International Journal of Thermal Sciences 63 (2013) 31e37

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International Journal of Thermal Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijts

Experimental investigation of hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics

of g-Al2O3/water under laminar flow inside a horizontal tube
E. Esmaeilzadeh*, H. Almohammadi, Sh. Nasiri Vatan, A.N. Omrani
Heat and Fluid Flow Research Laboratory, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the present study, hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics of g-Al2O3 nanoparticles inside
Received 22 May 2012 a circular tube in laminar flow with constant heat flux was investigated. For this purpose, g-Al2O3
Received in revised form nanoparticles with 15 nm diameter and distilled water as base fluid were used. The primary objective is
11 June 2012
to evaluate the effect of different volume concentration on convective heat transfer. In addition, the effect
Accepted 5 July 2012
of volume concentration is also studied on friction factor. Increasing the particle volume fraction leads to
Available online 14 August 2012
enhancement of convective heat transfer coefficient. Results revealed that the average heat transfer
coefficient increased 6.8% with 0.5% volume concentration and enhanced 19.1% at 1% volume concen-
Keywords:
Convective heat transfer
tration in comparison with distilled water. More the heat flux is more the heat transfer coefficient is.
g-Al2O3 nanofluids From the results, there is no significant change of friction factor for nanofluids in comparison with base
Pipe laminar flow fluid. A new correlation was proposed based on our experimental observation in order to present a deep
Thermal entrance length insight into the current issue.
Ó 2012 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

1. Introduction of nanofluids in turbulent flow. Li et al. [4,5] also experimentally

Many efforts have been made in the recent years regarding heat
management which can be categorized into passive and non-
passive techniques. Passive techniques are mostly discussed with
change of the exchanger properties and structure. One other
passive method is about increase the convective coefficient of the
heat transfer fluid. Ahuja [1] dispersed micro/millimeter sized
particles with high thermal conductivity within the working fluids
which using such large particles leads to corrosion of the pipes,
large pressure drops and sedimentation.
In 1995, Choi et al. [2] dispersed nanometer sized particles
within base fluid which they called it nanofluid. Nanofluids have
better stability and rheological properties than previous work
fluids. The development of nanofluids as a new class of heat
transfer fluids has been the subject of many attentions in recent
years. Pak and Cho [3] investigated the heat transfer performance of
Al2O3-g and TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in water inside a hori-
zontal tube. They observed that an increase in Re number and
particle concentration leads to an increase in Nu number, but the
convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid with 3% volume
fraction decreases by 12% compared to the base fluid. Finally, they
developed a correlation for calculating the heat transfer coefficient
* Corresponding author. Tel. þ98 9141160374.
E-mail address: esmzadeh@tabrizu.ac.ir (E. Esmaeilzadeh).
studied the convective heat transfer of CuO/water nanofluid inside
a horizontal tube with constant heat flux in both laminar and
turbulent regimes. Their studies showed that the suspended
nanoparticles enhanced the convectional heat transfer perfor-
mance of the base fluid. Also, there is no substantial increase in
friction factor in comparison with the base fluid. In the final step,
they proposed a new correlation for the nanofluid heat transfer
coefficient in both laminar and turbulent regimes. Tsai et al. [6]
studied the flow of goldeDI water nanofluids through a tube.
They reported that when using nanofluids the thermal resistance of
the heat pipe decreases substantially compared to the base fluid.
Therefore, they proposed substituting nanofluids instead of
conventional heat transfer fluids such as water and oils. Wen and
Ding [7] experimentally investigated the convective heat transfer of
Al2O3/water nanofluids in laminar flow regime and considerable
enhancement of the convective heat transfer was observed in
laminar regime. This enhancement rate increases at higher Re
numbers and volume concentrations. They figured out a significant
enhancement in the inlet region which implies enhancement
levitation by increasing the axial distance. They explained this
enhancement by particle migration which causes a non-uniform
distribution of thermal conductivity and viscosity field of the
nanofluid. This procedure leads to the flattening of thermal
boundary layer thickness. Ding et al. [8] found the maximum
convective heat transfer enhancement of CNT nanofluids for Re
number of 850 to be 350% compared to base fluid with using the

