
The strain energy term Ue has been already derived. The work done by external loads can be assembled
as explained below:
Due to Uniformly Distributed load P/unit length:

z py dx = z p N1 N2 N3 N4 lδ q e
le
2
dξ

z LM 2 − 3ξ + ξ OP lδ q dξ
1
pl 3
le 1 − ξ − ξ 2 + ξ 3 2 + 3ξ − ξ 3 le −1 − ξ + ξ 2 + ξ 3
= e
2
−1
MN 4 2 4 4 2 4 PQ e

z z z
1 1 1

Noting that C dξ = 2C, ξ dξ = ξ 3 dξ = 0 and

−1 −1 −1

z
1
2
ξ 2 dξ = , we get
3
−1

z LM FG IJ FG IJ OP lδ q
1
ple l 2 le 2

−1
py dx =
8
2×2 e 2−
N
2 3 H K 2×2
2 H
−2 +
3 KQ e

=
LM pl ple2 ple
−
ple2 OP lδq
MN 2 PQ
e
12 2 12 e …(14.12)

This equivalent load on the element is shown in the Fig. 14.2. The point loads like Pm and Mk are readily
taken care by introducing nodes at the points of application.
 Analysis of Beams and Rigid Frames 247

Thus work done by external load is assembled. Let it be represented by

∑F δ i i = F1 δ 1 + F2 δ 2 + F3 δ 3 + F4 δ 4

l q lFq
= δ
T
e e
…(14.13)
y

p/unit length

x
le

z ple ple
2 2

le
pl2e pl2e

12 12

Fig. 14.2 Equivalent nodal loads of UDL

Minimization of Potential Energy

It is to be noted that, in solid mechanics, minimization of potential energy of entire structure is to be assembled.
In finite element analysis the total potential energy of the system is considered as the summation of total
potential energy of the elements. Thus
∏ = ∑ ∏e

= ∑ Ue − ∑ δ l q lFq
T
e e
=
1
2
F l q k lδ q − lδ q lFq
T T

where {δ } and {F} are nodal unknown vector and load vector respectively. From the principle of minimization
of potential energy we get,
d∏
=0
dδ

lq
k δ −F=0

or k δ =F lq …(14.15)
In finite element analysis, element stiffness matrix [k]e is assembled and placed in global matrix at
appropriate place. When this process is completed for all the elements, we get global stiffness matrix [k].
Similarly global load vector {F} is assembled.
The necessary boundary conditions are imposed by (i) Elimination Method if the hand calculations are
made or by (ii) Penalty Method if computers are used.
248 Finite Element Analysis

The solution of equation 14.14 gives the displacement vector {δ }. The required stress resultants are
determined for each element.
Moment at nodes:
M = EI B δ lq e

=
EI
le2
6ξ b
− 1 − 3ξ le g −6ξ b1 + 3ξ gl lδ q e e …(14.15)

Shear forces at nodes

dM dM dξ 2 dM
V=− =− =−
dx dξ dx le dξ

=
2 EI
le3
6 3le −6 3le lδ q e
=
EI
le3
12 6le −12 6le lδ q e …(14.16)

The reactions at supports are nothing but end equilibrium forces. Hence
lRq = k e
δ e
− Flq e …(14.17)

R2 R4

le
R1 R3

Fig. 14.3 Positive reactions

For uniformly distributed load the above equation will be

R| R U| LM 12 OP Rδ U| R| pl U|
PP ||
6l e −12 6l e e

|| ||
1
MM 1
|| || pl2 ||
MM 6l 2l P |δ
2

|SR |V = EI 4l e2 −6l e
PP |S |V − |S 12 |
2 e

||V
2 e e 2

|| R || l 3
MM−12 −6l P |δ || || pl
PP ||
e −6l e 12 e

MM
e

|| || || || pl2 ||
3 3

4l P |
2

|TR |W
4 MN 6l
e 2l e2 −6l e 2
e
Q |Tδ 4 |W |T 12
e
|W
Note that the above reactions are to be interpreted as per sign conversion i.e. R1, R2 are positive in positive
direction of z-axis (i.e. downward) and R2, R4 (the end moments) are positive when they are clockwise (refer
Fig. 14.3).
Example 14.1: Analyse the beam shown in Fig. 14.4 (a) by finite element method and determine the end
reactions. Also determine the deflections at mid spans given
E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and I = 5 × 106 mm4
 Analysis of Beams and Rigid Frames 249

