Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Partial Differentiation
Partial Differentiation
Partial Differentiation
PPT-03
engineering fields which enable them to solve initial
value problems and boundary value problems like one
dimensional heat equation, one dimensional heat
equation, two dimensional heat equation etc. as an
outcome . 1
PPT-03
2
PPT-03
3
PPT-03
4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkB4vW16QHI
PPT-03
5
PPT-03
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
= = 𝑓𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
6
PPT-03
7
PPT-03
8
PPT-03
9
PPT-03
10
PPT-03
11
The Chain Rule for composite functions (Case 1)
x and y.
i.e u r x , y then
𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑟
= , =
PPT-03
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑟 𝜕𝑦
12
THE CHAIN RULE (CASE 2)
of s and t.
Then z is differntiable function
of s and t.
PPT-03
i. e z → x, y → s, t
Therefore we have ,
z z x z y z z x z y
s x s y s t x t y t 13
THE CHAIN RULE (GEN. VERSION)
If u → x1 , x2 , … xn → t1 , t 2 , … , t n
Then
PPT-03
ti x1 ti x2 ti xn ti
for each i = 1, 2, . . . , m.
14
PPT-03
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧
= + +
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 ,
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
15
PPT-03
16
PPT-03
17
PPT-03
18
PPT-03
19
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆:
dz f dx f dy
𝟏. 𝑰𝒇 𝒛 → 𝒙, 𝒚 → 𝒕 then ,
dt x dt y dt
PPT-03
𝟐. 𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒖 → 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 → 𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒛 𝒊𝒔 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕.
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧
= + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
20
Examples :
PPT-03
21
PPT-03
22
Variables to be treated as constants :
Let 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 . Then 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝝏𝒓
Notation means the partial derivative of r with respect to x , treating 𝜃
𝝏𝒙 𝜽
constant in a relation expressing r as a function of x and 𝜃 only.
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑥
Thus = sec 𝜃 and 2𝑟. = 2𝑥 . Hence = = cos 𝜃
PPT-03
𝜕𝑥 𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑟
Similarly ( ) means
𝝏
𝝏𝒓
𝝏
𝝏𝒓 𝜽
and ( ) means
𝝏
𝝏𝜽
𝝏
𝝏𝜽 𝒓
.
23
Examples :
PPT-03
24
PPT-03
25
PPT-03
26
Implicit Function: Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 represents an implicit relation
which can not be necessarily be solved for one of the variable say x
in terms of other variable say y.
e. g. x 3 + y 3 − 3axy = 0
dz 𝜕z dx 𝜕z dy
Write z = f x, y = 0 the = + =0
dx 𝜕x dx 𝜕y dx
PPT-03
𝜕z 𝜕f
dy
= − 𝜕x = − 𝜕x
dx 𝜕z 𝜕f
𝜕y 𝜕y
We now introduce notations
𝜕f 𝜕f 𝜕2f 𝜕2f 𝜕2 f
p= ; q= ; r= ; s= ; t=
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕x2 𝜕x𝜕y 𝜕y2
𝜕f
27
dy 𝜕x p
=− 𝜕f =−
dx q
𝜕y
Differentiating above equation w. r. t. x again
dp dq
d2 y q −p
= − dx dx
dx 2 q2
2y r s p
d
Which can be represented as q3 2 = det s t q
dx p q 0
PPT-03
𝜕f 𝜕φ dz 𝜕f 𝜕φ
Example . If f x, y = 0 and φ y, z = 0, show that =
𝜕y 𝜕z dx 𝜕x 𝜕y
28
PPT-03
29
Homogeneous Function:
Definition: A function f x1 , x2 , … xn is said to be homogeneous
of degree k if f tx1 , tx2 , … , txn = t k f x1 , x2 , … xn
Or
PPT-03
f(x, y) is homogeneous function of degree n if it can be
expressed as
y n x
x
n
y
x OR y
30
Examples :
2 𝑥
1)𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin is homogenous with degree 2 .
𝑦
2)𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 is homogenous with degree 3 .
2
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
3)𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = is homogenous with degree 1 .
PPT-03
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
4)𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = sin( 𝑥2 +𝑦2 ) is not homogenous .
31
Euler’s Theorem: If z is a homogeneous
function of x and y of degree n then
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
PPT-03
Proof: As z is homogeneous function of degree n,
𝑛 𝑦
We hav𝑒, 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑓
𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑥𝑛𝑓′ − 2 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
32
𝜕𝑧 𝑛−2 ′
𝑦 𝑛−1
𝑦
𝑜𝑟 = −𝑦𝑥 𝑓 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝑛 ′
𝑦 1 𝑛−1 ′
𝑦
=𝑥 𝑓 =𝑥 𝑓
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑛−1 ′
𝑦 𝑛
𝑦 𝑛−1 ′
𝑦
𝑥 +y = −𝑦𝑥 𝑓 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑓 + 𝑦𝑥 𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
PPT-03
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑦
∴𝑥 +y = 𝑛𝑥𝑓 = 𝑛𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥
Hence proof.
33
Euler’s theorem for three variables: If f is a homogeneous
function of three independent variables x, y, z of order n, then
xf x yf y zf z nf
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒:
PPT-03
• In Euler ′ s theorem n could be + ve, −ve real number or 0
𝜕 𝜕
• The operator x 𝜕x + y 𝜕y is called as differential operator
which operates on the function f.
34
COROLLARY I:
If z = f ( x, y ) is a homo. function of x and y of degree n,
z 2
z 2 z
2 2
then 2
x 2 + 2xy y 2 n(n 1) z
x xy y
PPT-03
COROLLARY II:
If z is a Homogeneous function of degree n in
the variables x and y and z = f(u) then
u u f (u )
x y n
x y f ' (u ) 35
COROLLARY 3:
If z is a homogeneous function of degree n in
the variables x and y and z=f(u)
2
2
2
PPT-03
u u u
x 2
y 2
2 xy g (u )[ g ' (u ) 1],
x 2
y 2
xy
where
f (u )
g (u ) n
f ' (u ) 36
PPT-03
37
PPT-03
38
PPT-03
39
PPT-03
40