1290-0729/$ e see front matter Ó 2012 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2012.07.001
32 E. Esmaeilzadeh et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 63 (2013) 31e37
Nomenclature
A cross-sectional area, m2
Cp specific heat, J/kg K
d tube diameter, m
f friction factor
h heat transfer coefficient, w/m2 K
k thermal conductivity, w/m K
L length of the test section, m
m _ mass flow rate, kg/s
Nu Nusselt number
P perimeter, m
Pr Prandtl number
q00 actual heat flux, w/m2
Re Reynolds number
T temperature, K
v velocity, m/s
same equipment. This rapid augmentation causes by some reasons
including the enhancement of thermal conductivity, particle re-
arrangement, shear stress abating, flatting of the thermal
boundary layer thickness caused by the nanoparticles and the very
high aspect ratio of the carbon nanotubes. The convective heat
transfer performance of graphite nanofluids in laminar flow
through a circular tube was also studied experimentally by Yang
et al. [9] .They concluded that heat transfer coefficient increases in
laminar flow condition due to the addition of nanoparticles. On the
other hand, the results were much less than that obtained by the
correlation based on static thermal conductivity measurements.
Hence, they focused their studies on developing a suitable corre-
lation for describing the heat transfer properties of the nanofluids.
He et al. [10] studied heat transfer behavior of aqueous TiO2/water
nanofluids experimentally through a vertical tube in both laminar
and turbulent flow. Their studies showed that for identical Re
numbers and particle size, the heat transfer coefficient is enhanced
by increasing particle volume fraction in both flow systems. They
also discussed the effects of pressure drop and particle size on
convective heat transfer coefficient. The first experimental studies
on flow and heat transfer properties of TiO2/water nanofluids in
double flow heat exchangers were carried out by Duangthongsuk
and Wongwises [11] in which they found that the nanofluid
convective heat transfer coefficient is enhanced only slightly
compared to the base fluid with slight pressure drop occurs
compared to the base fluid. Using similar equipment, the same
group [12] studied the effect of various thermophysical models on
predicting the forced convective heat transfer performance of
nanofluids. Their findings showed that different thermophysical
models have little effect on the calculated heat transfer coefficient
of the nanofluid and that the reliability factor and accuracy of the
experimentally obtained heat transfer coefficient is more likely
affected by the calibration of the equipment than the thermo-
physical property model used. Experiments on the developing
region of Al2O3/water nanofluid under constant heat flux were
carried out by Anoop et al. [13] to determine the effect of nano-
particle size on convective heat transfer. Two different particle sizes
(45 and 150 nm) in which it was found that the convective heat
Table 1
Physical properties of the Al2O3 nanoparticles.
Chemical formula Color Morphology Crystal phase
g-Al2O3 White Spherical Gamma
x axial distance, m
x* x/D$Re$Pr
Greek letters
4 volume concentration
r density, kg/m3
m dynamic viscosity, kg/ms
Subscripts
f fluid
bf base fluid
nf nanofluid
in inlet
out outlet
p particle
w tube wall
transfer for 45 nm particle were greater than that of 150 nm
particles.
By taking thermophysical properties of nanofluids greatly
depend on physical properties and type of nanoparticles being used
into consideration, there is a widespread need for more studies and
experimental correlations for predicting heat transfer properties of
different kinds of nanofluids. As Anoop et al. indicated that “It may
be mentioned that rather than practical usage, this correlation is
a framework on which future correlations over wider range of
parameters can be built with greater amount of experimental data”.
In the present paper convective heat transfer performance and
properties of Al2O3/water nanofluid in laminar flow through
a circular tube with constant heat flux conditions are being
experimentally studied. Owing to the fact that nanofluids play
important role in enhancement of heat transfer in fluid flows,
authors try to draw a thorough portrait of these kind of fluids heat
transfer behavior in laminar flow. Lastly, a new correlation devel-
oped for calculating the Nusselt number. Finally this correlation
was compared with existing correlations for alumina oxide in
laminar regime.
2. Experimental procedure
2.1. Selection and preparation of the nanofluid
The stability and thermophysical properties of the nanofluid
directly depend on the size, morphology, type and physical prop-
erties of the nanoparticles being used. Studies show that Al2O3/
water nanofluids have greater heat transfer capabilities. Therefore,
Al2O3 nanoparticles will be used here (from TECNAN Company)
[14]. Table 1 presents the physical properties of the particles.
In Fig. 2, TEM image was provided by the research support center
of the University of Alconte, using a JEOL, MOD.JEM2010, and the
XRD image was provided by a Bruke D-8 Advance shown in Fig. 1,
indicates the particle diameter to be in the range of 10e20 nm.
Hence, we consider the average particle size to be 15 nm.
Al2O3/water nanofluids with 0.5% and 1% volume fractions were
prepared using distilled water as base fluid. The nanofluids were
Specific surface area (SSA) True density Pore volume Average pore size
90e160 m2/g 3.65 g/cc 0.391 cc/g 133.64 
A
 E. Esmaeilzadeh et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 63 (2013) 31e37 33

