Name: Xiomaris Legarreta Period: 2 Date: 5/17/2021

Unit 11
Stoichiometry

I. The Arithmetic of Equations

• Chemists use balanced chemical equations as a basis to calculate how much reactant is needed or product is
formed in a reaction.
• Stoichiometry – calculation of quantities in chemical reactions
Interpreting Chemical Reactions
• A balanced chemical equation can be interpreted in terms of different quantities including ….. number of atoms,
molecules or moles, mass and volume.

• N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) --> 2NH3 (g)

A. Number of atoms
• A balanced chemical equation indicates that the number and type of atom that makes up each reactant , also
make up each product

B. Number of Molecules
• Balanced chemical equation gives you the ratio of molecules
• 1: 3: 2
• 10 molecules of N : 30 molecules of H: 20 molecules of ammonia.

C. Number of moles
• The coefficients of a balanced chemical equation also tells you the number of moles of reactants and products

D. Mass
• A balanced chemical equation obeys the law of conservation of mass
• The total mass of the atoms in the reaction does not change

E. Volume
• If you assume STP, the equation also tells you the volumes of gases
• Remember: 1 mol of any gas at STP = 22.4L
Practice Exercises
• Interpret the equation for the formation of water from its elements in terms of number of molecules and moles
and mass and volumes of gases at STP?
•
– H2(g) + O2(g) --> H2O(g)

II. Chemical Calculations

• A balanced chemical equation allows you to determine the number of moles of all other substances in the
reaction.
• Mole Ratio – conversion factor derived from the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation.

Mole-Mole Calculations
• N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
 • Mole ratios derived from the coefficients of this balanced chemical equation

1. Analyze
2. Calculate
3. Evaluate

• N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

1. How many moles of ammonia are produced when o.60 mol of nitrogen reacts with hydrogen?
Remember……

1. Analyze
2. Calculate
3. Evaluate

Ans. 1.2 mol NH3

2. This equation shows the formation of aluminum oxide, which is found on the surface of aluminum objects
exposed to the air.
4Al (s) + 3 O2 (g) 2Al2O3 (s)
a. Write the six mole ratios that can be derived from this equation

b. How many moles of aluminum are needed to form 3.7 mol of Al 2O3?

Answer: 7.4 mol Al

c. How many moles of oxygen are required to react completely with 14.8 mol of Al?

Answer: 11.1 mole O2

d. How many moles of Al2O3 are formed when 0.78 mol O2 reacts with aluminum?

Answer: 0.52 mol Al2O3

Mass-Mass Calculations
Stoichiometry calculation in which the information given and the answer are in mass. Using the flow chart we can create
what I call the stoich train.
 Grams Moles Moles Grams
of A of A of B of B
Label the known A and the unknown B first if we know grams of A we need to find mols of A to do this
we divide by the molar mass. Once we know the mols of A we can convert to mols of B by using the mole ratio from the
balanced equation. Finally we can convert moles of B to grams of B by multiplying by the molar mass of Compound B

Stoich train Grams A / molar mass A x mole ratio of B/A x molar mass of B

1. Calculate the number of grams of NH 3 produced by the reactions of 5.40 g of hydrogen with an excess of nitrogen.
The balanced chemical equation is
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
Ans. : 30.4 g of NH3

2. Acetylene gas (C2H2) is produced by adding water to calcium carbide (CaC 2)

CaC2 (s) + 2H2O (l) C2H2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 (aq)
• a. How many grams of acetylene are produced by adding water to 5.00 g CaC 2?

Ans.: 2.03 g C2H2

• b. determine the number of grams of CaC 2 are needed to react completely with 49.0 g H 2O

Ans.: 87.2 g CaC2

Volume – Volume Stoichiometry Calculations

The equation of the combustion of carbon monoxide is
2CO (g) + O2 (g) 2CO2 (g)
1. How many liters of oxygen are required to burn 3.86 L of carbon monoxide?

Ans.: 4.88 x 10 23 molecules of O2

2. Phosphorus and hydrogen can be combined to form phosphine (PH 3)

P4 (s) + 6H2 (g) 4PH3 (g)

How many liters of phosphine are formed when 0.42L of hydrogen reacts with phosphorus?

Ans.: 4.82 x 10 22 molecules of O2

III. Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield

• In a chemical reaction, an insufficient quantity of any of the reactants will limit the amount of products that
forms.
 • Limiting reagent – the reagent that determines the amount of product that can be formed in the reaction
• Excess reagent - the reactant that is not completely used up in a reaction

Determining the Limiting Reagent

1. Copper reacts with sulfur to form copper (I) sulfide according to the following balanced equation.
2Cu (s) + S (s) Cu2S (s)

What is the limiting reagent when 8.0g Cu reacts with 25.0 g S?

Ans. Copper

2. The equation for the complete combustion of ethene (C 2H4) is

C2H4 (g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

If 2.70 mol C2H4 is reacted with 6.30 mol O2, identify the limiting reagent.

Ans. Dioxide O2

Using a Limiting Reagent to Find the Quantity of a Product

1. What is the maximum number of grams of Cu2S that can be formed when 80.0g Cu reacts with 25.0g S?
2Cu (s) + S (s) Cu2S (s)

Ans. 1.00 x 102 g Cu2S

2. The equation below shows the incomplete combustion of ethene.

C2H4 (g) + 2O2 (g) 2CO (g) + 2H2O (g)

If 2.70 mol C2H4 is reacted with 6.30 mol O2

a. Identify the limiting reagent

Ans. C2H4

b. calculate the moles of water produced

Ans. 5.40 mol H2O

3. The heat from an acetylene torch is produced by burning acetylene (C 2H2) in oxygen.
2C2H2(g) + 5O2 (g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O (g)

How many grams of water can be produced by the reaction of 2.40 mol C 2H2 with 7.40 mol of O2?

Ans. 43.2 g H2O

Percent Yield
• Theoretical yield – the maximum amount of product that could be formed from given amounts of reactants.
• Actual yield– the amount of product that actually forms when the reaction is carried out.
• Percent yield –ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield expressed as a percent.
•

Percent Yield
• Should not be more than 100%
• Reactions may not go to completion
• Impure reactants
• Competing side reactions
• Loss of product during filtration or transferring
• Reactants were not carefully measured

Calculating the Theoretical Yield of a Reaction

Calcium carbonate, which is found in seashells, is decomposed by heating. The balanced equation for this reaction is
CaCO3(s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

1. What is the theoretical yield of CaO if 24.8 g CaCO 3 is heated?

Ans. 13.9 g CaO

2. When 84.8g of iron (III) oxide reacts with an excess of carbon monoxide, iron is produced
Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO (g) 2Fe (s) + 3CO2 (g)

What is the theoretical yield of this reaction?

Ans. 59.3 g Fe

4. If 50.0 g of silicon dioxide is heated with an excess of carbon 27.9 g of silicon carbide is produced.
SiO2 (s) + 3C (s) SiC (s) + 2CO (g)
What is the percent yield of this reaction?

Ans. 83.5%