24 kN/m
12 kN/m

5m 5m

(a)

 1  3  5

1 1 2 2 3

 2  4
 6

(b)

Fig. 14.4

Solution: Using kN and m units throughout,

106
E = 2 × 105 N/mm 2 = 2 × 105 × = 2 × 108 kN/m 2
103
I = 5 × 106 mm4 = 5 × 10–6 m4
∴ EI = 2 × 108 × 5 × 10–6 = 1000kN-m2
Let the two elements be numbered as shown in Fig. 14.4 (b). The nodal displacement vector is

lδ q
T
= δ1 δ 2 δ3 δ4 δ5 δ6

LM 12 6l1 −12 6l1 12 OP

30 −12 30 LM OP
k1 =
E1 I1 MM 6l 1 4l1 −6l1 2l1
2 2
= 3 PP
1000 30 100 −30 50 MM PP
l13
MN−612l
1
−6l1 12 −6l1
2l12 −6l1 4l12
5
PQ
−12 −30 12 −30
30 50 −30 100
MN PQ
4 ← δ Global Numbers
B
1 2 3

LM 12 30 −12 30 OP 1
=8M PP 2
30 100 −30 50
MM−12 −30 12 −30
PQ 43
N 30 50 −30 100
Similarly,

←δ Global Numbers
B
3 4 5 6

LM 12 30 −12 30 OP 3

=8M
30 100 −30 50 P 4
k2
MM−12 −30 12 −30P
P 5
N 30 50 −30 100 Q 6
250 Finite Element Analysis

1 2 3 4 5 6 ← δ global numbers
B
LM 12 30 −12 30 OP 1
MM 30 100 −30 50 P 2
−30
30 P
= 8M
−12 −12
P
12
30 +12 +30 3
∴ k
MM 30 −30
−30 50 P
P
100 4
50 +30 +100

MM −12 −30 12 −30P 5

N 30 50 −30 100 PQ 6

6← δ global numbers
B
1 2 3 4 5

LM 12 30 −12 30 0 0 OP 1
MM 30 100 −30 50 0 0 PP 2
= 8M PP 34
−12 −30 24 0 −12 30
∴ k
MM 30 50 0 200 −30 50
PP 5
MM 00 0 −12 −30 12 −30
PQ 6
N 0 30 50 −30 100

Consistent load vector is given by

R| pl e U|
|| pl22
||
|
F = S 12
e
|
|| pl V|
||
e

|| pl2 2
||
|T 12 e
W
R| b−12g × 5 U|
|| 2 || R−30U 1 δ Global Numbers

| b−12g × 5 2
|| ||−25|| 2
∴ Fb g = S
| 12 V| = S|−30V| 3
|| b−12g × 5
1

|| −b−122g × 5 || |T 25 |W 4
|T 12
2
||
W
 Analysis of Beams and Rigid Frames 251

R| b−24g × 5 U|
|| 2 || R−60U 3 δ Global Numbers

| b−24g × 5 2
|| ||−50|| 4
∴ Fb g = S
| 12 V| = S|−60V| 5
|| b−24g × 5
2

|| −b−242g × 5 || |T 50 |W 6
|T 12
2
||
W
R|−30U|
||−−9025||
∴ lF q = S
||−25V||
||T−5060||W
∴ The stiffness equation is

LM 12 30 −12 30 0 0 OP R|δ 1 U| R|−30U|

MM 30 100 −30 50 0 0 PP ||δ 2 || ||−25||
8M
−12
MM 30
−30 24 0 −12 30
PP Sδδ 3
V| = S|−−9025V|
PP ||δ
50 0 200 −30 50
|| ||−60||
4

MM 00 0 −12 −30 12 −30

PQ ||Tδ
5
|W |T 50 |W
N 0 30 50 −30 100 6

Boundary conditions:
In the given problem the boundary conditions are
δ1 = δ2 = δ3 = δ5 = 0
Imposing them by elimination method, we get