measure wall temperature. Two thermocouples are placed along

the flow line to measure inlet and outlet temperatures. Data was
collected from the thermocouples every 5 s by computer. Two
manometers are used to measure the pressure drops along the test
section. After passing through the test section, the fluid flows
through the riser section in order to ensure continuity. The flow
rate is measured by collecting the fluid in a precise measuring jar
for a specific period of time. After that the fluid enters the cooling
unit which is a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger with a cold
water supply and a pump for cold water circulation to the heat
exchanger. Before the main reservoir, a three way valve is placed for
cleaning the system.

3. Data and processing

Fig. 1. XRD image of the Al2O3 nanoparticles.

3.1. Thermophysical properties of nanofluids

stabilized through a 4 h process of ultrasonication (CD-4820
cleaner with 170 W and 50 Hz) and electromagnetic stirring. No All thermophysical properties of nanofluid are calculated with
surfactants were used and the PH level of the nanofluid remained Equations (1)e(4) which can be found in the literature [3,7,15,16].
constant. Therefore, these two factors have no effect on the heat All properties are calculated using bulk temperatures between inlet
transfer properties of the nanofluid. No sedimentation was and outlet.
observed throughout the testing period.
rnf ¼ ð1  4Þrbf þ 4rp (1)
2.2. Experimental setup



rCp nf
¼ ð1  4Þ rCp bf þ 4 rCp p (2)
Fig. 3 gives a schematic view of the setup used for measuring
convective heat transfer and pressure drop. The setup consists of mnf ¼ ð1 þ 2:54Þmbf (3)
a pump, calming section, test section, cooling unit, riser section,
secondary and main reservoir. A 3 L glass reservoir covered with "
 #
kp þ 2k þ 2 kp  k ð1 þ bÞ 4
3
glass wool is used as the main nanofluid reservoir. The working knf ¼ k
 3
(4)
fluid is circulated using a pump (MULTI 5800 SICCE) with kp þ 2k  kp  k ð1 þ bÞ 4
maximum flow rate of 5800 L/h and head of 3.8 m from the main
reservoir. A bypass valve was installed at the pump outlet to ensure
rnf vd
better flow rate control. A calming section is used to dispel any inlet Renf ¼ (5)
mnf
effects and ensure a fully developed laminar flow. Fig. 4 illustrates
that test section consists of a circular copper tube of 7 mm ID,
9.46 mm OD and 1000 mm length. Nickel chrome wire is wound mnf Cpnf
Prnf ¼ (6)
around the test section tube and a glass wool cover is added to knf
avoid any radial heat loss. The two ends of the test section are where b is the ratio of nanolayer thickness to the nanoparticle
connected to the rest of the circulatory system using plastic flanges diameter which is considered to be 0.1 in Equation (4) of this study
to prevent any axial heat transfer. The terminals of the nickel [16].
chrome wire are attached to an AC power supply, Therefore the
heat flux can be adjusted by varying the voltage. Nine SMT-160 3.2. Heat transfer and hydrodynamics calculation
thermocouples are evenly placed along the test section to
According to Equations (7) and (8) the local Nusselt number (Nu)
and heat transfer coefficient (h) are defined by:

hðxÞd
NuðxÞ ¼ (7)
k

q00
hðxÞ ¼   (8)
Tw  Tf
x

where q00
is the heat flux, Tw and Tf are the wall and fluid temper-
atures respectively and x is the axial distance from test section inlet.
Heat flux was calculated from below:

Q
q00 ¼ (9)
pdL
where d is the tube diameter, L the test section length and Q the
heat transfer rate which is obtained by Equation (10).

