General Chemistry

Seatwork no. 14

1. 60 60
27 Co decays with a half-life of 5.27 years to produce 28 ¿. (a) Calculate the fraction of a sample
of the 60 60
27 Co isotope that will remain after 15 years. (b) How long does it take for a sample of 27 Co
to disintegrate to the extent that only 2.0% of the original amount remains?

a. t = 15 years
¿ 2 0.693 Nt
λ= = =e λt
t 1 /2 5.27 y No
Nt
λ=0.132 y−1 =e−(0.132/ y)(15.0 / y)
No
Nt
=0.138
No

−1 Nt
b. t =
λ
∈( )
No
−1 0.0200 x N o
t=
0.132 y −1
∈ (
No )
t = 29.64 y

2. How many α and β particles are emitted when 238 218

98U decays to 84 Po ?

Let the number of alpha and beta particle emitted x and y.

238 – 4x = 218 92 – 2x + y = 84
4x = 238 – 218 y = 84 – 92 + (2 x 5)
4x = 20 y = -8 + 10
x = 5, α =5 y = 2, β=2

3. 228
90 Th decays to
208
82 Pb in the following step-wise emission. Write a nuclear reaction for each
step.
228
90 Th → α → α → α → α → β → β →α → 208
82 Pb
α
228 22 4
90 Th 88 Ra + 42 He
α
224 22 0
88 Ra 86 R n+ 42 He
α
22 0 2 16
86 Rn 84 Po + 42 He
α
2 16 2 12
84 Po 82 Pb + 42 He
β
2 12 2 12
82 Pb 83 Bi + −10e
β
212 212
83 Bi 84 Po + −10e
α
21 2 2 08 4
84Po 82 Pb + 2 He
4. Identify the functional groups present and hybridization of the labeled atoms.

a e

b
c

In this compound, two functional groups are present. One is carboxylic acid and other is
amine. Carbon is double-bonded with oxygen and single-bonded with hydroxy group, so it
represents carboxylic acid functional group whose general formula is RCOOH, where R is any
alkyl or aryl group. Nitrogen is bonded with three alkyl group, so it represents amine functional
group whose general formula is R3N, where R is any alkyl or aryl group.

a. Carbons have 3 bond pair and zero lone pair, so the total electron pair will become 3.
Therefore, for 3 electron pair, hybridization will become sp2.
b. Amine, nitrogen has three bond pair, and one lone pair, so the total electron pair will
become 4. Therefor, for 4 electron pair, hybridization will become sp3.
c. It is simple hydrogen atom which involves only one bonding. It also has only one
electron in outermost shell. This means, no hybridization will occur.
d. Carbon is simply bonded with two hydrogen, one nitrogen, and one carbonyl carbon,
so it does not represent any functional group. However, it forms 4 bond pair with zero
lone pair, so total electron pair will become 4. Therefore, for 4 electron pair,
hybridization will become sp3.
e. Oxygen from 2 bond pair and 2 lone pair, so total electron pair will become 4.
Therefore, for 4 electron pair, hybridization will become sp3.
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