LM200 50 OP RSδ UV = RS−25UV

4

N 50 100Q Tδ W T 50 W
8
6

400 M
L4 1OP RSδ UV = RS−25UV
4

N1 2Q Tδ W T 50 W
i.e.,
6

RSδ UV = 1 LM4 1OP RS−25UV

4
−1

Tδ W 400 N1 2Q T 50 W
i.e.,
6
252 Finite Element Analysis

=
1
×
1 2 −1 LM OP RS−25UV = 1 LM−100OP
N Q T 50 W 2800 N 225 Q
Answer
400 8 − 1 −1 4
End reactions

R|R U| LM 12 30 −12 30 OP R| 00 U| R|−30U|

|SR |V = 8 M 30 PP |S 0 |V − |S−25|V
1
100 −30 50
||R || MM−12
2

TR W N 30
−30 12 −30
PQ || −100 || ||T−2530||W
4 50 −30 100
T 2800 W
R| 21429
. U|
δ 1 = δ 2 = δ 3 = 0 and δ 4 =−
100
=S
| 10.714 |V
2800 |−38.571|
since Answer

|T−53571
. | W
For element 2

R|R U| LM 12 OP R|| −100 U|| R|−60U| R70.714U

0
30 −12 30
|SR |V = 8 M 30 PP |S 2800 |V − |S−50|V = ||S53571
. |
3
100 −30 50 |V
||R || MM−12
4

PQ || 225 || ||T−5060||W ||49.0286||

Answer
5 −30 12 −30 0
TR W N 30
6 50 −30 100
|T 2800 |W T W
Deflection at mid span
y = N1 N2 N3 N4 lδ q e

=
LM 2 − 3ξ + ξ 3
le 1 − ξ − ξ 2 + ξ 3 2 + 3ξ − ξ 3 le −1 − ξ + ξ 2 − ξ 3 OP lδ q
MN 4 2 4 4 2 4 PQ
For mid span ξ = 0

∴ y centre = 0.5 0125

. le 0.5 −0125
. le lδ q
For element 1,

R| 0 U|
∴ y1 centre = 0.5 0125 × 5 0.5 −0125
| 0 |
×5 S 0 V
|| 100 ||
. .

T− 2800 W
= 0.02232 m = 22.32 mm
 Analysis of Beams and Rigid Frames 253

For element 2,

R| 0 U|
||− 2800
100
||
∴ y2 centre = 0.5 0125 × 5 0.5 −0125 ×5 S V
|| 225 0 |
. .

|T − 2800 ||W
= –0.02790 m = –27.9 mm
= 27.9 mm, downward Answer
Example 14.2: A beam of length 10 m, fixed at one end and supported by a roller at the other end carries a 20
kN concentrated load at the centre of the span. By taking the modulus of elasticity of material as 200 GPa and
moment of inertia as 24 × 10–6 m4, determine:
1. Deflection under load
2. Shear force and bending moment at mid span
3. Reactions at supports
Solution: The beam is shown in Fig. 14.5 (a). Its finite element idealization is shown in Fig. 14.5 (b). In this
problem,
E = 200 GPa = 200 × 109 N/m2 = 200 × 106 kN/m2

20 kN

5m 5m

(a)

 1  3  5

 2  4
 6

(b)

6.25
37.25 0

31.25
13.75 13.75 6.25
(c)

Fig. 14.5
254 Finite Element Analysis

Nodal displacement vector is

lδ q T
= δ1 δ 2 δ3 δ4 δ5 δ6
Stiffness matrix for an element is given by

LM 12 6le −12 6le OP

ki =
Ei I i
MM 6l e 4le2 −6le 2le2 PP
le3
MN−612l
e
−6le
2le2
12
−6le
−6le
4le2
PQ
← δ , Global Numbers
B
1 2 3 4

LM 12 30 −12 30 OP 1
4800 MM 30 100 −30 50 P 2
−30 P
∴ k1 =
125
MN−3012 −30
50
12
−30 100 Q
P 3
4

Similarly,

← δ , Global Numbers
B
3 4 5 6

LM 12 30 −12 30 OP 3
4800 M 30 100 −30 50 P 4
125 M−12 −30P
k2 =
MN 30 −30
50
12
−30 100 Q
P 5
6

←δ , Global Number
B
1 2 3 4 5 6

LM 12 30 −12 30 0 0 OP 1
MM 30 100 −30 50 0 0 PP 2
4800 −12 −30 24 0 −12 30
∴ k = M
125 M 30 50 0 200 −30 50
PP 3
4
MM 0 0 −12 −30 12 50 PP 5
MN 0 0 30 50 −30 100 PQ 6