Q1 þ Q2
Q ¼ (10)
Fig. 2. TEM image of the Al2O3 nanoparticles. 2
34 E. Esmaeilzadeh et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 63 (2013) 31e37

Fig. 3. Schematic view of the experimental setup.

where Q1 is the heat transfer rate from the AC power unit and Q2 is q00
h ¼   (14)
the heat transfer rate measured from the working fluid. Tw  Tf
V2 where T w is the average wall temperature and T f is the average wall
Q1 ¼  Qloss (11)
R bulk temperature of fluid.
where V is the AC power unit voltage, R is the nickel chrome wire The pressure drop can be calculated using Equation (15).
resistance and Qloss is the heat loss. Measurements showed Qloss to
be about 2%e4%: L V2
h ¼ f (15)
D 2g
_ p ðTout  Tin Þ
Q2 ¼ mC (12)
where Tout and Tin are the outlet and inlet temperatures, respec- 4. Results and discussion
tively. Using the principle of conservation of energy, the tempera-
ture profile inside the tube can be described by: 4.1. Validation of data

q00 Px In order to assess the accuracy of the experimental setup, the

Tf ¼ Tin þ (13)
rCp vA Nusselt number obtained from Equation (16) [17,18] has been
compared with experimental data for distilled water at Re ¼ 799.53
Here, r is the fluid density, P is the perimeter around the test
and constant heat flux of q00 ¼ 9000 w/m2. Fig. 5 shows good
tube, A is the fluid cross section area and v is the average fluid
velocity. Therefore, the average convective heat transfer coefficient
can be obtained from Equation (14).

Fig. 5. Comparison between the experimental Nusselt number and Shah equation
Fig. 4. Schematic view of the test section. versus axial distance.
 E. Esmaeilzadeh et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 63 (2013) 31e37 35

Fig. 6. Interplay of experimental measurements and analytically obtained friction

factor as a function of Reynolds number.

agreement between the experimental results and those predicted Fig. 8. Convective heat transfer coefficient of Al2O3/water nanofluid along the test
by Shah equation. section for Re ¼ 1300.

8 1=3
>
< 3:303x*  1:00 x*  0:00005
1=3 x
Nux* ¼ 1:302x*  0:50 0:00005  x*  0:0015; x* ¼ (16)
>
:
0:506 41x D$Re$Pr
x* >0:001
4:364 þ 8:68 103 x* e *

The relationship between friction factor and Reynolds number
under constant temperature conditions in laminar flow is given by
Equation (17).
64
f ¼
Re
Fig. 6 depicts the friction factor versus Re number under
ambient condition in laminar flow. As it is shown the experimental
data had good agreement with Equation (17).
4.2. Convective heat transfer coefficient
Fig. 7 presents the variation of convective heat transfer coeffi-
cient versus different Re numbers for nanofluids with 0.5% volume
fraction, 1% volume fraction and distilled water at axial location x/
d ¼ 56.86 in the q00 ¼ 9000 w/m2 heat flux. Results reveal that more
the particle concentration is more the enhancement of convective
heat transfer coefficient is. Due to mixing effect of particles near the
wall, Brownian motion, particle migration, re-arrangement of the
particles and reduction of boundary layer thickness, the enhance-
ment of convective heat transfer is obtained.
(17)
4.3. Axial position effect
Fig. 8 illustrates the variation of convective heat transfer coef-
ficient along the test tube for 0.5% and 1% volume fraction for
nanofluids and distilled water. In the Re ¼ 1300 and heat flux of
q00 ¼ 9000 w/m2, the maximum enhancement rate are achieved at
the inlet of test section or at lower x/d ratios. Therefore, in order to
benefit from more evident effects of particle migration, the nano-
fluid should be utilized at low x/d ratios to attain higher thermal
displacement. The results indicated that nanofluid convective heat
transfer coefficient for 0.5% volume concentration and 1% volume
concentration enhanced in the rate of 10% and 24.5%, respectively,
at x/D ¼ 56.86. Based on our observation, higher distances from the
inlet of test section have a say in diminishing the rate of

Fig. 7. Convective heat transfer coefficient of water and nanofluid versus Re numbers Fig. 9. Effect of axial position on convective heat transfer coefficient of distilled water
at x/d ¼ 56.86. and nanofluid.
36 E. Esmaeilzadeh et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 63 (2013) 31e37

Fig. 10. Convective heat transfer coefficient as a function of Re number for various heat Fig. 12. Comparing the correlation and experimental results.
fluxes.

enhancement. This enhancement reduced to 9.8% and 17.8%,

respectively, at x/D ¼ 99.5.
Fig. 9 presents the Reynolds number effect for different x/
d ratios on the convective heat transfer coefficient of the base fluid
and nanofluid for different volume concentration at the
q00 ¼ 9000 w/m2. As shown in this figure, the convective heat
transfer coefficient variation rate decreases at higher Reynolds
numbers for distilled water which is also valid for the nanofluid.

4.4. Heat flux effects

Fig. 10 shows the effect of heat flux on convective heat transfer

coefficient of nanofluid with 0.5% volume concentrations for
various Reynolds numbers. As it is shown, the nanofluid convective
heat transfer coefficient rises with heat flux augmentation. Also this
enhancement is more evident for higher Reynolds numbers.
4.5. Pressure drop
The pressure drop of Al2O3/water nanofluids and distilled water
were measured in the laminar flow regime under isothermal
ambient condition. The friction factor measurements for base water
and nanofluids are depicted in the Fig. 11. The discrepancy between
nanofluids and water friction factor are negligible.
4.6. Empirical correlation for Nu number
An empirical correlation is developed to account for the data
obtained for Al2O3/water nanofluids in volume fraction of 0.5 and 1
Fig. 13. Nu number correlations for working fluids.
percent. With 15 nm diameter nanoparticles in laminar flow for
300 < Re < 2000, the correlation is obtained as below:
h   i
Nux* ¼ 4:36 þ a bðx* Þc 1 þ 4d $eðf $x* Þ x* >0:00262 (18)
where a ¼ 0.8437, b ¼ 0.2315, c ¼ 0.4991, d ¼ 0.123 and f ¼ 23.53.
Fig. 12 shows the deviation of experimental data and empirical
correlation which in the range of 11% to þ15%.
Fig. 13 presents a comparison between the correlation of data
sets from Anoop et al. [13] experiments and Equation (18) for
a similar range of Reynolds number, Prandtl number and x/d ratios.
With regarding to the fact that the particle sizes in Anoop et al.
work pertains to 45 nm and 150 nm, this comprehensive correla-
tion is not accurate for smaller size of particles. In this study, the
experimental data is not in agreement with the smallest particle
size which is 15 nm. For x* > 0.015, these two correlation are similar
to each other. For the lower amount of x*, the discrepancy between
these two correlation has been observed. Based on Shah equation,
the rate of enhancement in the current study is about 10% which it
seems a reasonable enhancement.

5. Conclusion

Convective heat transfer performance of Al2O3/water nanofluid

in laminar flow through a circular tube were experimentally
studied at the constant heat flux. Results revealed that:

 Al2O3/water nanofluid shows an enhanced heat transfer coef-

Fig. 11. Comparison of friction factor of distilled water and nanofluids. ficient compared to the base fluid.
 E. Esmaeilzadeh et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 63 (2013) 31e37
 Higher enhancement results from the use of higher volume
fractions.
 The rate of enhancement is maximum amount at the inlet of
test section or at lower x/d ratios. Therefore, in order to benefit
from the more evident effects of particle migration, the nano-
fluid should be utilized at lower x/d ratios.
 The Convective heat transfer coefficient variation rate
decreases at higher Reynolds numbers with rising of x/d ratios
which is also true for the nanofluid.
 For a constant volume fraction, the nanofluid convective heat
transfer coefficient enhances in higher heat flux.
 Under similar conditions, no rising trend in pressure drop
is observed from using nanofluids compared to the base
fluid.
 A new empirical correlation is developed for Al2O3/water
Nusselt number with maximum deviation of 15% from the
experimental data.
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