The consistent load vector is directly available as

lFq T
= 0 0 −20 0 0 0
The stiffness equation is
lq lq
k δ = F
The boundary conditions are,

δ1 = δ 2 = δ5 = 0
 Analysis of Beams and Rigid Frames 255

Imposing these boundary conditions by elimination method, the stiffness equation reduces to

LM24 0 30OP R|δ U| R|−20U|

PP S|δ V| = S| 0 V|
3

MM 0
EI
200 50 4
125
N30 50 100 Q Tδ 6 W T0W
By using direct inversion, we get

R|δ U| 125 LM20000 − 2500 1500 −6000 OP R|20U|

S|δ V| EI 24b20000 − 2500g + 30b−6000g M 1500 PP S| 0 V|
3
1
= × 2400 − 900 −1200
MN −6000
4

Tδ 6 W −1200 4800 Q T0W

LM17500 1500 −6000OP R|−20U|
1500 1500 −1200 S 0 V
EI 240000 M
MN−6000 −1200 4800 PPQ |T 0 |W
125 1
=

1 |
R−182.292U| 1 R|−182.292U| R| −0.03798 U|
=
EI |
S −15.625 V| = 4800 S| −15.625 V| = S|−3.2552 × 10 −3
V|
T 62.5 W T 62.5 W T 0.01302 W
Deflection under the load = δ 3 = –0.03798 and rotation under the load = δ 4 = –3.2552 × 10–6 radians
Shear Force and bending Moment at midspan: Considering element (1), for mid span of beam ξ = 1

LM 0 OP
EI 1 M 0 P
EI M −182.292P
M= 6 2l −6 4l
MN −15.625 PQ
2 e e
l e

LM 0 OP
6 10 −6 20 M
MM−182.292PPP = 31.250 KN m Answer
1 0
=
25
N −15.625 Q
LM 0 OP
EI 1 M 0 P = 31.75 kN Answer
EI M−182.292P
V = 12 6 × 5 −12 6 × 5
125
MN −15.625 PQ
Considering element 2, shear force at mid span may be found as 6.25 kN
256 Finite Element Analysis

End Reactions
At support on left hand side, from element 1,

0 LM OP
RSR UV = EI LM12
1 30 −12 30 1 OP
0
−
0MM PP RS UV
TR W 125 N30
2 Q
100 −30 50 EI −182.292 0
MN PQ T W
−15.625

∴
RSR UV = RS13.75UV
1

TR W T37.50W
2

Considering element 2, the reactions at right hand supports can be obtained

LM−182.292OP
RS UV
R5 LM
EI −12 −30 12 −30 1 OP M −15.625 P − RS0UV
T W
R6
=
N
125 30 100 −30 100 EI Q MM 0 PP T0W
N 62.5 Q
=
RS6.25UV
T0W
The reactions and shear force and bending moment at midspan are shown in Fig. 14.5 (c).
Example 14.3: Derive the expression for consistant load, which varies linearly from p1 at node 1 to p2 at node
2 on a beam element of length le.
Solution: The element with given load is shown in Fig. 14.6.

p2
p1
1 2
le

Fig. 14.6

The load intensity at a point x distance from node 1 is given by

b
p = p1 + p2 − p1 g lx
e

b
= p1 + p2 − p1 g b1 +l ξg since lx = 1 +2 ξ
e e

1− ξ 1+ ξ
= p1 + p2 …(14.18)
2 2
 Analysis of Beams and Rigid Frames 257

lFq = e z N T pdx

= z NT p
le
2
dξ = z N T p1
1 − ξ le
2 2
dξ + z N T p2
1 + ξ le
2 2
dξ

R| 2 − 3ξ + ξ U| 3 R| 2 − 3ξ + ξ U| 3

|| 4 | || 4 |
1−ξ − ξ + ξ l | 1−ξ − ξ + ξ l |
|| | || |
2 3 2 3

z 2 | 1−ξ l
z 2 |1+ξ
e e
1 1
= S| 2 + 3ξ − ξ V| 2 p 2 dξ +
4
2 1
e
S| 2 + 3ξ − ξ V| 2 p
4
2 2
le
2
dξ
−1
|| 4 || −1
|| 4 ||
|| −1 − ξ + ξ + ξ l ||
2 3
e || −1 − ξ + ξ + ξ l ||
2 3
e

T 4 2W T 4 2W

z F 2 − 3ξ + ξ I b1 − ξ g dξ = e2 − 5ξ + 3ξ
z
1 1

GH 4 JK j
3
Now 2
+ ξ 3 + ξ 4 dξ
−1 −1

z z z
1 1 1
Noting that c dξ = 2c, ξ dξ = ξ 3 dξ = 0
−1 −1 −1

z Lξ O
1 1

dξ = M P
3
2
ξ 2
=
−1
MN 3 PQ −1
3

z Lξ O
1 1

dξ = M P
5
2
ξ =
MN 5 PQ
4
and ,
5 we get
−1 −1

z b g
1
2 − 3ξ + ξ 3 2 2 28
1 − ξ dξ = 2 × 2 − 0 + 3 × + 0 − =
4 3 5 5
−1

∴ The first term in p1 is,

p1le
16
×
28
5
pl
= 1 e 21
60
b g
Similarly the other terms may be evaluated. Finally we get,

R| 21 U| R| 9 U|
lFq = 60p l |S −39l |V + p60l |S 212l |V
1 2
e
|| || || || …(14.19)
T−2lW T−3lW
258 Finite Element Analysis

Example 14.4: Determine the consistent nodal vector due to loads acting on the beam shown in Fig. 14.7.
100 kN
20 kN/m

4m 6m

(a)

F1 F3 F5

F2 F4 F6
(b)

Fig. 14.7

Solution: The beam is idealized with two elements as shown in Fig. 14.7 (b). Due to concentrated load, the
nodal vector is directly obtained since there is a node directly under the load. It is given by
R| 0 U|
|| 0 ||
−100
|| 0 V||
F =S

||T 00 ||W
Due to udl, it is given by the expression
R| pl U|
e

|| 2 ||
|| 12pl ||
2
e

lFq = S pl V
e
|| ||
e

|| 2pl ||
2

|T− 12 |W
e

R| −20 × 4 U|
|| 2
|| R −40 U 1 δ Global Numbers

|V = ||S−26.667||V 2
16
∴ lFq = S
| −20 × 12
1
|| −20 × 42 || || −40 || 3
||−b−20g × 16 || T 26.667 W 4
T 12 W
 Analysis of Beams and Rigid Frames 259

R| −20 × 6 U|
|| |
36 | R−60U 3
2 δ Global Numbers

| −20 × | |
12 | |−60| 4
∴ lFq = S
|| −20 × 26 || ||−60V|| 5
V
e
=S

||−b−20g × 36 || T 60 W 6
T 12 W

∴ Due to udl,
R| −40 U| R| −40 U|
|| −26.667 || ||−26.667||
lFq = S26−b.40 + 60g
V −b100g
|| || 33.333V||
=S
|| 667 − 60 −

||T −6060 ||W ||T −6060 ||W

Hence due to udl and the concentrated load

R| −40 U|
.667|
|−26−200
lFq = |S−33.333|V
|| |
Answer

−60 |
||T 60 ||W
14.3 ANALYSIS OF RIGID PLANE FRAMES
USING 2 NODED BEAM ELEMENTS
The members of a rigid frame differs from the beam in the following two respect:
(i) They carry axial loads also and hence their deformation in axial direction also is to be considered.
(ii) They are oriented in any direction in the plane.
The typical frame element is shown in Fig. 14.8. The element selected is in x – y plane. The right hand
thumb rule is used for the selection of Cartesian coordinates. Let x ′ − y ′ be the local coordinate system.
The nodal displacement vector in local coordinate system is

lδ ′q T
e
= δ 1′ δ ′2 δ ′3 δ ′4 δ 5′ δ ′6 e
…(14.20)
and the nodal displacement vector in global system is,

lδq T
e
= δ1 δ 2 δ3 δ4 δ5 δ6 e
…(14.21)